铑(Ⅲ)催化N-磺酰基2-甲酰苯胺与烯烃环化制备(2H)喹啉(英文)

开发了一种用铑(III)催化的N-磺酰基2-氨基苯甲醛与烯烃环化生成喹啉衍生物的方法,得到较高产率的喹啉衍生物,并且在反应条件下,反应具有较好的官能团兼容性.这是首次运用铑(III)作为催化剂合成烷基1-磺酰基-1,2-二氢喹啉-3-羧酸酯.该催化体系表现较好的催化性且反应操作较为简单.     

铑(Ⅲ)催化N-磺酰基2-甲酰苯胺与烯烃环化制备(2H)喹啉(英文)

开发了一种用铑(III)催化的N-磺酰基2-氨基苯甲醛与烯烃环化生成喹啉衍生物的方法,得到较高产率的喹啉衍生物,并且在反应条件下,反应具有较好的官能团兼容性.这是首次运用铑(III)作为催化剂合成烷基1-磺酰基-1,2-二氢喹啉-3-羧酸酯.该催化体系表现较好的催化性且反应操作较为简单.     

调变 MTO反应中双循环机理的比重：ZSM-5分子筛上不同接触时间的作用

低碳烯烃(乙烯、丙烯和丁烯)是重要的有机化工原料,是现代石油化工的基础,主要通过石脑油裂解和烷烃脱氢制备。现阶段我国原油对外依存度已超过60%,“多煤、缺油、少气”的能源现状决定了以煤或天然气为原料经甲醇制取石化产品成为一种重要的替代途径。甲醇制取低碳烯烃(MTO)过程成为连接煤化工和石油化工的桥梁。 ZSM-5分子筛以其高效的甲醇转化能力、优异的低碳烯烃选择性和出色的抗积碳性能成为非常理想的 MTO反应催化剂。研究发现 ZSM-5分子筛催化 MTO反应过程中,乙烯的生成规律与其它 C3–C7链状烯烃不一致,认为乙烯主要来源于芳烃缩环/扩环循环,而 C3–C7链状烯烃主要来源于烯烃甲基化/裂解循环,两种循环同时存在。本文于300°C在 ZSM-5分子筛上进行 MTO反应,通过考察不同空速(WHSV)条件下的 MTO反应性能和分析催化剂内留存物种的生成和所起的作用,研究甲醇转化机理。气相流出物种和催化剂内留存物种的分析表明, ZSM-5分子筛催化 MTO反应时遵循双循环机理——以多甲基苯和多甲基环戊二烯为主要活性物种的芳烃循环机理和以链状烯烃为主要活性物种的烯烃循环机理。在双循环机理中,芳烃循环和烯烃循环并不是简单叠加,而是相互影响,芳烃循环产生的烯烃可以作为烯烃循环的活性物种促进烯烃循环,烯烃循环中较高级的烯烃经过环化、氢转移作用,能够转化成富氢的烷烃和贫氢的芳烃、环戊二烯物种,贫氢的芳烃和环戊二烯物种又可以作为芳烃循环的主要物种促进芳烃循环的进行。氢转移反应是联系烯烃循环和芳烃循环的重要过程,与反应过程中原料甲醇与催化剂床层的接触时间有关,12C/13C甲醇切换实验揭示了双循环机理与氢转移反应的相关性,通过调变原料甲醇与催化剂床层的接触时间,可以调变氢转移反应的剧烈程度,进而对催化剂上芳烃循环和烯烃循环的甲醇转化能力产生不同的影响。当空速较低时,进料甲醇与催化剂床层的接触时间较长,有利于产物烯烃的氢转移反应,加速了分子筛催化剂上芳烃物种和环戊二烯物种的生成和累积,促进了芳烃循环,主要由芳烃循环生成的乙烯和多甲基苯的气相选择性提高;反之,当空速较高时,进料甲醇与催化剂床层的接触时间减少,产物烯烃的氢转移反应受到抑制,氢转移反应的产物——芳烃和环戊二烯物种的生成数量和累积速率降低,芳烃循环活性不高,使得烯烃循环成为甲醇转化的主要途径, C3–C7烯烃显示出更高的活性,在气相流出物种中的选择性也更高。总之,原料甲醇与催化剂床层的接触时间能够显著影响催化剂内留存物种的生成和累积,进而改变两种循环的比重。这些发现对于实现 ZSM-5分子筛催化 MTO反应过程中的产物烯烃和芳烃的选择性调控具有重要意义。     

