Evaluation of polychromatic image quality of a birefringent lens by means of optical transfer function

Polychromatic or white-light optical transfer function (OTF) is put forward as a criterion to evaluate the performance of a uniaxial birefringent lens sandwiched between two linear polarizers. The optic axis of the birefringent crystal is perpendicular to the lens axis. The results show that the same system may be adapted for both enhanced resolution and apodization just by rotating any of the polarizers included in the system even under broadband illumination. The proposed system may also be exploited for image processing applications under polychromatic input illumination.     

Simulation of a polarization pupil filter using magneto-optic lens under elliptically polarized illumination

An active lens made of magneto-optic glass element and placed before a linear polarizer is shown to simulate the pupil plane amplitude and phase filter due to thickness dependent Faraday rotation variation in radial direction. Changing the applied magnetic flux density can dynamically change the pupil characteristics. The variation of intensity point spread function (IPSF) and optical transfer function (OTF) with magnetic flux density for elliptically polarized input beam is studied.     

Optimization of 350× optical zoom lens with diffractive optical element

Through researching and validating, a set of optical designs using a diffractive optical element (DOE) and optimization process has been derived in this paper. We put forward a set of theories to solve the numerous quality issues in imaging and applied it to an optical design. For an optical design to be successful, it must comply with the standards of the optical system. Optical designers must also take into consideration imaging quality, wherein the most influential aspects are chromatic aberration and monochromatic aberration. We complied with systemic standards such as effective focal length and total system length. Diffractive Optical Element, based on the theory of wave phase difference, takes advantage of negative Abbe number, which might significantly eliminate chromatic aberrations of optics. Following the advanced technology applied to micro lens and etching process, precisely made micro DOE element now is possible to be manufactured in a large number. A 350× zoom lens with DOE is demonstrated in the proposal. The results show that regardless of whether chromatic aberration is axial or longitudinal, issues concerning the optical lens's chromatic aberration could be significantly reduced.     

Three-dimensional focus manipulation by means of a birefringent plate

A method based on double imaging is proposed for three-dimensional focus manipulation. A thin birefringent plate placed behind a focusing lens was applied to generate two foci with a separation smaller than the original DOF. Depth of focus enlargement of 227% was achieved without serious degradation in lateral resolution. Experimental results obtained by using a confocal arrangement were in good agreement with theory. Both theoretical considerations and experimental results showed that in non-paraxial case the ordinary and extraordinary foci could not be excited independently.     

Hyperchromats with linear dependence of longitudinal chromatic aberration on wavelength

Optical lens systems that are characterized by a chromatic aberration of a predefined form are called hyperchromats. Our work describes a theory of hyperchromats with a linear dependence of longitudinal chromatic aberration on wavelength. The equations are derived for calculation of basic design parameters of these optical systems and some examples of hyperchromatic optical systems are shown. Mentioned optical systems can be used especially in 3D imaging systems and confocal microscopy.     

Measurements of sensitivity to hydrostatic pressure and temperature in highly birefringent photonic crystal fibers

We report on experimental studies of polarimetric sensitivity to hydrostatic pressure and temperature in two highly birefringent index guided photonic crystal fibers, in which birefringence is induced by one row of the cladding holes with diameters smaller than the other cladding holes. The sensitivity measurements were carried out in the spectral range from 0.6 μm to 1.6 μm. Our results show that absolute value of the polarimetric sensitivity to hydrostatic pressure can reach 23 rad/MPa × m, which is almost one order of magnitude higher than in conventional fibers with elliptical core. Simultaneously, polarimetric sensitivity to temperature is at least two orders of magnitude lower than in conventional highly birefringent fibers. Moreover, we proved experimentally that one of the investigated fibers is completely insensitive to temperature at certain wavelength.     

Research on temperature characteristics of liquid crystal filter

The effect of temperature on the spectrum characteristic of the liquid crystal filter in the region of visible light was investigated theoretically and experimentally in detail. The conclusion shows that with the increasing temperature, the center wavelength of the filter will shift toward the short wavelength, and the center wavelength of the filter will shift toward long wavelength as the temperature decreases. The result of numerical simulation is in excellent agreement with the experiment result. In addition, the experiment results indicate that with the increasing temperature and reducing wavelength the transmittance of liquid crystal filter will reduce. According to the above conclusion we propose a new structure for maintaining a stable central wavelength output of the liquid crystal filter with the changing temperature, and it does not require temperature control equipment, is easy to operate, and has no need to look for special temperature coefficient birefringence, etc. This structure may find a certain application for liquid crystal filter as we believe, particularly, in the condition of different environment temperature.     

