UV/Vis-LED激发的香豆素吡啶鎓盐光引发剂的合成及性能

设计合成了3种基于香豆素骨架的紫外-可见发光二极管(UV/Vis-LED)可激发的新型吡啶鎓盐光引发剂, 并研究了这3种香豆素吡啶鎓盐的构效关系及其作为单组分自由基光引发剂在丙烯酸酯体系中的光引发活性. 紫外-可见吸收光谱分析表明, 这3种香豆素吡啶鎓盐在300~400 nm区域有较强吸收. 在LED@365 nm和LED@405 nm光源辐照下, 研究了3种光引发剂的稳态光解和光聚合动力学. 研究表明, 这3种香豆素吡啶鎓盐光引发剂在相应光辐照下都具有较好的光解速率. 此外, 3种光引发剂对丙烯酸酯都具有较好的引发活性. 构效关系研究表明, 吡啶环4号位引入推电子的甲氧基会使其引发丙烯酸酯单体聚合的活性降低; 而引入吸电子的乙酰基会使其引发丙烯酸酯单体聚合的活性增加. 差示扫描量热(DSC)实验表明, 此类吡啶鎓盐光引发剂具有较好的热稳定性. 当3种光引发剂与丙烯酸单体混合时可提升体系的热稳定性; 通过电子自旋共振(ESR)证明了活性物种的产生, 并对该类引发剂的引发机理进行了探讨.     

香豆素并咔唑基草酸酯类UV-LED可激发光引发剂的合成与研究

本文设计并制备了以香豆素并咔唑为共轭结构的草酸酯类光引发剂（2-OAME和4-OAME）,分子中大π-共轭结构的引入实现了分子在LED光域的良好吸收。通过核磁共振谱对目标产物进行了结构验证,通过紫外-可见吸收光谱、荧光光谱和理论计算对分子的光化学及光物理性质进行了表征。研究表明,两个光引发剂在近紫外-可见光范围内均表现出优异的光吸收性质,并且在LED光源激发下具有良好的光引发聚合能力,4-OAME分子较2-OAME在同样的条件下表现出更好的光引发聚合能力,在近紫外-可见LED光聚合领域具有较大的应用潜力。     

环缩醛化合物在光聚合体系中的研究进展

环缩醛化合物作为一类具有光敏性的化合物,虽然在上世纪60年代有较多的研究,但由于其吸收波长较窄、引发效率较低等限制,后期研究比较少.但最近5年内,由于对胡椒环等环缩醛化合物的重新认识,尤其是将其作为光聚合引发助剂来提高引发效率或减少引发体系的毒性,获得了光聚合生物材料领域的特别关注.本文对环缩醛类化合物的光聚合行为进行了系统阐述,对当前环缩醛类化合物用作光引发剂及助引发剂的进展也进行了详细介绍.     

铁－芳烃络合物光引发剂的吸收光谱研究

铁－芳烃络合物光引发剂的吸收光谱研究陈旭东，黄新华陈用烈，梁兆熙（西南师范大学化学系重庆，６３０７１５）（中山大学高分子研究所广州）关键词铁－芳烃络合物，光引发剂，吸收光谱，光解铁－芳烃络合物作为环氧化物阳离子聚合光引发剂已引起人们关注［１，２］．我...     

自由基-阳离子混杂光固化环氧/丙烯酸酯协同效应的研究

采用可见光引发自由基-阳离子混杂光固化体系,固化环氧/丙烯酸酯制备的复合树脂,重点研究了自由基光引发剂樟脑醌和阳离子光引发剂二苯基碘鎓六氟磷酸盐质量比对固化时间、固化深度、线尺寸变化率及树脂性能的影响。结果表明:在可见光的照射下,当樟脑醌在混合引发剂中的质量分数为0.75时,固化时间为6s,光固化深度为7.86mm,线尺寸变化率为0.2%,固化复合树脂的综合性能优良;很好地证明了自由基-阳离子混杂光固化体系结合了自由基聚合和阳离子聚合的优点,表现出较好的协同效应。     

基于光致脱羧的单组分可见光引发剂的合成及其光化学性能研究

单组分可见光引发剂是光固化材料研发中的重要内容。本文设计并合成了一种新型的单组分可见光引发剂——2-硫杂蒽酮乙酸四苯基磷酸盐(TXP),该引发剂以硫杂蒽酮为生色团,通过光致脱羧反应产生活性自由基,进而引发聚合反应。利用核磁和高分辨率质谱对TXP的结构进行了表征;通过光解及电子自旋共振捕获等方法研究了其光致脱羧反应。光聚合动力学研究表明:在可见光源照射下,这种单组分光引发剂能高效引发巯基-烯类单体的聚合反应,具有一定的应用的前景。     