调变MTO反应中双循环机理的比重:ZSM-5分子筛上不同接触时间的作用（英文）

低碳烯烃(乙烯、丙烯和丁烯)是重要的有机化工原料,是现代石油化工的基础,主要通过石脑油裂解和烷烃脱氢制备.现阶段我国原油对外依存度已超过60%,"多煤、缺油、少气"的能源现状决定了以煤或天然气为原料经甲醇制取石化产品成为一种重要的替代途径.甲醇制取低碳烯烃(MTO)过程成为连接煤化工和石油化工的桥梁.ZSM-5分子筛以其高效的甲醇转化能力、优异的低碳烯烃选择性和出色的抗积碳性能成为非常理想的MTO反应催化剂.研究发现ZSM-5分子筛催化MTO反应过程中,乙烯的生成规律与其它C_3–C_7链状烯烃不一致,认为乙烯主要来源于芳烃缩环/扩环循环,而C_3–C_7链状烯烃主要来源于烯烃甲基化/裂解循环,两种循环同时存在.本文于300°C在ZSM-5分子筛上进行MTO反应,通过考察不同空速(WHSV)条件下的MTO反应性能和分析催化剂内留存物种的生成和所起的作用,研究甲醇转化机理.气相流出物种和催化剂内留存物种的分析表明,ZSM-5分子筛催化MTO反应时遵循双循环机理——以多甲基苯和多甲基环戊二烯为主要活性物种的芳烃循环机理和以链状烯烃为主要活性物种的烯烃循环机理.在双循环机理中,芳烃循环和烯烃循环并不是简单叠加,而是相互影响,芳烃循环产生的烯烃可以作为烯烃循环的活性物种促进烯烃循环,烯烃循环中较高级的烯烃经过环化、氢转移作用,能够转化成富氢的烷烃和贫氢的芳烃、环戊二烯物种,贫氢的芳烃和环戊二烯物种又可以作为芳烃循环的主要物种促进芳烃循环的进行.氢转移反应是联系烯烃循环和芳烃循环的重要过程,与反应过程中原料甲醇与催化剂床层的接触时间有关,~(12)C/~(13)C甲醇切换实验揭示了双循环机理与氢转移反应的相关性,通过调变原料甲醇与催化剂床层的接触时间,可以调变氢转移反应的剧烈程度,进而对催化剂上芳烃循环和烯烃循环的甲醇转化能力产生不同的影响.当空速较低时,进料甲醇与催化剂床层的接触时间较长,有利于产物烯烃的氢转移反应,加速了分子筛催化剂上芳烃物种和环戊二烯物种的生成和累积,促进了芳烃循环,主要由芳烃循环生成的乙烯和多甲基苯的气相选择性提高;反之,当空速较高时,进料甲醇与催化剂床层的接触时间减少,产物烯烃的氢转移反应受到抑制,氢转移反应的产物——芳烃和环戊二烯物种的生成数量和累积速率降低,芳烃循环活性不高,使得烯烃循环成为甲醇转化的主要途径,C_3–C_7烯烃显示出更高的活性,在气相流出物种中的选择性也更高.总之,原料甲醇与催化剂床层的接触时间能够显著影响催化剂内留存物种的生成和累积,进而改变两种循环的比重.这些发现对于实现ZSM-5分子筛催化MTO反应过程中的产物烯烃和芳烃的选择性调控具有重要意义.     

预裂化理论研究:基质表面酸性位类型及不同类型酸性位接触顺序对裂化过程小分子烯烃收率的影响

在区分氢负离子转移反应与氢转移反应、非选择性氢转移反应与总的氢转移反应的情况下,通过合成物性相近但酸性不同的氧化铝,用以作为裂化催化剂基质材料,在固定床反应器上考察了催化裂化过程,基质酸性位类型及基质表面Lewis及Brönsted酸性位接触顺序对小分子烯烃(丙烯、丁烯)收率的影响。结果表明,催化裂化生成小分子烯烃过程中,分子筛与基质所呈现出的反应特点存在较大的区别,前者活性虽高,但总的氢转移反应活性过强。基质材料裂化活性虽低但其表面以氢负离子转移反应为主,反应路径角度更有利于小分子烯烃收率的提高。另外,基质表面存在Brönsted酸性位,或原料油首先与基质表面Lewis酸性位相接触再与Brönsted酸性位反应的预裂化过程,会在促进裂化反应发生的同时抑制总的氢转移反应,更有利于小分子烯烃收率的提高。     

