重量法配气的称量数学模型及其不确定度评定

对重量法制备气体标准物质中充入气体质量的计算方法进行了研究,建立了基于单盘电子天平的钢瓶称量方法,并建立了系统的数学模型和不确定度评价方法。为重量法制备气体标准物质提供一种简单、实用和精确的钢瓶称量方法和气体加入质量的计算方法。     

注射重量法制备乙醇气体标准物质的不确定度

分析了注射重量法制备乙醇气体标准物质不确定度的来源,包括乙醇称量过程引入的不确定度、氮气称量过程引入的不确定度、乙醇纯度引入的不确定度、氮气纯度引入的不确定度。合成不确定度及扩展不确定度分别为0.08%、0.16%(k=2)     

毫米波反射率标准物质定值的不确定度评定

对毫米波反射率标准物质定值的不确定度进行了评定,分析了各不确定度分量的来源并进行了量化.毫米波反射率标准物质的扩展不确定度U≤1dB(k=2),满足技术指标要求.结果表明,影响不确定度的主要因素为标准物质的稳定性.     

焦炭标准物质测量不确定度的评定

以国家一级焦炭标准物质(GBW 11106h)为例,对焦炭标准物质的测量不确定度进行评定。分析了不确定度的主要来源,对各不确定度分量进行了评定。焦炭标准物质的全硫、灰分、挥发分、磷含量的扩展不确定度分别为0．02％、0．17％、0．05％、0．001％,热值的扩展不确定度为0．14MJ／kg。     

二氧化碳中一氧化氮气体标准物质研制

研制二氧化碳中一氧化氮气体标准物质。以高纯二氧化碳和一氧化氮气体标准物质为原料,采用称量法制备二氧化碳中一氧化氮气体标准物质,用气体分析仪对制备的标准物质浓度进行检测,并对该标准物质定值结果的不确定度进行评定。研制的二氧化碳中一氧化氮气体标准物质中一氧化氮的浓度为5,25,50 μmol/mol,相对扩展不确定度为3.0% (k=2)。该气体标准物质具有良好的均匀性和稳定性,可用于食品级二氧化碳分析方法的确认和评价。     

氮中二氧化氮气体标准物质的研制

采用称量法制备并计算定值,研制(10～5000)μmol.mol-1氮中二氧化氮气体标准物质。考察了气体标准物质随贮存时间和钢瓶压力变化的稳定性,将制备的气体标准物质与GBW 08180进行比对验证,结果表明研制的气体标准物质定值的扩展不确定度优于3%(k=3),有效期限为12个月。     

柚皮素标准物质的研制及不确定度评定

建立了柚皮素标准物质的研制和定值方法。通过红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱对样品进行定性分析,经过柱层析纯化、干燥、混匀后,分装得到120瓶样品。采用质量平衡法和差示扫描量热法进行定值分析(质量平衡法包括液相色谱面积归一化法、水分、无机杂质和残留溶剂的测定)。运用液相色谱法考察了样品的均匀性和稳定性,并对定值结果进行了不确定度评定。结果显示,研制的柚皮素标准物质具有良好的均匀性和稳定性,定值结果为99.2%,扩展不确定度为0.2%,有效期6个月。     

氮气中1 μmol·mol~(-1)硫化氢气体标准物质的研制

介绍了瓶装氮气中1μmol·mol-1硫化氢气体标准物质的研制过程,对称量法制备过程、均匀性、稳定性引入的不确定度进行了评定。该气体标准物质的相对扩展不确定度为Uc=2.0%,k=2,使用有效期为一年,取得了国家一级标准物质证书。     

诱惑红溶液标准物质的研制及不确定度评定

建立了食用合成色素诱惑红溶液标准物质的制备和定值方法,研制了100 mg/L的诱惑红溶液标准物质。采用制备液相色谱对筛选的市售原料纯化,得到纯度大于99%的诱惑红纯品;通过核磁共振(1H NMR谱)和液相色谱-质谱(HPLC-LTQ/MS)准确定性分析后,利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对诱惑红纯物质进行纯度定值。以0.1 mol/L乙酸铵和甲醇为流动相进行等度洗脱,采用Intersil ODS-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)进行分离,检测波长240 nm。为保证纯度测量的准确性,采用多家联合定值对诱惑红的纯度进行定值,诱惑红纯物质的定值纯度为99.61%(λ=240 nm)。诱惑红溶液标准物质经重量-容量法配制后,进行均匀性和稳定性实验,浓度赋值后进行不确定度评定,诱惑红溶液的量值为100 mg/L,扩展相对不确定度为1.0%(k=2)。该溶液标准物质已批准为国家级标准物质,可为相关部门提供检测标准。     