可见光诱导苯乙烯的常温快速可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合

以商用蓝光发光二极管(LED)为可见光光源,十二烷基-S'-(α,α'-二甲基-α″-乙酸)三硫代碳酸酯(DDMAT)为可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合(RAFT)试剂,不加光引发剂或光催化剂,实现了可见光诱导苯乙烯(St)的常温快速RAFT聚合.研究结果表明,该聚合具有活性聚合的特征;当光源关闭时,聚合停止,当光源开启时,聚合进行,且光的开关循环对聚合的活性没有影响.通过原位核磁的方法对DDMAT的光致断裂和光致降解行为进行了研究,该结果有助于进一步了解可见光诱导St的常温快速聚合的化学过程.     

乙烯基螺环原酯(VS)和马来酸酐(MA)的交替光共聚

乙烯基螺环原酯(VS)-2-亚甲基-1,4,6-三氧螺[4,4]壬烷和马来酸酐(MA)的光聚合反应,通过形成电荷转移络合物反应中间体,按烯类加聚方式生成线性交替共聚物.在温和条件下,VS和MA的光聚合反应仅在自由基光引发剂存在时才发生,聚合速度取决于溶剂极性和两种单体的投料比.而共聚物的组成与单体投料比无关,保持等摩尔比值.采用UV吸收光谱进一步研究了VS和MA等摩尔CT络合物的形成,并测定了它们在不同极性溶剂中的络合常数(K),另外用IR和¹HNMR波谱进一步测定了VS/MA共聚合产物的结构.得到的结果清楚表明,所得共聚物是一种规整的线性交替共聚物,在VS单元上保留着原有的三氧螺环.另外对VS和MA自由基交替光聚合的反应机制亦作了讨论.     

2-(4-甲氧基苯基)-4,6-双(三氯甲基)-S-三嗪光引发剂的合成及其光聚合动力学性能研究

以对甲氧基苯甲腈和三氯乙腈为原料合成了光引发剂2-(4-甲氧基苯基)-4,6-双(三氯甲基)-S-三嗪(MBTT),通过傅里叶红外光谱仪、核磁共振仪和紫外吸收光谱对所合成的产物结构进行了表征.并利用实时红外(RT-IR)对该引发剂进行了光聚合反应动力学研究,考察了单体、引发剂浓度和光强对引发速率及单体转化率的影响.结果表明,MBTT是一种高效的紫外光引发剂,在引发剂用量为0.1%时光聚合的单体转化率就能达到90%;随着光强的增大,单体的双键转化率和最大反应速率都增大,诱导期缩短;双丙烯酸酯类单体的双键转化率比三丙烯酸酯类单体的双键转化率要高.     

电荷转移聚合研究——苯肼及其衍生物引发丙烯腈聚合

研究了苯肼(PHZ)及其衍生物引发丙烯腈(AN)聚合以及苯肼作为电子给体与醌作为电子受体形成的电荷转移复合物(CTC)对丙烯腈的引发聚合作用。测定了光聚合时的引发剂、单体指数和聚合活化能分别为0.66、2.1和33.4千焦耳/摩尔。光聚合机理认为是PHZ与AN在光照下形成激基复合物(exciplex),它分解产生自由基引发单体聚合。而暗聚合的机理认为是PHZ与醌形成CTC,CTC再分解引发单体聚合。exciplex与CTC分别已由荧光光谱和紫外吸收光谱检出。     

A new visible light sensitive photoinitiator system for the cationic polymerization of epoxides

This communication reports the development of an efficient three‐component visible light sensitive photoinitiator system for the cationic ring‐opening photopolymerization of epoxide monomers and epoxide functional oligomers. The photoinitiator system consists of camphorquinone in combination with a benzyl alcohol to generate free radicals by the absorption of visible light. Subsequently, the radicals participate in the free radical chain induced decomposition of a diaryliodonium salt. The resulting strong Brønsted acid derived from this process catalyzes the cationic ring‐opening polymerization of a variety of epoxide substrates. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 866–875, 2009     

Organic dye-based photoinitiating systems for visible-light-induced photopolymerization

