覆冰输电塔线体系风载荷影响因素分析

输电塔线体系属于强非线性耦联系统,具有高柔度、大跨度、风敏感等特点,对其在风载荷作用下的非线性静态响应分析研究在结构设计和实际线路中具有重要的理论和工程价值.建立了以猫头直线塔为基础的"三线两塔"输电塔线体系耦合有限元模型,考虑结构自重载荷、覆冰载荷、导线张力和风载荷的组合作用下对输电塔线体系进行非线性静力学分析,重点研究了风向角、覆冰风攻角和风速对输电塔线体系静态承载能力的影响,归纳总结了相应的影响规律.     

区间参数结构平稳随机载荷识别方法

针对贫信息下不确定性结构的随机载荷识别问题,使用基于Taylor展开的区间分析方法,提出了一种不确定性结构随机载荷识别的非概率区间方法。该识别方法在频域中进行,识别时使用区间变量描述工程结构中的不确定性参数。基于测点的响应谱密度函数,首先对不确定性参数的名义值点进行随机载荷识别,其次计算载荷关于不确定性参数的灵敏度,最后基于区间扩张理论获得识别载荷谱的上下界值。算例结果表明,使用区间方法得到的不确定性结构的载荷谱识别区间界值都能完全包含载荷真值,此方法能够在结构设计时给出更为可靠的载荷工况。     

高超声速非定常流动的数值模拟与气动热计算

高超声速飞行器研究中的一个重点问题是飞行器表面的气动加热,它对飞行器的气动、热特性及安全性有重要的影响.受到当前实验技术的限制,地面实验无法准确模拟真实飞行条件,所以采用数值模拟研究气动加热问题成为目前重要的研究手段.本文采用数值方法求解三维N-S方程,得到钝头体再入模型绕流的瞬态流场,驻点温度及表面热流沿轨道变化规律.计算中采用变边界条件模拟沿轨道飞行的非定常性.     

气动阻尼对高层建筑横风向风振响应的影响

引入横风力谱模型,分析了某高宽比为6的方形截面高层建筑在不同地貌和风速条件下的横风向风振响应. 同时考虑正气动阻尼的影响,获得该建筑在不同自振基频下的风振响应及气动阻尼影响的规律. 分析结果表明,对于处于低粗糙度地貌并受较高风速作用的低频建筑物,当计算其横风向风振响应时,应适当考虑正气动阻尼的影响,使计算结果更具真实性.     

随机风速下高速列车的运行安全可靠性

基于可靠性理论提出了随机风速作用下高速列车风致安全分析的新方法, 这种方法可以对随机风速作用下高速列车的运行安全可靠性进行有效评估.首先基于Cooper理论和谐波叠加法计算随车移动点的脉动风速, 建立随机风速作用下高速列车非定常气动载荷的计算方法, 并通过数值仿真得到气动载荷系数的标准差随侧偏角的变化规律. 然后建立高速列车车辆系统动力学模型, 并对计算模型的正确性进行验证.最后以随机风速、侧力系数、升力系数、侧滚力矩系数、摇头力矩系数和点头力矩系数为基本随机变量, 研究随机风速作用下高速列车的运行安全可靠性和可靠性灵敏度, 给出随机风速作用下高速列车的概率特征风速曲线.研究结果表明:随着车速和风速的增大, 系统的失效概率增大;通过可靠性灵敏度分析发现侧力系数和侧滚力矩系数对高速列车的运行安全影响最大, 应该特别注意这两个参数的变化对高速列车运行安全性的影响;传统确定性方法得到的高速列车的安全域曲线偏于保守, 基于可靠性的方法可得到更合理的安全域曲线.     

基于模态振型的载荷转换计算方法

在航空领域,将翼面载荷准确施加到结构有限元模型上是有限元响应计算的必要步骤之一,但计算流体力学 (computational fluid dynamics,CFD) 得到的气动载荷通常无法直接施加至有限元模型。目前翼面载荷的转换计算方法依然存在计算效率不高的问题。由于翼面载荷分布具有连续、光滑的特点,理论上可用合理的基函数加权叠加进行拟合。本文试用模态振型作为基函数拟合载荷,先针对气动与结构两种网格构建同一翼面的两个结构模型,这两个结构模型理论上具有相同的模态。再用气动网格构建的翼面模型的模态振型作为基函数,并基于模态截断理论近似拟合CFD端的翼面载荷,得到拟合函数的权系数。最后,利用该权系数并根据结构网格构建的翼面模型的模态振型,拟合得到气动性能计算和有限元法（finite element method,FEM）端的翼面载荷。通过一个算例进行计算验证,以合力与压心来评价载荷转换的精度,结果表明,此法具有较高的计算精度与速度。

