Characteristics of the oxide-p-InSe heterojunctions exposed to irradiation with X-ray photons

It is established that the characteristic X-ray radiation (with the wavelength λ = 0.056 nm) affects the photoelectric parameters of heterojunctions formed of the native thermal oxide and p-InSe. The current-voltage and spectral characteristics of the structure prior to and after irradiation are studied. The observed variations in the open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, current-voltage characteristics, and the photosensitivity spectra of heterojunctions are caused by formation of radiation defects in InSe. These defects bring about an increase in the rate of recombination processes in the charge-transport mechanisms, slightly affect the surface-recombination rate, and do not exert a destructive effect on the value of the contact-difference potentials. The results obtained are accounted for in the context of an electrostatic model of formation of radiation defects in the crystal lattice.     

Application of SEM-modified X-ray microscope to entomology and histology, and effects of X-ray coherence in imaging

A projection X-ray microscope has been constructed by modifying a scanning electron microscope (HITACHI S-2500CX). Characteristic internal structures and their changes in an aphid, a fly, an ant, a water bear and a beetle are observed first, non-destructively, by X-ray microscope. Stereo-pair X-ray micrographs of Golgi-stained sections of porcine liver show a network of bile canaliculi and stellate cells. The very clear micrographs presented indicate the usefulness of the microscope in studies of entomology and histology. In some micrographs, very thin whiskers or hairs are visible, which suggests that a phase-contrast effect is present in the imaging. X-ray micrographs of an ant hair taken at various distances between the X-ray source and the specimen, D(s), indicate that the image enhancement due to the phase contrast increases with increasing D(s). Degree of the lateral coherence of X-rays of wave length 0.1 nm is theoretically estimated near the hair, with the result that the coherence increases from about zero (almost complete incoherence) at D(s) = 0.1 mm to about unity (almost complete coherence) at D(s) = 6 mm, in agreement with the observation.     

Micro-CT of Pseudocneorhinus bifasciatus by projection X-ray microscopy

The projection X-ray microscope utilises a very small X-ray source emitted from a thin (0.1-3 microm) target metal film excited by the focused electron beam of a scanning electron microscope. When an object is placed just below the target metal film, the diverging X-rays enlarge the shadow of the object. Because no X-ray optics such as a zone-plate is used, the focal depth is, in principle, infinitely large. We exploited this to apply projection X-ray microscopy to three-dimensional (3-D) structure analysis by means of cone-beam computed tomography. The projection images of a small arthropod (Pseudocneorhinus bifasciatus, 5 mm in length), was recorded at 3 degrees increments over the whole range (360 degrees) of a stepping-motor-controlled sample rotator. A 3-D image was reconstructed from corn-beam projections using a filtered back-projection algorithm. The reconstructed 3-D image showed in detail the internal structure of an opaque object.     

自由曲面反射式投影成像系统的设计

为了使投影设备具有超短投影距离,同时具有大尺寸高清显示画面,本文设计了一款采用自由曲面全反射式成像光路小投射比的超短焦距投影物镜.系统使用16.5 mm(0.65 in)DMD微透镜显示芯片,采用远心光路提高像面照度均匀性;利用光学设计软件CodeV进行镜片设计与优化,最终得到由4片非球面反射面构成的投影物镜.物镜投射...     

Mask topography effects in projection printing of phase-shiftingmasks

Topography effects of glass edges in phase-shifting masks (PSM's) on image quality are assessed using the rigorous electromagnetic simulation program TEMPEST on three different optical systems for four PSM technologies including alternating, rim, attenuated, and chromeless. The scalar and thin mask approximations used in simulation programs such as SPLAT can be in error by as much as 20% for certain classes of shifter edges. A feature size independent bias of 0.021 λ/NA per edge is recommended for alternating masks with vertical edges because light is lost near the etched glass edges. No direct electromagnetic interaction between chromium edges and shifter edges was found for rim phase-shifting masks. The rim dimension can thus be designed solely on the basis of the sidelobe level and peak intensity. For attenuated PSM, edge effects are less severe but sidelobe problems occur. For a center to sidelobe contrast of 0.6 over a DOF of 3 RU, a lower transmission of 4% is recommended. For chromeless PSM, the imbalance in image peaks is shown to be affected by the optical stepper parameters. In any PSM technology, it appears that a 360° glass protrusion may produce a drastic drop in intensity due to resonant effects     