Even though many organic dyes have been reported as photoinitiators/photosensitizers for free radical polymerization in the literature, the design and development of novel photoinitiating systems based on organic dyes adaptable for visible light irradiation, for example, 405 nm LED and sunlight still remains challenging. Recently, major achievements in the development of high-performance photoinitiating systems based on organic dyes as light-harvesting compounds and their uses as photoinitiators for photopolymerization under visible-light irradiation have clearly emerged, giving rise to abundant literature. In this review, an overview of the recently synthesized chromophores belonging to various families of organic dyes and used as photoinitiators of polymerization during the 2018–2021 period are presented and classified. Recent works have resulted in the development of new chromophores exhibiting remarkable visible light absorption properties and excellent photoinitiation abilities upon irradiation with LEDs and/or sunlight in free radical photopolymerization processes. These developments notably indicate that sunlight has the advantages of being a cheap, unlimited, broad emission spectrum, and energy-saving light source capable to be an efficient substitute to artificial light sources. The newly developed dye-based photoinitiating systems designed to initiate visible-light-induced photopolymerization processes are likely to expand the scope of application of photopolymerization in modern sciences and technologies.     

Band shapes of the electronic spectra of anisotropic centers in uniaxial crystals recorded in non-polarized light

The impurity absorption band shape (in UV or visible region) in a uniaxial crystal recorded in non-polarized light has been found to depend on the technique of recording the optical spectrum and the parameters of each component recorded in polarized light. With the optical density increase in the maximum of the impurity absorption band the number of points of inflection can change from two to four. With the impurity concentration increase one can observe the shift of the impurity absorption band maximum. The impurity absorption band calculated as the difference between a total spectrum and host matrix absorption spectrum has one or two maxima.     

环境友好的可控自由基聚合*

近年来,我们以环境友好、简便快捷、活泼可控、单体普适性强的光活化室温RAFT聚合为主攻目标,针对长波紫外或可见光活化室温RAFT聚合反应特征及其应用展开了深入探讨。研究表明,作为RAFT聚合链转移剂的硫酯化合物具有分别在紫外光和可见光波段的双波段光吸收特征。短波紫外光强吸收,导致硫酯键的光解。然而,可见光波段弱的光吸收则活化其自由基加成产物的断裂反应,加速室温RAFT过程并确保聚合反应的活性特征。高效光引发,可显著缩短RAFT聚合引发期。通过光开关,可实时启动或终止聚合。与常规热聚合不同,室温以下这类聚合反应不存在明显的热活化效应。由此,我们创建了环境友好、单体普适性强、快速可控、通过光开关可实时控制聚合反应启动或终止的光活化室温RAFT聚合,将其成功拓展到太阳光和水溶液聚合体系,并运用于温和条件下新兴水溶性温敏高分子、仿生光响应高分子的快捷可控合成。     

Influence of the liquid crystal behaviour on the Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett film supramolecular architecture of an ionic liquid crystal

Novel fluorescent poly(2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate)(PAAEMA) latexes have been synthesized by miniemulsion polymerization employing a polymeric costabilizer. Nanoscale aggregates of macromolecules bearing β-dicarbonyl are formed in the prepared latex particles. Ammonia and the β-dicarbonyl aggregates assemble a supramolecular complex, which exhibits strong visible fluorescence under UV light. The formation of the complex is confirmed by the characteristic absorption peak located at about 275 nm in UV-Vis spectra. The absorption spectrum has been found to be applicable for ammonia detection. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) studies of surface morphology reveal that gas-sensing properties of the PAAEMA thin films involve the reversible absorption and desorption of ammonia. PAAEMA thin films are sensitive to ammonia gas and have a short response time of 80s when exposed to 54 ppm of ammonia gas concentration.     

芳杂环二腈及其聚合物——Ⅵ.含5-氰基苯并噻唑环的二腈的合成及聚合

合成了下列三个含5-氰基苯并噻唑环的二腈:研究了它们的聚合反应并测定了所得聚合物的热氧化稳定性,结果表明皆与其结构相类似的含6-氰基苯并噻唑环的二腈相似。     

离子热处理合成氮缺陷石墨相氮化碳及其光解水制氢性能

以尿素和二氰二胺为原料热聚合得到石墨相氮化碳,分别采用直接二次煅烧和熔盐离子热后热处理在不同温度下对产物进行后热处理,得到氮缺陷氮化碳CN和CNS。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、透射电镜(TEM)等手段对所制备样品进行表征和分析,探讨了不同热处理温度和加热方法对催化剂微观聚合结构的影响;同时以光解水制氢为测试方法,考察了催化剂的可见光催化性能。结果表明,熔盐离子热更有利于氮化碳的层间聚合,得到高结晶度材料;在面内七嗪聚合单元中引入氮缺陷,产生末端氰基,优化电荷密度分布,增强电荷流动性;克服粒子尺寸效应,扩展催化剂的光吸收范围;当后热处理温度为500℃时,制备的CNS-500表现出优异的光解水制氢活性,是同温度下直接热处理得到的催化剂的3.84倍。     