电化学电极气体氧分析器计量标准不确定度的评定

简述电化学电极气体氧分析器的计量检定方法及过程。给出了检定过程中测量误差的数学模型及电化学电极气体氧分析器计量标准不确定度的来源，并对各不确定度分量进行了评定。电化学电极气体氧分析器计量标准的扩展不确定度小于5％。     

Determination of an amount of gas by weighing under vacuum conditions and uncertainty analysis

For the determination of the calorific value of gases, a mass determination system for the gas burnt in the calorimeter was developed. Contrary to classical methods, which weigh the gas bottle offline, the method applied here weighs the amount of gas online and continuously. For this purpose, a commercial analytical balance with a readability of 10 µg across the entire weighing range of 205 g was modified for use under vacuum conditions.Since the gas bottle has to be permanently connected to the calorimeter by a steel capillary, an additional force is exerted to the balance. The influence of this force is investigated and determined by a special weighing procedure.In addition, an automatic calibration technique must be developed to ensure the traceability of the results to the national standard of mass. This allows an uncertainty analysis according to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) to be performed.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A simplified approach to the estimation of analytical measurement uncertainty

The present study summarizes the measurement uncertainty estimations carried out in Nestlé Research Center since 2002. These estimations cover a wide range of analyses of commercial and regulatory interests. In a first part, this study shows that method validation data (repeatability, trueness and intermediate reproducibility) can be used to provide a good estimation of measurement uncertainty.In a second part, measurement uncertainty is compared to collaborative trials data. These data can be used for measurement uncertainty estimation as far as the in-house validation performances are comparable to the method validation performances obtained in the collaborative trial.Based on these two main observations, the aim of this study is to easily estimate the measurement uncertainty using validation data.     

A method to evaluate the Sachs formula

A rule-based method for evaluating the Sachs formula is introduced. For simple molecules, such as linear chains and monocycles, the Sachs formula can be evaluated by directly using the rules. For complex molecular systems, the Sachs formula can be evaluated by first breaking up the molecule into constituent pieces of sufficient simplicity so that data for them are available in the data base and then constructing the molecule from the known data by adding all pieces together, one at a time, via a series of binary rules. The method changes the way of evaluating the Sachs formula from a trial-and-error-type numerical search to a purely algebraic manipulation and thus tremendously reduces the computing times. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 65 : 19–36, 1997     

A simplified method for therapeutic drug monitoring of mitotane by gas chromatography-electron ionization-mass spectrometry

Mitotane is a key drug for the treatment of adrenal cortical carcinoma. Due to its narrow therapeutic window, 14–20 μg/mL, monitoring its concentration is crucially important. In this study, a simplified method for measuring mitotane in plasma using gas chromatography-electron ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) was developed. Through deproteination and liquid–liquid extraction, mitotane and an internal standard (IS) were extracted from plasma samples. GC-EI-MS yielded retention times of 8.2 and 8.7 min, for mitotane and the IS, respectively, with a total run time of 12 min. Selectivity and intra-/inter-batch accuracy and precision analyses provided a lower limit of quantification of 0.25 μg/mL, and a calibration curve between 0.25 and 40 μg/mL had good linearity (coefficient of determination = 0.992). The matrix effect factor and percent recovery of the method had good precision. Additionally, long-term sample stability was observed below 4°C. In a clinical setting, mitotane levels in plasma from an adrenal cortical carcinoma patient were within calibration range. Therefore, this simplified method can be applied to routine therapeutic drug monitoring of mitotane, which may contribute to improved treatment of adrenal cortical carcinoma.     

A voltammetric sensor on the basis of bismuth nanoparticles prepared by the method of gas condensation

A procedure is developed for the immobilization of bismuth nanoparticles prepared by the method of gas condensation on inert supports manufactured by the screen printing method using carbon-containing inks. The electrochemical behavior of the immobilized bismuth nanoparticles is investigated, and the conditions of their electrochemical activation are found. The composition of the modifying suspension “bismuth nanoparticles-liquid” is optimized. The elaborated thick-film carbon-containing electrode modified by bismuth nanoparticles is shown to be similar in its analytical parameters to the commercially available thick-film carbon-containing electrode premodified by calomel, and substantially exceeds carbon-containing electrodes with electrolytically deposited bismuth films in its properties. The limits of detection for heavy metals by stripping voltammetry are as follows (μg/L): 0.38 for Zn(II), 0.40 for Cd(II), and 0.55 for Pb(II) at the preconcentration time 180 s.     