Experimental observation of spectral switch of partially coherent light focused by a lens with chromatic aberration

In this paper, the effects of chromatic aberration of a focusing lens on the normalized spectrum of the partially coherent light at the geometrical-image plane are investigated experimentally. The experimental results show that, compared to the source spectrum, the normalized spectrum of the partially coherent light at the geometrical-image plane shifts either towards the red side or towards the blue side, which is dependent on the position of the observation point. In particular, the normalized spectrum splits into two peaks at some points and the spectral switch occurs at the critical point. Furthermore, each of the two peaks of the normalized spectrum still split into two subpeaks respectively at some points and the spectral switch occurred in the short-wavelength range of the normalized spectrum is also observed at another critical point.     

高变倍比数码变焦镜头设计

为提高变焦距系统的工作性能,使其在大视场时仍具有良好的像质,且系统结构简单,易于机械设计、加工及装调,在设计中引入了传统球面光学设计与非球面相结合的设计思想。选择4个焦距位置进行设计计算,用光学设计软件ZEMAX上机调试,设计了焦距为6.9mm～91.6mm,视场5°～60°的变焦系统,整个系统由4组12片透镜组成,其中包括3个非球面,系统具有变倍比高、视场大等特点。设计结果表明：在设计中采用非球面可使系统结构紧凑,系统成像质量得到提高。     

Design of off-axis reflective projection lens using spherical Fresnel surface

In this paper, an off-axis reflective projection lens with single Fresnel reflective surface and three aspheric surfaces were designed. The design method of reflective lens using spherical Fresnel surface is discussed. The MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) of the off-axis reflective lens, with optical magnification 100×, F-number 2.5 and field of view 120°, is over 40% at 0.6 lp/mm on the image side, the distortion is less than 2%. This design method can provide reference for application of Fresnel surface in wide field of view imaging, and possesses a bright future with the continuous development of fabrication technique.     

宽光谱微光准直镜方案设计

介绍宽光谱大视场微光准直镜的光学设计和镜组结构方案,侧重叙述大视场微光准直镜的二级光谱校正方法。根据初级像差理论,由半部系统出发,给出了系统的初始结构。通过理论分析和ZEMAX光学设计软件的优化,结合工程应用给出了工作波长为（0.486～0.863）μm、全视场,相对孔径为1∶7.85的镜头设计实例,其二级光谱为0.01mm。该镜头由6块镜片组成,包括一个标准抛物面,在20lp/mm空间频率处MTF值超过0.8。准直镜的像差满足使用要求。     

一种自聚焦透镜的成像解

自聚焦锥透镜与圆柱透镜相比较，有其特殊之处。柱透镜在近轴平行光入射时，光线的振幅、相位、周期保持不变，而锥透镜的三者均发生变化，而且求解锥透镜的光线方程也比圆柱透镜复杂得多。本文推导了一个锥透镜的光线方程。可据此设计经过锥透镜后的光源大小，这在微系统照明中非常有用。     

基于个体眼光学结构的波前眼镜设计

提出一种在个体眼光学结构基础上根据波前数据设计波前眼镜的新方法。建立了个性化的眼光学结构,并将眼球和镜片视为统一的镜一眼光学系统,用光学设计的优化方法给出镜片的结构数据,并分析了±7°视场和眼球旋转±20°时,该镜一眼系统的成像情况。与波前拟合的方法相比,该方法设计的波前眼镜离焦差为（-0．057±0．015）m^-1,像散差为（0．015±0．013）m^-1散光轴位差为（0．100±0．316）°。镜一眼系统的矫正视力均大于1．25,其中8只被试眼的视力可达1．5以上。10只被试眼在转动±20°情形下的0°视场成像相比于直视的情况均略有下降,而7°视场的成像质量相比于直视的情况下降则更为明显。由该方法给出的验光结果客观可信,可用于对佩戴波前眼镜后人眼的视觉质量的预先评估。     

模拟退火算法色差校正的傅里叶叠层显微彩色成像技术

提出一种基于模拟退火算法的自动聚焦方法,可以分别重建三种照明色光的高分辨率图像,从而实现高分辨率彩色图像的构建.模拟仿真和分辨率靶及生物切片样品实验结果均表明,即使色差较严重的显微系统,利用该方法也能准确地获得高分辨率彩色图像,极大降低了对显微镜的性能要求,扩展了傅里叶叠层彩色成像的适用范围.     

Imaging quality analysis and evaluation of optical polarization imaging system with optical transfer matrix

An optical transfer matrix (OTM) is introduced and proposed to analyze the performance of optical polarization imaging systems. This 4 × 4 OTM describes the frequency transfer characteristics of the optical system for each Stokes parameter. It includes the transfer functions and the crosstalk functions. The transfer functions can be used to analyze the imaging quality of the system for each polarization component, while crosstalk functions indicate the polarization errors. We calculate the modulation transfer matrix as an example and numerically simulate the Stokes vector imaging for a polarization imaging system with a singlet and rotating polarization elements. The simulated imaging results show conformance with the analysis.     