NIR-plasmon-enhanced Systems for Energy Conversion and Environmental Remediation

The introduction of plasmons is an important method to solve the insufficient utilization of the full spectrum of solar energy by semiconductor catalysts. However, semiconductor catalysts combined with traditional noble metal plasmons(Au, Ag) can only extend the absorption spectrum to partially visible light. In order to further improve the photoenergy absorption efficiency of catalysts, they need to be able to effectively utilize near-infrared light, which has become a new research direction. Recent studies have shown that traditional noble metal plasmons can absorb a part of NIR through special morphology, size control and material composite. At the same time, gratifying achievements have been made in the application of plasmonic semiconductors with broad spectrum absorption in catalysis. This article reviews the principles of generating and regulating plasmonic effects in different catalytic systems. The applications of plasmon absorption of near-infrared light in energy conversion and environmental remediation have also been presented.     

Control of Spatially Homogeneous Distribution of Heteroatoms to Produce Red TiO2 Photocatalyst for Visible-Light Photocatalytic Water Splitting

The strong band-to-band absorption of photocatalysts spanning the whole visible-light region (400–700 nm) is critically important for solar-driven photocatalysis. Although it has been actively and widely used as a photocatalyst for various reactions in the past four decades, TiO₂ has a very poor ability to capture the whole spectrum of visible light. In this work, by controlling the spatially homogeneous distribution of boron and nitrogen heteroatoms in anatase TiO₂ microspheres with a predominance of high-energy {001} facets, a strong visible-light absorption spectrum with a sharp edge beyond 680 nm has been achieved. The red TiO₂ obtained with homogeneous doping of boron and nitrogen shows no increase in defects like Ti³⁺ that are commonly observed in doped TiO₂. More importantly, it has the ability to induce photocatalytic water oxidation to produce oxygen under the irradiation of visible light beyond 550 nm and also the photocatalytic reduction of water to produce hydrogen under visible light. These results demonstrate the great promise of using red TiO₂ for visible-light photocatalytic water splitting and also reveal an attractive strategy for realizing the wide-spectrum visible-light absorption of wide-band-gap oxide photocatalysts.     

Spectral properties and absolute rate constants for beta-scission of ring-substituted cumyloxyl radicals. A laser flash photolysis study

A laser flash photolysis study of the spectral properties and beta-scission reactions of a series of ring-substituted cumyloxyl radicals has been carried out. All cumyloxyl radicals display a broad absorption band in the visible region of the spectrum, which decays on the microsecond time scale, leading to a strong increase in absorption in the UV region of the spectrum, which is attributed to the corresponding acetophenone formed after beta-scission of the cumyloxyl radicals. The position of the visible absorption band is red-shifted by the presence of electron-donating ring substituents, while a blue-shift is observed in the presence of electron-withdrawing ring substituents, suggesting that + R ring substituents promote charge separation in the excited cumyloxyl radical through stabilization of the partial positive charge on the aromatic ring of an incipient radical zwitterion. Along this line, an excellent Hammett-type correlation between the experimentally measured energies at the visible absorption maxima of the cumyloxyl radicals and sigma(+) substituent constants is obtained. A red-shift is also observed on going from MeCN to MeCN/H(2)O for all cumyloxyl radicals, pointing toward a specific effect of water. The ring substitution does not influence to a significant extent the rate constants for beta-scission of the cumyloxyl radicals, which varies between 7.1 x 10(5) and 1.1 x 10(6) s(-1), a result that suggests that cumyloxyl radical beta-scission is not governed by the stability of the resulting acetophenone. Finally, k(beta) increases on going from MeCN to the more polar MeCN/H(2)O 1:1 for all cumyloxyl radicals, an observation that reflects the increased stabilization of the transition state for beta-scission through increased solvation of the incipient acetophenone product.