A simplified procedure for the gas chromatographic determination of nicotine: Application of the method to mouse skin

Summary The gas Chromatographic procedure can be used for the rapid and accurate determination of small amounts of nicotine in biological material. Application of the method proved successful in the determination of the disappearance of nicotine from mouse skin following the application of this alkaloid directly to the skin surface. A plot ofg of nicotine per mg DNA or protein of mouse skin versus the time in hr following the application of nicotine showed that the biological half-life of nicotine in mouse skin over the first 6 hr is 1.2 hr.

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Ein vereinfachtes Verfahren zur gas-chromatographischen Bestimmung von Nikotin. Anwendung auf die Haut von Mäusen

Zusammenfassung Das beschriebene Verfahren kann zur raschen und genauen Bestimmung geringer Mengen Nikotin in biologischem Material dienen. Das Verschwinden des Nikotins nach dessen Applikation auf die Hautoberfläche von Mäusen wurde damit untersucht. Trägt mang Nikotin/mg DNS der Mäusehaut gegen die Zeit nach Applikation des Nikotins auf, so zeigt sich, daß die biologische Halbzeit des Nikotins in der Mäusehaut innerhalb der ersten 6 Stunden 1,2 Stunden beträgt.

     

Abrasion resistant inorganic/organic coating materials prepared by the sol-gel method

Novel abrasion resistant coating materials prepared by the sol-gel method have been developed and applied on the polymeric substrates bisphenol-A polycarbonate and diallyl diglycol carbonate resin (CR-39). These coatings are inorganic/organic hybrid network materials synthesized from 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane functionalized organics and metal alkoxide. The organic components are 3,3-iminobispropylamine (IMPA), resorcinol (RSOL), diethylenetriamine (DETA), poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI), glycerol and a series of diols. The metal alkoxides are tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and tetramethoxysilane (TMOS). These materials are spin coated onto bisphenol-A polycarbonate and CR-39 sheets and thermally cured to obtain a transparent coating of a few microns in thickness. Following the curing, the abrasion resistance is measured and compared with an uncoated control. It was found that the abrasion resistance of inorganic/organic hybrid coatings in the neat form or containing metal alkoxide can be very effective to improve the abrasion resistance of polymeric substrates. The adhesion tests show that the adhesion between coating and substrate can be greatly improved by treating the polymeric substrate surface with a primer solution of isopropanol containing 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APS). The interaction between 3-APS and the polycarbonate surface was investigated by a molecular dynamics simulation. The results strongly suggest that the hydrogen bonding between the amino group of the 3-APS and ester group in the polycarbonate backbone are sufficiently strong to influence the orientation of the primer molecules. The abrasion resistance of these new coating systems is discussed in light of the structure of the organic components. All of these results show that these coating materials have excellent abrasion resistance and have potential applications as coating materials for lenses and other polymeric products.     

Drying and weighing of standard reference materials for titrimetric analysis, and the status of the faraday constant as an international standard

A review is given of the methods of drying standard reference materials, and handling them after drying. The status of the Faraday as an international reference standard for titrimetric analysis is also discussed.     

Application of the internal standard method coupled with the standard addition method in photon activation analysis to trace characterization of environmental materials

The internal standard method coupled with the standard addition method has been applied to the analysis of environmental materials, such as urban particulate matter, vehicle exhaust particulates and coal fly ash by photon activation. High-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry makes possible to use multi-internal standard gamma-rays, in order to crosscheck the analytical results obtained from each internal standard. It was ascertained that this method can provide not only accurate analytical results but also the information of homogeneity of samples, correlation of elements in the sample, loss or contamination in the preparation process.     

A method to evaluate critical J-integral value: Locus method

A method which evaluates the critical J-integral value (J_c) by utilizing the locus of crack initiation points on load-displacement records is presented. This method partitions the fracture energy along the locus line based on an energy rate interpretation. The shape of the locus line depends on both the material and the configuration of the specimen. Since the fracture energy can be partitioned even along a nonlinear locus line, the method is also suitable for highly deformable materials, which usually exhibit a nonlinear locus line. In order to validate this point, a thermoplastic rubber was used for experimental study. The experimental results show that J_c can be evaluated by this method without restricting the ratio of the initial crack length to the specimen width (a/w) or the specimen length provided that the locus line can be located on the load-displacement record.