全氢菲在分子筛催化剂上环烷环开环反应的研究

在小型固定流化床(FFB)装置上考察了Y与ZSM-5分子筛催化剂以及Y分子筛催化剂上温度、剂油比对全氢菲裂化环烷环开环反应的影响。结果表明,全氢菲在分子筛催化剂上通过环烷环开环反应生成环己烷、十氢萘等单环或双环环烷烃;单环或双环环烷烃进一步侧链断裂生成2-甲基戊烷、甲基己烷等异构烷烃等,异构化生成二甲基环戊烷、甲乙基环戊烷等烷基环戊烷,氢转移生成苯、甲苯、二甲苯等烷基苯,进行深度氢转移反应生成萘、烷基萘等双环芳烃;另外,全氢菲也会通过脱氢缩合生成菲、芘等三环以上芳烃甚至焦炭等。由于扩散和吸附性能的影响,其裂化开环反应的选择性在Y分子筛催化剂上比在ZSM-5分子筛催化剂上高。因此,全氢菲环烷环开环与脱氢缩合反应的相对比例(s(NRO)/s(DHC))在Y分子筛催化剂上较高;在Y分子筛催化剂上,温度为475~550 ℃、剂油比为3.0~9.0,反应温度升高或者剂油比增加,双分子氢转移以及脱氢缩合反应增强,导致环烷环开环反应产物选择性降低。     

烯烃在催化裂化催化剂上反应机理的初步研究

在自制的微反-色谱装置上,进行了单体烯烃和催化裂化汽油在不同条件下的催化裂化反应实验。对单体烯烃的裂化反应规律和汽油中的烯烃在半再生催化剂和待生催化剂上的催化裂化反应规律进行对比分析。结果表明,单体烯烃反应中,C6及C6以下的烯烃主要发生骨架异构和双键异构反应,氢转移和直接裂化反应发生的较少。C7以上的烯烃95%以上发生转化,高温下直接裂化生成C3、C4,氢转移和异构化比率较大。汽油中的烯烃转化主要集中在C7以上,烯烃之间存在一定的交互作用,单体烯烃的催化裂化反应规律可以初步预测汽油中烯烃的转化。催化剂上的结焦类型对汽油中的烯烃的转化方式没有影响。     

阳离子改性HZSM-5沸石上低碳醇反应历程的TPSR-MS研究

用ＴＰＳＲ－ＭＳ技术研究了Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ和Ｇａ改性Ｈ－ＺＳＭ－５沸石的活性中心性质及Ｃ１～Ｃ４醇的反应历程。结果表明，Ｚｎ－和Ｇａ－ＺＳＭ－５有两种芳构化活性中心，即Ｂ酸和Ｚｎ，Ｇａ活性物种；甲醇在Ｃｕ－ＺＳＭ－５上只生成二甲醚、ＣＯ和ＣＯ２，而在Ｚｎ－ＺＳＭ－５上芳构化反应历程为：（１）醇经由醚脱水生成烯烃，Ｃ２～Ｃ４醇学可单分子脱水生成烯烃；（２）烯烃中间物齐聚，齐聚物通过氢转移和脱氢途径环化、芳     

几种β-烷基萘的催化脱氢环化的研究

在铬铝催化剂上,温度400—500℃和空速0.1—0.87时~(-1)的反应条件下,研究了β-正庚萘、β-(2-甲基丁基)萘、β-(1-丙基丁基)萘和β-(1-丁基丁基)萘的脱氢环化。β-烷基萘的烷基侧链结构对脱氢环化反应有明显的影响。β-(2-甲基丁基)萘的脱氢环化同β-(3-甲基丁基)萘比较类似,生成30％的2-甲基蒽;但同β-(1-甲基丁基)萘较少类似,仅生成约5％的菲。当β-烷基萘的烷基侧链碳原子多于6个时,不仅在烷基侧链与萘环碳原子之间可以脱氢环化,生戍菲、蒽及其同系物,而且在烷基侧链碳原子之间也可以脱氢环化生成苯井芴和(?)等稠环芳烃,在β-烷基萘脱氢环化的同时,还伴随有裂解反应;烷基侧链愈长,裂解现象就越严重。     