球面端面的锥形梯度折射率透镜的近轴成像特性

本文根据光线在球面上的折射公式及光线微分方程,研究了光线经两端面为球面的锥形梯度折射率透镜的传播和变换,基于光线传递ABCD矩阵,提出了球面端面的锥形梯度折射率透镜的一种等效光学系统.文中给出了该透镜的主平面、焦平面和焦距计算公式,以及近轴成像高斯公式.当锥度为零时即得到球面端面的柱形或径向梯度折射率透镜的相应结果.     

径向偏振光下的长焦、紧聚焦表面等离子体激元透镜

表面等离子体激元透镜(plasmonic lens, PL)是一种通过激发和操控表面等离子体激元 (SPPs), 突破衍射极限, 实现亚波长紧聚焦的纳米光子器件. 如何实现高效率的紧聚焦及调控, 一直是研究PL的重点. 如果选取电矢量沿径向振动的径向偏振光作为PL的入射光, 可从各个方向激发SPPs, 提高紧聚焦的能量效率. 本文提出了一种在径向偏振光激发下的长焦深、长焦距、亚波长紧聚焦的表面等离子体激元透镜, 该透镜由中心T 形微孔、阶梯形同心环和同心环结构组成. 本文首先利用有限元方法数值分析了中心微孔-同心环结构透镜的聚焦特性, 结果显示径向偏振光由底部入射可高效激发SPPs, 并且中心微孔透射光与散射至自由空间的SPPs由于多光束干涉形成了紧聚焦. 为进一步压缩焦斑、增加焦距、加深焦深、改善透镜聚焦特性, 本文引入中心T形微孔-阶梯形同心环结构, 从而对阶梯表面的SPPs同时提供了相位调制和传播方向的控制. 经过参数优化, 该透镜结构实现了光斑焦深、半高宽、焦距分别是入射光波长的2.5倍、0.388 倍、3.22倍的亚波长紧聚焦; 而且该透镜具有结构紧凑、尺寸小、易于集成的优点, 满足了纳米光子学对于器件微型化和高度集成化的要求. 该研究结果在纳米光子集成、近场光学成像与探测、纳米光刻等相关领域具有潜在的应用价值.     

基于Zemax的He-Ne激光光束聚焦物镜的设计

 为了得到一个合理的He-Ne激光光束聚焦物镜,采用以正前凸型为基础的高折射率双片结构,应用Zemax软件进行优化设计,获得了弥散斑直径为0.002mm的He-Ne激光聚焦物镜,该镜头只需校正轴上点球差。实验结果表明：设计的镜头比低折射率单片透镜得到的弥散圆直径更小,达到0.0019mm,球差被控制在-0.05mm～+0.05mm范围内,MTF曲线所围面积变大,中心点亮度增高,符合实际需要。     

基于倾斜场镜的C-T成像光谱仪优化设计

残留谱线弯曲限制了切尔尼-特纳平面光栅光谱仪在成像光谱仪中的应用.本文不同于传统的基于棱镜的光栅谱线弯曲补偿方法,提出了基于倾斜场镜的补偿方法,即在校正场曲的同时对入射到场镜不同区域,不同波长的狭缝像分别进行谱线弯曲校正,且没有改变系统的其它光学特性.对狭缝大小为7.8mm×0.016mm、光谱范围0.31~0.5μm、光谱分辨率0.4nm、物方焦距70mm、1∶1放大倍率的切尔尼-特纳成像光谱仪进行了优化设计,结果全谱段、全视场MTF0.8,点列图RMS半径小于9μm,相对谱线弯曲小于0.2%,满足设计要求.实际设计表明该方法对于可选用光学玻璃有限,且能量较弱的紫外光学系统是一种可选的优化设计方法.     

微光偏振成像系统设计及实验

为了实现对运动目标或变化场景的同时成像,根据偏振成像原理,基于孔径分割技术设计了一套微光偏振成像系统.开展了微光偏振成像实验,在实验室条件下定性分析了偏振成像的优势,研究了不同照度下偏振成像的准确度.通过改变偏振出射光束的照度,运用获得的偏振图像计算了该照度下光束的偏振度和偏振角.与真实偏振度、偏振角信息对比分析表明,当环境照度大于10-2 lx时,偏振成像能够比较准确地还原场景的偏振信息,改善微光成像质量.经过优化,该系统MTF在56lp/mm处所有视场下均不小于35%.