基于功能纳米材料的灵敏生物传感策略

21世纪的第一个十年被称为＂传感的十载＂.功能纳米材料为灵敏的生物传感器件（包括光学和电生物传感）的制备提供了优秀的平台.这方面的大多数工作主要聚焦于不同纳米材料的生物功能化,例如金属纳米粒子、半导体纳米粒子和碳纳米粒子,功能化方式包括物理吸附、静电结合、特异性识别或共价键合.这些生物功能化纳米材料可以用作催化剂、电导体、光发射剂、载体或示踪剂,以获取被放大的检测信号、稳定的识别探针或生物传感界面.设计的信号放大策略已经极大地促进了不同领域中稳定、特异、具有选择性和灵敏的生物传感器的发展.本文介绍了基于功能纳米材料的一些生物传感新原理和检测新策略,也讨论了纳米材料的生物功能化方法和生物传感在蛋白质的免疫分析、DNA检测、糖分析和细胞传感中的应用.     

上转换纳米材料的合成与功能化及其在食品安全检测中的应用研究进展

上转换纳米材料(Upconversion nanoparticles, UCNPs)可通过多光子吸收过程将低能激发光转化为高能发射光。UCNPs具有独特的光学特性,包括反斯托克斯位移大、在生物组织中的穿透力强、耐光漂白、背景荧光值小、化学稳定性良好和毒性低等,因此受到广泛关注,为传感检测、生物成像以及生物分析等领域中的分析检测提供了多种可能,推动了荧光标记探针的发展。本文对UCNPs的合成和功能化策略进行了总结,综述了近年来UCNPs在食品安全检测中的研究和应用进展,并讨论了目前UCNPs的合成和应用中面临的机遇与挑战。     

基于功能化纳米材料的光化学阵列传感器

阵列传感器采用人工模拟嗅觉系统的传感模式,实现多点信息的同时获取,极大地提高了分析效率,在公共安全、环境监测、医学检测等领域具有广阔的应用前景。其中,光化学阵列传感器因灵敏度高、输出信号丰富等优点而备受关注。近年来,为了进一步提高阵列传感器的识别能力和灵敏度,功能化纳米材料被广泛应用于光化学阵列传感器以增加传感材料的种类和发展新的传感方法。本文按照使用的光谱检测技术不同,详细介绍了功能化纳米材料在荧光、比色、催化发光和多通道阵列传感器等4类光化学阵列传感器中的应用。     

基于DNA分子的纳米功能材料的设计、组装及应用

DNA除了作为一种遗传信息的载体分子之外,还可以通过折叠或组装从而形成特定的二维和三维结构。通过设计DNA分子的结构并探索其与纳米材料之间的相互作用的研究已经引起了国内外学术界的持续关注。DNA功能化的无机纳米材料促进了分析科学、生命科学以及环境科学的快速发展。本文将从疾病分子机制研究、疾病诊断和疾病治疗三个角度出发,探究面向生物医学分析应用的DNA分子功能化的无机纳米材料的设计与组装。除此之外,还对DNA功能化纳米材料技术的发展前景进行了展望。     

核酸适配体功能化的稀土上转换纳米材料在生物检测中的应用

稀土上转换纳米材料可以吸收近红外光并发射出可见光或紫外光,在生物传感领域得到了广泛研究。核酸适配体能高特异性和高亲和性地与靶标物结合,被广泛应用于生物传感、疾病诊断等领域。将稀土上转换纳米材料与核酸适配体结合构建的检测体系,可实现对目标物灵敏、高选择性的检测。本文介绍了近几年核酸适配体功能化的稀土上转换纳米材料在生物小分子、蛋白质、核酸、病原微生物、细胞等方面的应用,并展望了其在分析检测领域的发展前景。     

磁性纳米材料的化学合成、功能化及其生物医学应用

从纳米材料的生长动力学模型出发,讨论磁性纳米材料的控制合成原理。总结磁性纳米材料的化学设计与合成、表面功能化及其在核磁共振成像和多模式影像等方面的应用研究最新进展。     

稀土功能化纳米材料在荧光探针及生物成像领域中的应用

纳米技术近年来发展迅速,各种纳米材料在现代科学和技术中扮演着重要的角色。然而,单一功能的纳米材料其应用往往是比较有限的,为了赋予纳米粒子更加丰富与高效的功能应用,功能复合的纳米材料成为了一个重要的研究热点。稀土离子由于其特殊的光学及磁学性质而受到了广泛的研究。近年来研究表明,利用稀土离子对纳米材料进行功能化可以有效地提高稀土离子的稳定性,同时赋予纳米材料更加丰富的功能。这种复合纳米粒子从很大程度上扩展了传统纳米材料的应用范围,使其在生物成像、识别、检测、治疗等众多领域都有着重要的应用价值。本文综述了不同纳米材料与稀土离子复合的研究进展,探讨了各种稀土复合纳米材料的设计思路,为进一步研究多功能稀土复合纳米粒子提供了理论基础。     