丙烯水合醚化催化剂上焦炭前身物的表征

采用热重、红外,高温模拟蒸馏和质谱等分析手段,对丙烯水合醚化失活催化剂上的焦炭前身物进行了表征。焦炭前身物主要是沸程范围在200－400℃的长链饱和烃类化合物,四氯化碳洗液和二氯甲烷萃取液的红外和质谱分析均表明,焦炭前身物中没有烯烃和芳烃类化合物存在,β沸石催化剂具有一定的氢转移反应活性,由丙烯聚合生成的聚合烯烃进一步与焦炭前身物通过氢转移反应生成烷烃和焦炭。     

ZSM-5催化丙烯芳构化反应构效关系及反应特性

甲醇两步制芳烃反应中低碳烯烃芳构化反应稳定性优异,为分析其内在机制,制备了不同硅铝比(n_SiO2/n_Al2O3)及Zn负载量的ZSM-5催化剂,以丙烯芳构化为模型反应,分析ZSM-5表面酸性对低碳烯烃芳构化反应性能的影响规律,并探究反应微观特性。发现当硅铝比由150降至75时,增加的酸密度促进了烯烃氢转移芳构化过程,使芳烃选择性由31.0%增至34.4%,但丙烯直接参与的氢转移过程也被强化,使丙烷产物选择性由28.2%增至36.0%。引入Zn助剂可将部分Br?nsted酸转变为ZnLewis酸,强化烯烃脱氢芳构化过程,使芳烃选择性进一步显著增加到62.4%。丙烯芳构化过程中芳烃烷基化深度比甲醇芳构化过程低,提升总芳烃选择性的同时,也明显抑制了难溶性积碳的形成,使反应稳定性明显提升。由此得出,甲醇两步制芳烃过程中甲醇制低碳烯烃过程对甲醇的预先消耗,抑制了低碳烯烃芳构化反应芳烃产物的深度烷基化,是该反应表现出优异稳定性的重要原因。     

STUDY OF HYDROGEN TRANSFER REACTIONS IN PROPANE AROMATIZATION OVER Ga MODIFIED HZSM-5 CATALYSTS

研究了丙烷在不同ＳｉＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３比值的ＨＺＳＭ５和Ｇａ改性ＨＺＳＭ５催化剂上的芳构化转化，为探讨氢转移反应的能力，也考察了在丙烷中添加少量氢对芳构化转化的影响。结果表明，随ＨＺＳＭ５分子筛ＳｉＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３比值的减小，氢转移反应程度增大；在分子筛中引入Ｇａ，氢转移反应能力增大。最后提出了有Ｇａ参与的反应机理。     

In situ NMR spectroscopy in heterogeneous catalysis: Kinetic study of hydrocarbon conversion mechanisms

The potential of high-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy for kinetic and mechanistic studies of hydrocarbon conversion on solid acid catalysis between 20 and 300°C is considered. The use of this technique is illustrated by the elucidation of the mechanisms of hydrogen exchange and ¹³C label transfer in alkanes and olefins, n-butane isomerization on sulfated zirconia, and ethane aromatization on zinc-containing zeolite beta. The kinetic parameters determined in these studies provide a basis for quantum chemical calculations of possible hydrocarbon activation and conversion pathways and for evaluating the reliability and accuracy of these theoretical calculations.     

Formation of Three-Membered Rings by S(H)i Displacement. Reverse of Cyclopropyl Ring Opening(1)

The general methods, photoinitiated or peroxide-initiated free radical chain additions of halomethanes to olefins, yield 1,2-addition products at temperatures ranging from 20 to 100 degrees C. At lower temperatures, -42 to -104 degrees C, a competitive reaction, subsequent to the addition of CCl(2)X(*), yields alkylcyclopropanes. The reactions of 1-octene or 1-hexene and 1-methylcyclohexene with atomic hydrogen carried out in the presence of several transfer agents (CCl(4), CCl(3)Br, CCl(2)Br(2)) initiate a radical chain addition of CCl(2)X(*) and yield cyclized materials resulting from the S(H)i displacement of halogen by a carbon-centered radical. The radical displacement of a halogen on carbon, the reverse of homolytic displacement on cyclopropyl carbon, is dominant at low temperatures. The rate constants for cyclization (k(c)) vs transfer with halomethane (k(t)) showed isokinetic temperatures of -46 degrees C (CCl(4), 1-hexene); -35 degrees C (CCl(4), 1-methylcyclohexene). The isokinetic temperatures for the reactions of the two substrates carried out in the presence of BrCCl(3) were calculated as -204 degrees C (1-octene) and -109 degrees C (1-methylcyclohexene).     