EBSD技术结合背散射电子成像在材料研究中的应用

本文以桥梁用过共析珠光体钢微观组织结构和冷轧高纯镍退火再结晶行为的研究为例,系统阐明了电子背散射衍射（EBSD）技术结合背散射电子（BSE）成像技术在材料研究中的应用。在EBSD面扫之前,先用BSE成像技术观察晶粒尺寸,发现缺陷、形变区及再结晶晶粒等区域,然后用EBSD技术设定合理的扫描区域大小及扫描步长对感兴趣区域进行晶体取向标定。EBSD与BSE成像技术的结合可以充分发挥晶体取向成像技术在材料研究中的巨大优势。     

PCB激光投影成像扫描技术分析

通过对印制电路板激光投影成像技术使用的步进重复扫描和六边形无接缝扫描方法进行比较,揭示了六边形无接缝扫描技术的优越性能,对六边形无接缝扫描技术的均匀曝光过程及其实现的原理进行了阐述,并对影响扫描成像的曝光量和曝光速度等因素进行了分析.     

Novel microwave projection imaging for determination of internal structure

A novel microwave imaging technique based on the generalised weighted backprojection operator is introduced and tested using experimental data. Images of the internal structure of penetrable objects using this technique are compared and contrasted with images found from the classical back-projection method. It is demonstrated that the new method provides high-quality images of both discrete and continuous internal structure without the distortions characteristic of traditional methods.     

Target materials suitable for projection X-ray microscope observation of biological samples

Trials for improving the contrast of projection X-ray images by finding better target materials than Ti (lambda K alpha: 2.75 A), which has been found to be suitable for many kinds of specimens, were carried out, considering the factors of melting point, thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, chemical stability, absorption of the X-ray, etc. Au, Ta, and Ge were found to be suitable, giving 5-10 A X-rays when low electron beam energies around 10 kV were used. In order to take advantage of the long wavelength X-rays of these targets, we tried to minimize the attenuation of the imaging X-rays in the air or to use a vacuum camera. Even in non-stained biological samples such as HeLa cells and lingual muscle section, their microstructures were visible with sufficient contrast.     

Reconstruction of coronary arteries from a single rotational X-ray projection sequence

Cardiovascular diseases remain the primary cause of death in developed countries. In most cases, exploration of possibly underlying coronary artery pathologies is performed using X-ray coronary angiography. Current clinical routine in coronary angiography is directly conducted in two-dimensional projection images from several static viewing angles. However, for diagnosis and treatment purposes, coronary artery reconstruction is highly suitable. The purpose of this study is to provide physicians with a three-dimensional (3-D) model of coronary arteries, e.g., for absolute 3-D measures for lesion assessment, instead of direct projective measures deduced from the images, which are highly dependent on the viewing angle. In this paper, we propose a novel method to reconstruct coronary arteries from one single rotational X-ray projection sequence. As a side result, we also obtain an estimation of the coronary artery motion. Our method consists of three main consecutive steps: 1) 3-D reconstruction of coronary artery centerlines, including respiratory motion compensation; 2) coronary artery four-dimensional motion computation; 3) 3-D tomographic reconstruction of coronary arteries, involving compensation for respiratory and cardiac motions. We present some experiments on clinical datasets, and the feasibility of a true 3-D Quantitative Coronary Analysis is demonstrated.     

Electromagnetic imaging of two-dimensional perfectly conducting cylinders with transverse electric scattered field

Electromagnetic imaging of two-dimensional perfectly conducting cylinders using measured transverse electric scattered field is studied in this paper. The contours of cylinders are denoted by local shape functions /spl rho//sub i/=F/sub i/(/spl theta//sub i/) in local polar coordinates which are then approximated by closed cubic B-splines instead of trigonometric series. By using the boundary condition of vanishing tangential electric field on surfaces of perfectly conducting cylinders, a set of electric field integral equations governing the scattering problem is derived. The scattering problem is solved by a point-matching method with pulse basis and Dirac delta testing functions. The inverse problem is reformulated as an optimization problem and solved by a real-coded genetic algorithm with closed cubic B-splines local shape function. Numerical examples show good agreement between the true profiles and the reconstructed results.     

Reducing the effects of transmission impairments in digital fiberoptic systems

The major impairments in lightwave systems and the signal-processing techniques that can be used to reduce these impairments are discussed. Guidelines for the use of these techniques are presented. These guidelines are used to determine the techniques with the most potential for providing improved performance in long-haul systems, local-area networks, and local loop systems. Although many of the techniques have been previously considered for these applications, few have been implemented in commercial products. Some of the most promising techniques include dispersion-compensating fibers, polarization control, nonlinear cancellation (NLC), and coding for reducing the effect of distortion in long-haul single-frequency-laser direct-detection systems     

A new validation method for X-ray mammogram registration algorithms using a projection model of breast X-ray compression