     

考虑地面效应的高速列车远场气动噪声计算方法研究

为研究高速列车远场气动噪声的计算方法,根据高速列车近地面运行的实际情况,利用半自由空间的Green函数求解FW-H方程;建立考虑地面效应时的远场声学积分公式,并研究地面效应对高速列车远场气动噪声的影响.研究表明,由于存在地面效应,原来的自由声场变成了相当于真实列车声场与镜像列车声场的叠加,并且作用在镜像列车上的力源和法向运动速度与真实列车上的相同.当列车运动速度为350 km/h时,不考虑地面效应时,远场测点的等效连续A计权声压级的最大值为90.76 dB;考虑地面效应之后,远场测点的等效连续A计权声压级的最大值为94.72 dB.     

气动环境下结构噪声载荷谱编制方法

目前针对既受气动静压力又受声载荷的结构,试验考核时大部分是静强度与声疲劳寿命分开考核,但是气动静压产生的拉伸平均应力会影响结构的声疲劳寿命,本研究提供一种气动环境下结构噪声载荷谱编制方法,将气动静压对结构寿命的影响等效到声载荷中,便于在实验室中进行疲劳寿命验证。通过有限元研究了气动静压对结构振动特性和响应特性的影响,计算得到了不同压力情况下结构的振动特性,并且得到了气动静压与声载荷联合作用下结构的响应,根据相应材料的随机S-N曲线计算得到不同静压下结构的声疲劳寿命,得出了气动静压达到一定值会严重影响结构声疲劳寿命的结论。随后利用修正Goodman公式将平均应力非零状态的动应力转化为零平均应力时的动应力,然后根据损伤等效关系将气动静压对结构寿命的影响等效到声载荷中。研究给出了气动环境下结构噪声载荷谱编制方法。     

大型飞机气动载荷向有限元节点等效分配的方法

将气动载荷分配到有限元节点上是工程实际中的一项重要而繁琐的工作.对于二维的翼面气动载荷,根据原始的气动压力点的压力值,采用样条曲面拟合的方法,拟合得到翼面压力分布曲面,由该曲面得到有限元节点上的压力值,再在有限元模型单元上积分得到有限元节点载荷供强度设计使用.大型飞机具有复杂的增升装置,增升装置的气动载荷可能是三维的,对于三维的翼面载荷,直接在气动网格上积分得到气动载荷的小块集中力,然后按照沿某一方向投影的方法,找到该集中力作用的单元,最后按照二次规划的方法,将其分配到有限元节点上.     

多轴随机载荷下的疲劳寿命估算方法

现代工业的发展使得更多的构件承受着复杂的载荷形式, 将单轴疲劳模型应用到多轴载荷情况已不能满足现代工业的设计要求, 多轴随机载荷下的疲劳寿命计算日益引起人们的重视. 多轴随机载荷的寿命预测中, 如何计算载荷循环次数是其基础,目前广泛使用的是雨流计数方法, 现在已能成功的应用于多轴载荷的情况. 累积的疲劳损伤分析在各种构件和结构的载荷历史中都起着重要的作用. 自从线性损伤律提出以来已发展了数十种损伤律, 变幅载荷引起的疲劳损伤可以由许多不同的累积损伤律来计算, 虽然发展了许多损伤模型, 由于问题的复杂性, 每个模型的应用范围也是随具体情况而定. 线性损伤律方法尽管有很多不足之处, 但在设计使用中仍占有重要的位置. 两载荷水平及模式下的损伤累积以及损伤与物理机制的关系在本文中也做了介绍. 针对近年来提出的描述多轴随机载荷下疲劳寿命估算方法进行了详细的评述, 对各模型的应用范围和预测能力进行了讨论, 并对今后的工作提出了建议.      

Study on the operational safety of high-speed trains exposed to stochastic winds

The characteristic wind curve （CWC） was com- monly used in the previous work to evaluate the operational safety of the high-speed trains exposed to crosswinds. How- ever, the CWC only provide the dividing line between safety state and failure state of high-speed trains, which can not evaluate the risk of derailment of high-speed trains when ex- posed to natural winds. In the present paper, a more realistic approach taking into account the stochastic characteristics of natural winds is proposed, which can give a reasonable and effective assessment of the operational safety of high-speed trains under stochastic winds. In this approach, the longitudi- nal and lateral components of stochastic winds are simulated based on the Cooper theory and harmonic superposition. An algorithm is set up for calculating the unsteady aerody- namic forces （moments） of the high-speed trains exposed to stochastic winds. A multi-body dynamic model of the rail vehicle is established to compute the vehicle system dynamic response subjected to the unsteady aerodynamic forces （mo- ments） input. Then the statistical method is used to get the mean characteristic wind curve （MCWC） and spread range of the high-speed trains exposed to stochastic winds. It is found that the CWC provided by the previous analyticalmethod produces over-conservative limits. The methodol- ogy proposed in the present paper can provide more signif- icant reference for the safety operation of high-speed trains exposed to stochastic winds.     