Aromatization of a C4 alkane/alkene/hydrogen mixture obtained by catalytic dehydrogenation of isobutane

The aim was to establish whether there is competition between the dehydrogenation of an alkane to an alkene and its aromatization in the presence of hydrogen. The aromatization of the model compound isobutane was studied in two steps, firstly its catalytic dehydrogenation and secondly the direct thermal cracking of the dehydrogenation mixture at atmospheric pressure and at temperatures at which substantial aromatization of alkenes occurs. The role of hydrogen was studied by cracking mixtures of known composition. In all instances, the yields in aromatic hydrocarbons, although lower than expected, were higher than those obtained with the alkane. The inhibitory effect of hydrogen on aromatization was demonstrated.     

Activating a Peroxo Ligand for C−O Bond Formation

Dioxygen activation for effective C?O bond formation in the coordination sphere of a metal is a long‐standing challenge in chemistry for which the design of catalysts for oxygenations is slowed down by the complicated, and sometimes poorly understood, mechanistic panorama. In this context, olefin–peroxide complexes could be valuable models for the study of such reactions. Herein, we showcase the isolation of rare “Ir(cod)(peroxide)” complexes (cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene) from reactions with oxygen, and then the activation of the peroxide ligand for O?O bond cleavage and C?O bond formation by transfer of a hydrogen atom through proton transfer/electron transfer reactions to give 2‐iradaoxetane complexes and water. 2,4,6‐Trimethylphenol, 1,4‐hydroquinone, and 1,4‐cyclohexadiene were used as hydrogen atom donors. These reactions can be key steps in the oxy‐functionalization of olefins with oxygen, and they constitute a novel mechanistic pathway for iridium, whose full reaction profile is supported by DFT calculations.     

Highly Selective Electrocatalytic Olefin Hydrogenation in Aqueous Solution

Selective hydrogenation of olefins with water as the hydrogen source at ambient conditions is still a big challenge in the field of catalysis. Herein, the electrocatalytic hydrogenation of purely aliphatic and functionalized olefins was achieved by using graphdiyne based copper oxide quantum dots (Cu_xO/GDY) as cathodic electrodes and water as the hydrogen source, with high activity and selectivity in aqueous solution at high current density under ambient temperature and pressure. In particular, the sp-/sp²-hybridized graphdiyne catalyst allows the selective hydrogenation of cis-trans isomeric olefins. The chemical and electronic structure of the GDY results in the incomplete charge transfer between GDY and Cu atoms to optimize the adsorption/desorption of the reaction intermediates and results in high reaction selectivity and activity for hydrogenation reactions.     

Highly shape-selective Zn-P/HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst for methanol conversion to light aromatics

A highly shape-selective and relatively long-lifetime HZSM-5-based catalyst (Zn-2P/HZSM-5) was prepared by chemical modification with both ZnSiF₆·6H₂O and H₃PO₄ solution. The phosphoric acid modification could effectively modulate the Brønsted acid strength of the HZSM-5 catalyst, which promotes the oligomerization, alkylation, cyclization, and hydrogen transfer reactions. The introduction of Zn-Lewis acid sites significantly improved the dehydroaromatization of higher olefins. All of these were very beneficial for the generation of BTX (i.e. benzene, toluene, and xylene) hydrocarbons in aromatization of methanol. The coke amount and the average rate of coke formation decreased over the Zn-2P/HZSM-5 catalysts, which may largely be ascribed to its lower strong acid sites and lower outer surface acidity. The catalytic performance of methanol aromatization showed that the Zn-2P/HZSM-5 catalyst exhibited the highest BTX selectivity of about 46.76% and the longest catalytic lifetime of about 498 h at T = 400 °C, P = 0.1 MPa, and weight hourly space velocity = 0.7 h⁻¹.     

Oxidative aromatization of olefins with dioxygen catalyzed by palladium trifluoroacetate

Molecular oxygen can replace sacrificial olefins as the hydrogen acceptor in the palladium trifluoroacetate catalyzed dehydrogenation of cyclohexene and related cyclic olefins into aromatics. One of the major drawbacks of the homogeneous system is the tendency of the palladium trifluoroacetate to precipitate as palladium(0) at elevated temperatures. The use of better ligands affords catalysts that can operate at higher temperatures, although they are less reactive than palladium trifluoroacetate.