磁性微纳米材料的功能化及其在食物样品前处理中的应用进展

磁性固相萃取是当前对复杂样品中痕量目标物进行有效分离富集的热门技术,功能化磁性微纳米粒子是该技术应用中的关键材料。本文综述了各种已报道的功能化磁性微纳米材料,总结了包括表面嫁接有机小分子、表面包覆碳或无机氧化物、表面嫁接或包覆聚合物、载体表面或孔道内负载磁性纳米粒子、载体骨架内掺入磁性纳米粒子、物理共混法制备磁性功能材料在内的6种功能化方法,并对功能化磁性微纳米材料在食物样品前处理中的应用进行了简要评述。     

循环肿瘤细胞及细胞外囊泡的纳米检测技术

肿瘤液体活检通过对体液中生物标志物的检测实现疾病的精准诊断,对于恶性肿瘤的早期诊断和动态监测至关重要。循环肿瘤细胞(CTC)是肿瘤组织释放到血液中的肿瘤细胞,细胞外囊泡(EV)是由细胞分泌的膜囊泡,二者都携带肿瘤分子信息,并与肿瘤进展和转移密切相关,是重要的液体活检生物标志物,并且在检测方法和临床意义方面也有很多共性。纳米材料由于其高比表面积、独特的光、电、磁等物理化学特性以及易于功能化修饰等特点,被广泛用于CTC和EV的检测,以提高检测灵敏度和特异性,提供肿瘤形成、进展、转移和治疗反应的信息,具有很好的应用前景。本文回顾了在CTC和EV的特异性识别、高效捕获或分离、目标CTC或EV的鉴定等三方面的纳米技术进展,包括提高分子识别特异性的纳米材料表面识别探针功能化修饰以及捕获、鉴定的纳米材料和纳米技术的最新进展,总结了基于功能化纳米材料的液体活检技术的优势及挑战,为液体活检纳米技术的发展提供信息。     

基于纸基平台的食品安全快速检测方法研究进展

食品安全是人类社会发展最重要的问题之一,随着食品种类的丰富和发展,快速即时、低成本、便捷化的食品安全检测方法日益受到关注。纸基分析方法具有低成本和简便化分析特点,经历了从试纸到微流控纸芯片的快速发展过程。以纸基材料结合各种分析方法形成的纸基分析装置,在食品快速检测方面显示出了良好的应用前景。本文首先介绍了纸基材料表面的功能化改性,综述了比色分析、荧光分析、电化学分析、表面增强拉曼分析等及其联用技术与纸基平台结合构建的分析方法在食品安全快速检测中研究和应用进展,最后讨论了其在食品安全快速分析检测中面临的挑战和发展前景。     

Electroanalytical methods based on bimetallic nanomaterials for determination of pesticides: Past,present, and future

The excessive use of pesticides in agricultural or non-agricultural fields causes the emergence of environmental and human health problems. Therefore, there is a need to develop simple, fast, sensitive, selective, and low-cost methods for analyzing pesticides from different matrices. Although many analysis methods have been developed to determine pesticides, nanomaterial-based electroanalytical methods offer numerous advantages such as rapid and low cost of analysis, low sample volume requirement, field deployability, and miniaturization to improve the performance of the developed methods. Among different nanomaterials, bimetallic nanomaterials such as gold, platinum, palladium, nickel, and iron-based nanomaterials in combination with other metals have been extensively used as electrode modification agents due to their electrocatalytic characteristics and the synergistic effect of two metals. In this review, firstly, the basic information of pesticides and bimetallic nanomaterials was summarized. Properties, synthesize, and architectures of bimetallic nanomaterials and their nanocomposites were explained in detail. Current applications and utilization of bimetallic nanomaterials for pesticides detection were reviewed by selected studies with working range, the limit of detection, sensitivity, analytical application, and some experimental conditions. In conclusion, the current challenges and future trends for analyzing pesticides based on electroanalytical methods combined with bimetallic nanomaterials were highlighted.     

Recent Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials for microRNA Electrochemical Sensing

MicroRNA (miRNA) is an important tumor marker in the human body, and its early detection has a great influence on the survival rate of patients. Although there are many detection methods for miRNA at present such as northern blotting, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, microarrays, and others, electrochemical biosensors have the advantages of low detection cost, small instrument size, simple operation, non-invasive detection and low consumption of reagents and solvents, and thus they play an important role in the early detection of cancer. In addition, with the development of nanotechnology, nano-biosensors show great potential. The application of various nanomaterials in the development of electrochemical biosensor has greatly improved the detection sensitivity of electrochemical biosensor. Among them, carbon nanomaterials which have unique electrical, optical, physical and chemical properties have attracted increasing attention. In particular, they have a large surface area, good biocompatibility and conductivity. Therefore, carbon nanomaterials combined with electrochemical methods can be used to detect miRNA quickly, easily and sensitively. In this review, we systematically review recent applications of different carbon nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, graphene and its derivatives, graphitic carbon nitride, carbon dots, graphene quantum dots and other carbon nanomaterials) for miRNA electrochemical detection. In addition, we demonstrate the future prospects of electrochemical biosensors modified by carbon nanomaterials for the detection of miRNAs, and some suggestions for their development in the near future.     