Establishing spatial correspondence between features visible in X-ray mammograms obtained at different times has great potential to aid assessment and quantitation of change in the breast indicative of malignancy. The literature contains numerous nonrigid registration algorithms developed for this purpose, but existing approaches are flawed by the assumption of inappropriate 2-D transformation models and quantitative estimation of registration accuracy is limited. In this paper, we describe a novel validation method which simulates plausible mammographic compressions of the breast using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) derived finite element model. By projecting the resulting known 3-D displacements into 2-D and generating pseudo-mammograms from these same compressed magnetic resonance (MR) volumes, we can generate convincing images with known 2-D displacements with which to validate a registration algorithm. We illustrate this approach by computing the accuracy for two conventional nonrigid 2-D registration algorithms applied to mammographic test images generated from three patient MR datasets. We show that the accuracy of these algorithms is close to the best achievable using a 2-D one-to-one correspondence model but that new algorithms incorporating more representative transformation models are required to achieve sufficiently accurate registrations for this application.     

Partially coherent imaging in two dimensions and the theoretical limits of projection printing in microfabrication

Optical projection printing is quantitatively studied, using the diffracted image of two bars of equal width and space and an aspect ratio of three. Hopkins' four-dimensional integral for partially coherent imaging is used for the numerical analysis. Diffraction-limited lenses with a circular pupil are used. Constant intensity profiles in an absorptionless photoresist and nonreflective substrate are evaluated. Then the tolerances ot defocus and intensity are derived using a linewidth tolerance of ±2.5 percent of the mask linewidth which varies from 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, to 2.5 µm. The illuminations used have σ = 0, 0.5, 0.7, 0.78, 1, 1.3, and infinity.     

Respiratory compensation in projection imaging using a magnification and displacement model

Respiratory motion during the collection of computed tomography (CT) projections generates structured artifacts and a loss of resolution that can render the scans unusable. This motion is problematic in scans of those patients who cannot suspend respiration, such as the very young or intubated patients. Here, the authors present an algorithm that can be used to reduce motion artifacts in CT scans caused by respiration. An approximate model for the effect of respiration is that the object cross section under interrogation experiences time-varying magnification and displacement along two axes. Using this model an exact filtered backprojection algorithm is derived for the case of parallel projections. The result is extended to generate an approximate reconstruction formula for fan-beam projections. Computer simulations and scans of phantoms on a commercial CT scanner validate the new reconstruction algorithms for parallel and fan-beam projections. Significant reduction in respiratory artifacts is demonstrated clinically when the motion model is satisfied. The method can be applied to projection data used in CT, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).     

条纹投影动态三维表面成像技术综述

对条纹投影动态三维表面成像技术进行了总结,分析了典型方案的特点。首先介绍了该技术的基本原理,包括系统基本结构、三维表面成像原理及相移法和傅立叶变换法这两种典型的相位提取方法。接着介绍了动态成像方案,包括高速投影方案和采用速度相对低的相机进行动态三维表面成像的方案。然后介绍了动态三维成像中绝对相位获取方法,主要是模拟和数字编码法及区域统计特性编码法。最后介绍了高精度动态相位测量方案。     

Reducing the effects of intersymbol interference with correlation receivers

This paper considers the problem of intersymbol interference in a binary communication system and the optimization of a class of linear receivers to minimize the effects of this interference. The class of correlation receivers is chosen for investigation, and maximizing the probability of correct reception is used as the performance criterion. The optimum decision level as well as optimum impulse response is determined for receivers with and without memory where a priori knowledge of the channel characteristics are available. The performances of these receivers are evaluated and compared with nonoptimum linear receivers.     

Spatial harmonic imaging of X-ray scattering--initial results

Coherent X-ray scattering is related to the electron density distribution by a Fourier transform, and therefore a window into the microscopic structures of biological samples. Current techniques of scattering rely on small-angle measurements from highly collimated X-ray beams produced from synchrotron light sources. Imaging of the distribution of scattering provides a new contrast mechanism which is different from absorption radiography, but is a lengthy process of raster or line scans of the beam over the object. Here, we describe an imaging technique in the spatial frequency domain capable of acquiring both the scattering and absorption distributions in a single exposure. We present first results obtained with conventional X-ray equipment. This method interposes a grid between the X-ray source and the imaged object, so that the grid-modulated image contains a primary image and a grid harmonic image. The ratio between the harmonic and primary images is shown to be a pure scattering image. It is the auto-correlation of the electron density distribution at a specific distance. We tested a number of samples at 60-200 nm autocorrelation distance, and found the scattering images to be distinct from the absorption images and reveal new features. This technique is simple to implement, and should help broaden the imaging applications of X-ray scattering.     

Hard radiation effects in X-ray lithography

Results of X-ray exposure of polymethyl methacrylate through various materials are described. These indicate that the hard radiation effect on exposed resist may be quite large.