Needle optical coherence elastography for tissue boundary detection

We incorporate, for the first time, optical coherence elastography (OCE) into a needle probe and demonstrate its ability to measure the microscopic deformation of soft tissues located well beyond the depth limit of reports to date. Needle OCE utilizes the force imparted by the needle tip as the loading mechanism and measures tissue deformation ahead of the needle during insertion. Measurements were performed in tissue-mimicking phantoms and ex vivo porcine trachea. Results demonstrate differentiation of tissues based on mechanical properties and highlight the potential of needle OCE for in vivo tissue boundary detection.     

光学成像在疾病诊断中的应用

当前，医生们利用各种成像技术与疾病进行斗争，其中光学成像技术是获得高分辨率图像的新方法，其原理是每种生物介质具有各自特有的光谱特性，可赖以区分病变组织和正常组织，或对潜在问题准确定位。而光学相干层析则是最精确的光学成像技术，可提供１０～２０μｍ量级的高分辨率及比迄今为止任何其他技术都高的灵敏度。本文着重讨论光学相干层析术的基本原理及目前发展状况     

一种新的生物医学用快速实时低相干显微成象原理

本文讨论了一种将共焦显微术与迈克耳逊干涉术相结合,并利用宽带低相干光源相干长度短的特点而形成的一种可对高密度非透明样品进行显微成象的方法,并将这种显微成象方法与共焦显微成象方法进行了比较,最后讨论了一种快速实时成象的原理,基于这种原理设计的仪器将为生物和医学工作者提供一种新的非侵入测量和诊断手段.     

OCT技术在发育生物学中的应用

基于光学低相干反射测量而发展起来的光学相干层析技术（ Optica1 Coherence Tomography,OCT）是一种新型的成像技术，它可以对强散射介质如生物组织实施非侵入性的快速活体成像。与传统的组织切片相比,OTC可以大大减少对发育形态成像所需的时间、复杂程度及成本。非接触和非侵入式的成像方式有助于研究个体发育中由基因变异所引起的形态和功能变化，因而在发育生物学的研究当中有着广阔的应用前景。概述了OCT技术在发育生物学当中诸方面的应用情况。     

Ultra-High Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Using a Halogen Lamp as the Light Source

The axial resolution of optical coherence tomography (OCT) is determined by the coherence length of the light source. We demonstrate for the first time high-resolution OCT of biological tissue using a halogen lamp as the light source for a low coherence interferometer. High-resolution OCT imaging with 3.5 μm resolution was performed successfully for onion and porcine skin, although the coherence light power for illumination of a sample is as small as 100 nW.     

Photorefractive detection of tissue optical and mechanical properties by ultrasound modulated optical tomography

Ultrasound-modulated optical tomography is a developing hybrid imaging modality that combines high optical contrast and good ultrasonic resolution for imaging soft biological tissue. We developed a photorefractive-crystal-based, time-resolved detection scheme with the use of a millisecond long ultrasound burst to image both the optical and the mechanical properties of biological tissues, with improved detection efficiency of ultrasound-tagged photons.     

A long-range,high-resolution optical coherence tomography for physical and environmental measurements

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an emerging optical imaging technique that is applied with low coherence interference to perform noninvasive, high-resolution images on internal and surface structures. In this study, we built an optical coherence system and developed a combined envelope-fringe and carrier-fringe technique that can take advantage of high-resolution and long-range for taking physical and environmental measurements. The proposed system demonstrated that the detection resolution of the changes of the refractive index was 1.89 × 10^? 4 for the long-range set-up (i.e. using the envelope-fringe only), and 4.15 × 10^? 5 for the high-resolution set-up (i.e. using the carrier-fringe). In addition, we successfully applied the system to measure the refractive index of a body of water, as the index for determining the pollution condition of different lakes.     

Optical Coherence Tomography System based on Synthesis of Optica Coherence Function with a Wavelength-Scanning Laser Source

A new optical coherence tomography system using a wavelength-scanning laser source is presented. The system has the advantage that the depth resolution can be controlled by the scanning range. In general, rapid scanning of the wavelength varies the output power of the laser source, and it is difficult to detect a weak signal of reflected light from the scattering object. By synchronizing the intensity-integrated detector with the variation, the dynamic range of the detection has been improved. To confirm the performance, tomographic imaging of biological tissues is demonstrated.     