Investigation of aerodynamic effects on the high-speed train exposed to longitudinal and lateral wind velocities

The wind stability of the high-speed train has gained an increasing interest in the last few years. In this paper, an investigation of the effects of stochastic winds with longitudinal and lateral components on the high-speed train is described. The longitudinal and lateral wind time histories at the position of a moving vehicle, for a variety of wind directions, are first simulated. An algorithm for computing the unsteady aerodynamic load time histories is then derived for a moving vehicle. A typical railway vehicle has been modeled using the vehicle dynamic simulation package ‘Simpack’, and the unsteady wind loads of the same vehicle are applied to the vehicle model to investigate the dynamic response behavior. The simulated vehicle behavior is assessed against the indicator of load reduction factor, which indicates wheel unloading and therefore potential roll over. The characteristic wind curves (CWC) and its spread range are then obtained to evaluate the operational safety of the high-speed train. The results demonstrate that the operational safety of the high-speed train will be overestimated if the lateral wind velocity is not considered, especially for the small angles between vehicle and wind.     

Nonlinear dynamic responses of high-speed railway vehicles under combined self-excitation and forced excitation considering the influence of unsteady aerodynamic loads

The dynamic characteristics of a railway vehicle system under unsteady aerodynamic loads are examined in this study. A dynamic analysis model of the railway vehicle considering the influences of aerodynamic loads was established. The model not only considers the forced excitation effect of unsteady aerodynamic loads but also accounts for the effect of unsteady aerodynamic loads on the change of the wheel–rail contact normal forces as well as changes of the wheelset creep coefficients and creep forces/moments. Therefore, this model also considers the influences of unsteady aerodynamic loads on the self-excited vibration characteristics of the vehicle system. The time-history curves, phase trajectory diagrams, Poincaré sections, and Lyapunov exponents of the vehicle system running on a smooth straight track under unsteady aerodynamic loads were determined. The results show that when the critical speed is exceeded, the vehicle system usually performs quasi-periodic motion under unsteady aerodynamic loads, which is significantly different from the periodic motion under steady aerodynamic loads. In different cases, the amplitude and phase of motion are significantly different. The amplitude of the motions can be increased by more than 159%, and the difference of phase can be up to 173°. (The phase is almost reversed.) The dynamic responses of the vehicle system under unsteady aerodynamic loads contain abundant frequency components, including the frequency of the self-excited vibration, the frequency of the forced excitation, and combinations of their integer multiples. The vibration forms corresponding to the main harmonic components under unsteady and steady aerodynamic loads were compared, and the self-excited vibration component of the vehicle system under unsteady aerodynamic loads was identified. The variations in the critical speed with various parameter combinations were computed. The variation range of the critical velocity can reach 73%.

     

风力机叶片的三维非定常气动特性估算

结合动量-叶素理论、非定常空气动力和动态失速模型来计算风力机叶片的二维非定常气动特性,并在此基础上经过适当修正后考虑三维旋转效应的非定常气动特性。分析比较二维和三维两种计算结果,给出更为合理的计算叶片非定常气动特性的方法。计算结果表明,风力机叶片的三维非定常气动特性计算结果与二维时的计算结果相比有较大改善。     

Modeling vortex-shedding effects for the stochastic response of tall buildings in non-synoptic winds

This study derives a model for the vortex-induced vibration and the stochastic response of a tall building in strong non-synoptic wind regimes. The vortex-induced stochastic dynamics is obtained by combining turbulent-induced buffeting force, aeroelastic force and vortex-induced force. The governing equations of motion in non-synoptic winds account for the coupled motion with nonlinear aerodynamic damping and non-stationary wind loading. An engineering model, replicating the features of thunderstorm downbursts, is employed to simulate strong non-synoptic winds and non-stationary wind loading. This study also aims to examine the effectiveness of the wavelet-Galerkin (WG) approximation method to numerically solve the vortex-induced stochastic dynamics of a tall building with complex wind loading and coupled equations of motions. In the WG approximation method, the compactly supported Daubechies wavelets are used as orthonormal basis functions for the Galerkin projection, which transforms the time-dependent coupled, nonlinear, non-stationary stochastic dynamic equations into random algebraic equations in the wavelet space. An equivalent single-degree-of-freedom building model and a multi-degree-of-freedom model of the benchmark Commonwealth Advisory Aeronautical Research Council (CAARC) tall building are employed for the formulation and numerical analyses. Preliminary parametric investigations on the vortex-shedding effects and the stochastic dynamics of the two building models in non-synoptic downburst winds are discussed. The proposed WG approximation method proves to be very powerful and promising to approximately solve various cases of stochastic dynamics and the associated equations of motion accounting for vortex shedding effects, complex wind loads, coupling, nonlinearity and non-stationarity.     