纳米材料在用于癌症诊断的呼出气挥发性有机物检测中的应用

细胞新陈代谢的变化会导致挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）类型及含量发生变化,因此可通过分析某些标志性VOCs简立起多种疾病早期诊断的模型. 人体呼出物中特征VOCs的检测作为一种非侵入性、无损的检测手段,近些年在疾病检测领域已成为世界范围内的研究热点. 其中,纳米材料可用于增强传感器性能,并使传感器便携式小型化,推进检测传感器进入临床. 在这篇综述中,作者将种类繁多的传感器中用到的纳米材料归纳总结为金属、金属氧化物、碳基、复合物和MOFs基纳米材料等几类,并讨论了不同类纳米材料在VOCs检测中的优劣势. 本文所建立起的分析方法及讨论有助于进一步了解检测技术的优越性与局限性. 最后,作者对利用VOCs的检测实现癌症早期筛选的研究及发展提出了个人观点.     

Progress of Visual Biosensor Based on Gold Nanoparticles

Visual detection method is a means of quantitative analysis by the naked eye through the comparison of color intensity or type of change. Owing to its simplicity, low-cost, rapid operation, and equipment-free, visual detection was widely used in the detection of numerous targets. Gold nanomaterials were widely used in the construction of visual biosensors due to its unique optical properties when compared to other nanomaterials. The local surface plasmon resonance absorption peak would change with the variety in the distance or the morphology. Herein, this paper reviewed the application of gold nanomaterials in the construction of visual biosensors for the detection of target molecules. Meanwhile, we pointed out the main problems of gold nanoparticles based colorimetric methods in the determination of actual samples. The forecast of gold nanoparticles based biosensor was also provided at the end of this article.     

Trends in the sample preparation and analysis of nanomaterials as environmental contaminants

Much research on the use of nanomaterials in different applications is being conducted in areas such as water treatment, catalysis, oil processing, medicine, food, sensors, energy storage, building materials, constructions, and others. Nanoparticles are ultra-small particles with exceptional properties, but some nanoparticles and nanomaterials may exhibit harmful properties when leaked into the environment. Due to the lack of analytical methods for the detection and analysis of nanoparticles in complex matrices, not much is known about the potential risks associated with nanomaterials. Therefore, more knowledge is needed of the sampling and analysis of nanomaterials (NMs) as environmental contaminants. This review is undertaken to identify and assess key characteristics in potential sampling and analysis methods for identifying and quantifying the occurrence of NMs in numerous types of environmental media. To select suitable sampling and analysis methods, information on NM sources and transformation in environmental media is essential and thus is also discussed. This provides more information about the negative impacts of NMs on the environment. Challenges and future perspectives on the determination of NMs are also discussed.     

Application of nanomaterials in microbial-cell biosensor constructions

Microbial cell biosensors, where cells are in direct connection with a transducer enabling quantitative and qualitative detection of an analyte, are very promising analytical tools applied mainly for assays in the environmental field, food industry or biomedicine. Microbial cell biosensors are an excellent alternative to conventional analytical methods due to their specificity, rapid detection and low cost of analysis. Nowadays, nanomaterials are often used in the construction of biosensors to improve their sensitivity and stability. In this review, the combination of microbial and other individual cells with different nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, graphene, gold nanoparticles, etc.) for the construction of biosensors is described and their applications are provided as well.     

Nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensing of neurological drugs and neurotransmitters

Microchimica Acta - Nanomaterial-modified detection systems represent a chief driver towards the adoption of electrochemical methods, since nanomaterials enable functional tunability, ability to...     

纳米钒氧化物的制备和机理研究进展

钒氧化物由于其特殊的层状结构和接近室温下的热致相变性质,其纳米结构材料在电化学、催化、光信息存储、光致变色等领域的应用受到越来越多的关注。本文总结了不同维度(包括零维、一维和二维)钒氧化物纳米材料的主要制备方法(水热-溶剂热法、溶胶-凝胶法、反应溅射法等)及其形成机理,并对今后的研究工作进行了展望。     

Carbon nanomaterial based electrochemical sensors for biogenic amines

This review describes recent advances in the use of carbon nanomaterials for electroanalytical detection of biogenic amines (BAs). It starts with a short introduction into carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, nanodiamonds, carbon nanofibers, fullerenes, and their composites. Next, electrochemical sensing schemes are discussed for various BAs including dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, tyramine, histamine and putrescine. Examples are then given for methods for simultaneous detection of various BAs. Finally, we discuss the current and future challenges of carbon nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for BAs. The review contains 175 references.

非酶葡萄糖传感器电极材料构建策略

电化学传感器因具有灵敏度高、检测限低等优点而得到广泛应用,将非酶电化学传感器应用于葡萄糖浓度的检测具备重要的研究价值。以金属有机骨架、碳材料和导电聚合物为基底与金属及其衍生物复合,构建的纳米复合材料修饰电极对于葡萄糖的检测具有极高的灵敏度、较低的检测限和快速响应的能力,可应用于实际样品的检测。本文综述了近年来非酶葡萄糖电化学传感器的研究进展,通过对纳米复合材料的性能比较,为非酶葡萄糖传感器的构建提供思路。