Thermal-light full-field optical coherence tomography

We have built a high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) system, based on a Linnik-type interference microscope, illuminated by a white-light thermal lamp. The extremely short coherence length of the illumination source and the large aperture of the objectives permit resolution close to 1 microm in three dimensions. A parallel detection scheme with a CCD camera provides cross-section (x-y) image acquisition without scanning at a rate of up to 50 Hz. To our knowledge, our system has the highest resolution demonstrated to date for OCT imaging. With identical resolution in three dimensions, realistic volume rendering of structures inside biological tissues is possible.     

新型成像技术的实验系统研究

光学相干层析成像是一种新型成像技术。超辐射发光二极管和超短脉冲飞秒激光是能满足成像系统要求的理想光源。在开展光学相干层析相关技术研究的基础上 ,建立了国内第一台上述两种光源的成像实验研究装置 ,对系统的横向、纵向分辨率等基本性能进行了测定 ;并对多种实际样品进行了层析成像。     

光学相干层析图像层状结构的增强与定量测量

光学相干层析(OCT)成像技术对于眼底等层状组织的定量测量有赖于光学相干层析图像中层状结构的提取。为了对原始光学相干层析图像进行预处理以有效地去除图像中的噪声及散斑、增强图中的层状结构,并更好地保护图像中的层状结构,进而更准确地定量测量图像中有重要意义的层状结构的光程信息,提出在相干增强各向异性扩散(CED)算法中引入二阶导数项以控制沿相干方向的扩散强度,并将引入二阶导数项的相干增强各向异性扩散算法应用于不同样品的光学相干层析图像。结合在预处理后图像中层状结构位置的查找结果与样品的折射率信息,实现了对光学相干层析图像中有重要意义的层状结构厚度的定量测量。实验结果表明,使用引入二阶导数项的相干增强各向异性扩散算法对光学相干层析图像预处理有利于对图中重要层状结构的更准确测量。     

Viscoelasticity imaging of biological tissues with phase-resolved photoacoustic measurement

A method for noninvasive viscoelasticity imaging of biological tissues using phase-resolved photoacoustic measurement is presented. We deduced the process of photoacoustic effect on the basis of thermal viscoelasticity theory, and established the relationship between the photoacoustic phase delay and the viscosity-elasticity ratio for soft solids. Agar phantoms with different densities and different absorption coefficients were used to verify the dependence of photoacoustic phase-resolved viscoelasticity measurements. Moreover, viscoelasticity imaging of tissues was obtained with a photoacoustic point scanning system. The photoacoustic phase-resolved method provides a basis for viscoelasticity imaging, which can potentially be used for detection of viscoelastic properties and lesions of biological tissues.     

吲哚菁绿对大鼠脑皮层血管近红外光学特性及光学相干层析成像的影响

研究观察了吲哚菁绿(ICG)对大鼠脑皮层血管近红外光谱学特性及光学相干层析成像(OCT)的影响。实验中,将SD大鼠颞部开颅,暴露并标记大脑中动脉,给予动物尾静脉注射ICG溶液,应用可见-近红外反射光谱仪和OCT系统检测脑皮层血管反射光谱的动态变化和衰减系数的特征性变化。结果显示,ICG注射后,大脑中动脉的反射光谱在ICG的吸收峰(800nm)左右出现一个特异性的低反射峰并随时间而逐渐变化;在注射ICG 3min时,本特异性低反射峰值达到最强,反射光谱的特征性变化可以为实现最佳OCT图像效果提供时间点。此外,ICG注射后的脑动脉OCT信号衰减系数为24.692±1.471,明显高于未注射ICG时15.088±1.602(p<0.01)。实验结果说明ICG可以增加血管对近红外光的吸收,为增强血管的检测能力提供理论参考,也为无损监测血管病变、肿瘤血管新生及血液动力学变化提供一种可行性检测手段。     

Polarization-Sensitive Spectral Interferometric Optical Coherence Tomography for Human Skin Imaging

Polarization-sensitive spectral interferometric optical coherence tomography (PS-SI-OCT) is designed for imaging of the inner structure of a biological tissue with polarization properties corresponding to Müller matrix elements. With arbitrary polarization state of incident and reference light, the change of polarization state can be acquired, and the axial structure of the tissue is measured by single detection of the power spectrum, superposition of object and reference light. Using with this OCT system, a cross-sectional Müller matrix images of human skin can be observed.     