地面效应影响下的高速火箭橇气动特性数值与风洞试验研究

精确预示地面效应下高速火箭橇的气动特性及流场规律对高速火箭橇的设计和评估具有重要意义。本文应用有限体积方法,研究了湍流模型对火箭橇气动特性计算精度的影响,建立了基于realizable k-ε湍流模型的火箭橇气动特性的高精度数值计算方法;结合风洞试验方法,研究了雷诺数和地面效应对高速火箭橇流场流动规律的影响,分析了火箭橇气动特性。结果表明,火箭橇阻力系数随雷诺数增大而减小,升力系数和俯仰力矩系数随雷诺数增大而增大,但雷诺数对高速火箭橇气动特性的影响较小;地面效应会使火箭橇流场发生激波-激波干扰、激波-边界层干扰和激波反复反射等复杂气动现象,大幅提升了火箭橇的升力系数和俯仰力矩系数,但对阻力系数的影响较小。研究为高速火箭橇气动外形的设计及运动稳定性的评估提供依据。     

Upper and lower bounds for constitutive relation of crack-weakened rock masses under dynamic compressive loads

A micro-mechanics-based model is proposed to investigate the rate-dependent constitutive relation for crack-weakened rock masses subjected to dynamic compressive loads. The present micro-mechanical model reveals that the nucleation, growth and coalescence of sliding cracks dominate the failure and macroscopic properties of crack-weakened rock masses subjected to dynamic compressive loads. The interactions among multiple parallel sliding cracks in crack-weakened rock masses subjected to dynamic compressive loads are examined asymptotically in an explicit and quantitative manner in order to reveal fully their so-called shielding and magnification effects on the stress–strain relation. Based on the micro-mechanical framework and the asymptotic analysis, analytical upper and lower bounds are proposed for the rate-relation for rock masses containing multiple rows of echelon cracks subjected to dynamic compressive loads. The factors that affect the rate-dependent properties of crack-weakened rock masses have been analyzed. The strain energy density factor approach, which is related to crack growth velocity and dynamic fracture toughness of rock material, is employed in the analysis. The rate-dependent constitutive relation of crack-weakened rock masses is derived from micro-mechanical framework and the asymptotic analysis. The closed-form explicit expression for the rate-dependent constitutive relation of rock masses containing echelon cracks subjected to dynamic compressive loads is obtained. Finally, the present model is used to analyze the complete stress–strain relation and strength for jointed rock masses at shiplock slope of the Three Gorges Dam.     

开槽对大跨悬挑平屋盖结构风荷载的影响

本文结合一大跨悬挑平屋盖模型的风洞试验研究，分析了此类结构屋盖的平均局部体型系数和极值局部体型系数的分布特性；并根据其风压的分布特性，提出在悬挑屋盖承受较大负压的屋檐和角点附近这些遇强风易发生破坏的部位采取开槽气动抗风措施，进一步研究了该气动抗风措施对大跨悬挑平屋盖结构风荷载的影响，试验结果显示，它们可以有效地削减屋盖风敏感处的风荷载值，使平均局部体型系数大约降低50％，极值局部体型系数大约降低25％，所得的这些结果对于结构的抗风设计有一定的指导意义。     

Computational method for the SPSD of dynamic systems and its application

In this paper, a new method of obtaining the stress power spectral density (SPSD) of a structure that is not through measurement but through imitative computation is presented. First, the dynamic model of a system is established. Then, considering the randomness of the load, the response spectra of the system under different random excitations and parameters are computed by numerical imitation. Last, a concept of unit load stress matrix is put forward. Based on it, the relationship between the SPSD of a structure in a system and the response spectra of the system can be obtained. In particular, the method can be used to compute the SPSD of a new type dynamic structure and to emulate dynamic fatigue life. In the process, an example of the track of a high-speed train is used to compute its SPSD, and the result is used to estimate its fatigue life and to analyze its reliability.