Determining thickness independently from optical constants by use of ultrafast light

We show that the application of ultrafast techniques, especially terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, allows simultaneous measurements of material thickness and optical constants from transmission measurements, by analyzing not only the phase difference between the main terahertz pulse through the medium but also the subsequent multireflection pulse (an echo) from the medium. Such a method provides a fast and precise characterization of the optical properties and can extract thickness information and hence other optical constants in a broad bandwidth. It may have applications in science and engineering such as in situ film thickness and quality monitoring, optical constants measurement, medical imaging, noninvasive detection, and remote sensing.     

光纤型光学相干层析成像系统的研制

光学相干层析(OCT)成像技术是一新近发展的高分辨力生物医学成像手段,能非侵入性地对活体内部的结构与生理功能进行可视化观察。采用宽带近红外光源,基于迈克耳孙干涉原理和外差探测方法,建立了单模光纤型光学相干层析成像系统,相干地提取从生物体内部返回的深度分辨的弹性散射光信息,并依此构筑了自然状态下活体组织的二维光学相干层析成像图像和三维光学相干层析成像图像。光纤化设计的光学相干层析成像系统紧凑、灵活,便于与光纤导管、内窥镜和其它成像装置的有机结合,以拓展其观察范围和应用领域。     

宽场光学相干断层成像系统的三维显微成像

宽场相干断层成像技术（WFOCT）具有提高OCT系统的扫描速率和实现高分辨率的三维显微技术等优点,成为当前研究的热点。本文阐述了WFOCT的基本原理,利用八步移相法重建出玻璃物体微细结构的断层图像,研究了宽场OCT系统对玻璃材料的纵向分辨率和探测深度,其中探测深度可达3.3 mm。在获得多幅断层图像的基础上,利用VC6.0和OpenGL混合编程,采用移动立方体（MC）算法重建出玻璃物体微细结构的三维图像。实验结果表明,WFOCT系统不但能够在生物组织检测等医学方面得到应用,而且对反射率较高的物体能够完成三维形貌显微成像探测和深度探测。     

Ultrasonic properties of random media under uniaxial loading.

Acoustic properties of two types of soft tissue-like media were measured as a function of compressive strain. Samples were subjected to uniaxial strains up to 40% along the axis of the transducer beam. Measurements were analyzed to test a common assumption made when using pulse-echo waveforms to track motion in soft tissues--that local properties of wave propagation and scattering are invariant under deformation. Violations of this assumption have implications for elasticity imaging procedures and could provide new opportunities for identifying the sources of backscatter in biological media such as breast parenchyma. We measured speeds of sound, attenuation coefficients, and echo spectra in compressed phantoms containing randomly positioned scatterers either stiffer or softer than the surrounding gelatin. Only the echo spectra of gel media with soft scatterers varied significantly during compression. Centroids of the echo spectra were found to be shifted to higher frequencies in proportion to the applied strain up to 10%, and increased monotonically up to 40% at a rate depending on the scatterer size. Centroid measurements were accurately modeled by assuming incoherent scattering from oblate spheroids with an eccentricity that increases with strain. While spectral shifts can be accurately modeled, recovery of lost echo coherence does not seem possible. Consequently, spectral variance during compression may ultimately limit the amount of strain that can be applied between two data fields in heterogeneous media such as lipid-filled tissues. It also appears to partially explain why strain images often produce greater echo decorrelation in tissues than in commonly used graphite-gelatin test phantoms.     

Determination of photosensitizer concentration in biological tissues from diffuse reflectance and fluorescence

We present a fiber-optic device for noninvasive determination of the optical properties of biological tissues and photosensitizer concentration. The device developed can be used in two modes: the mode for detection of the spatial distribution of diffuse reflectance, and the fluorescence mode. We tested the device in vitro on specimens simulating tissue and on whole blood, and also in vivo on rats. We have shown that with additional modification and adaptation, the device can be used for in vivo monitoring of parameters important for photodynamic therapy.     

利用近红外光激发的光声血管造影成像

利用近红外光结合对应波长的光吸收增强对照剂来实现在体小鼠脑皮层血管的光声成像.近红外光在生物组织上有较深的穿透能力;而作为光吸收增强剂的外源染料吲哚菁绿注射到血液系统后则增加了血管对光的选择性吸收,从而增强了血管光声信号的强度.实验在不破坏脑头皮和头盖骨的前提下,通过静脉注射吲哚菁绿,获得小鼠脑皮层血管的光声造影成像.光声重建的血管网络与小鼠脑部解剖照片相当符合.实验结果证明近红外光结合光吸收增强剂的光声血管造影技术对于开展光声脑功能成像,光声分子成像提供了潜在的可行性. 关键词： 光声成像 光吸收增强剂 血管造影 光声信号