键阻断原理构建中孔A型沸石

采用不同类型的有机硅烷化SiO2作为基本合成单元,制备了具有晶内中孔的A型沸石。考察了反应碱度、Si/Al比、晶化时间等合成条件对产品的影响。结果表明,苯胺基丙基三甲氧基硅烷是合成中孔A型沸石的最佳硅烷化试剂;硅烷化试剂的应用,使中孔沸石晶化过程可以通过"键阻断原理"有效控制;沸石的中孔尺寸可以通过不同类型的有机硅烷化试剂进行调控;一定范围内,其外比表面积、中孔体积随SiO2表面硅烷化度的增加而增加。通过沸石晶化过程中的"键阻断",可以制备具有晶内中孔的A型沸石。     

偏高岭土合成4A沸石机理的研究

用XRD、FT IR、ICP、SEM、化学分析等方法研究了偏高岭土合成4A沸石的晶化反应机理。偏高岭土在NaOH溶液中部分溶解 ,且结构迅速转变为偏高岭土 * ,并伴有硅铝酸钠凝胶形成。偏高岭土 *也不断在碱液的作用下凝胶化 ,生成的凝胶进一步再转变为4A沸石 ,这两个过程在大部分反应时间里是同时进行的 ,直到晶化结束。液相参与凝胶、4A沸石前驱及晶核等的形成和4A沸石的成长。偏高岭土 *的凝胶化速度是整个晶化过程的决定步骤 ,该晶化过程极易形成大量聚晶。     

介孔沸石材料

介孔沸石材料是含有丰富介孔的结晶沸石,不仅保留了沸石材料优良的酸性和水热稳定性,而且由于介孔的引入改善了其对大分子的吸附和扩散性能,在催化领域特别是涉及大分子的催化反应中是极有应用前景的材料。本文综述了介孔沸石材料的制备方法并进行了比较分析,概述了近年来介孔沸石材料在不同催化反应中的应用,探讨了介孔沸石材料今后的研究方向。     

高岭土合成4A沸石晶化历程

4A沸石是广泛用于催化、污水处理、洗涤剂助剂等领域的一种人工合成沸石分子筛[1,2].采用化学合成法,沸石分子筛是在无定形凝胶和水溶液共存的体系中生成[3].以高岭土为原料,在低温水热条件下进行4A沸石的合成时,由于高岭土并不完全溶解于碱性溶液中,因而这一固液两相体系的反应过程,可能是在偏高岭土无定形的表面上完成.本文通过对合成过程液相成分的变化和固相特征分析,探索了该条件下4A沸石晶核生成及其成长历程.81999-04-19收稿,1999-06-25修回内蒙古自然科学基金资助课题（971302-2）合成原料为n（StQ）：n（AI。O。）一2.06：1的…     

用高效NaY沸石导向剂快速合成A型沸石

提出了应用高效NaY沸石导向剂快速合成A型沸石的新方法. 在合成过程中, NaY沸石导向剂提供了全部硅源(无需另加硅源). 与用水玻璃提供硅源的合成方法相比, 该法晶化速度快, 合成温度低, 并可在低碱度条件下合成超细A型沸石. 29Si NMR表征和UV Raman研究表明, 高效NaY沸石导向剂中含有大量的六元环等低分子量硅铝酸根前驱体, 它们有利于A型沸石成核与晶体生长.     

ZSM-5沸石膜内孔结构的研究

以正丁胺 (NBA)为模板剂、利用水热法在α -Al2 O3载体管上成功地合成了ZSM - 5沸石膜。对合成的沸石粉末及沸石膜进行热重分析 ,结果表明ZSM - 5沸石粉末孔道中的模板剂在 390℃和 550℃下分解最快。对膜在不同的焙烧温度下 ,单组份气体N2 、H2 、n -C4 H10 、i-C4 H10 的渗透通量进行了测量 ,结果表明在焙烧过程中 ,膜内主要有两种不同的孔产生 ,低温下晶间孔内的水份和模板剂首先逸出 ,这些孔对气体的选择性不大 ,但它们所占比例也不大。高温下沸石膜的晶内孔相继打开 ,膜的渗透选择性也随之提高。 60 0℃以后 ,膜内孔基本全部打开 ,膜对气体的理想选择性也达到最大。     

偏高岭土水热合成4A沸石晶化行为的研究

以偏高岭土为原料合成4A沸石,由于其合成过程工艺简单,成本低而一直受到普遍的关注,对于该法晶化过程的行为研究,近年来陆续出现报道,Rocha等^[1]研究认为偏高岭土在碱液中缓慢溶解,形成含SiO3^2-,SiOH基团和Al(OH)4^-的溶液,逐步缩合为硅铝酸钠凝胶,再进一步形成4A沸石晶粒并通过结构重排而转变为4A沸石,王建等^[2]研究提出偏高岭土在NaOH溶液中部分溶解,且迅速转变为偏高岭土,并伴有硅铝酸钠凝胶产生,同时偏高岭土也不断在碱液的作用下凝胶化,生成的凝胶再进一步转变为4A沸石,因而合成的4A沸石产品与化学合成法存在着较大的差异。对偏高岭土合成4A沸石的晶化历程,作者曾进行过研究^[3],发现偏高岭土在碱液中溶解很小,由偏高岭土转为4A沸石晶型,主要是在偏高岭土固相的基础上进行的。本文似从合成过程的机理方面,探讨偏高岭土合成4A沸石的晶化过程行为及其与化学法合成产品差异的关键所在。     

A型沸石中Lowenstein规则的能学研究

通过模拟退火方法,使用协合分子力学力场对Si、Al分布分别为4:0序、两种3:1序和随机分布的NaA型沸石结构进行了能量最小化计算,获得了不同结构的位能及其生成热大小。计算结果表明,4:0序结构的位能和生成热在所讨论的几种序结构中最低,从而在理论上证实了Lowenstein规则是分子筛结构中能量最小化的自然结果。     

FER沸石再晶化制备介孔分子筛及其催化性能

在十六烷基三甲基溴化铵存在下,在浓NaOH溶液中降解并再晶化FER沸石,得到单一有序的介孔分子筛．通过X射线衍射（XRD）,傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）,热重（DTG）,N2吸附,NH3程序升温脱附（NH3-TPD）及水热处理等手段对合成样品的结构性能进行了详细表征,并以混合C4烃催化裂解制低碳烯烃作为探针反应考察...     

水热条件下Y型沸石的转晶行为

系统研究了以KOH为结构导向剂,Y型沸石（HY和NaY）在水热条件下转晶为MER型沸石的行为.MER型沸石是硅铝比（Si/Al）在2~3之间且具有四种尺寸8元环孔道（3.1Å×3.5Å,2.7Å×3.6Å,3.4Å×5.1Å,3.3Å×3.3Å）的硅铝沸石分子筛,在小分子催化以及分离方面具有重要的潜在应用.传统水热法合成高结晶度MER型沸石需要7~10 d,将Y型沸石置于KOH的溶液中,经水热处理可在2 d内生成高结晶度的MER型沸石,而水热处理具有等价摩尔组成的无定形硅铝凝胶则得不到高结晶度MER型沸石的纯相.HY沸石可在100和150℃发生转晶,而NaY则只能在150℃发生转晶.KOH/SiO₂比和H₂O/SiO₂比对Y型沸石的转晶行为有重大的影响,只有在最优KOH/SiO₂比和H₂O/SiO₂比条件下才能生成高结晶度的MER型沸石.该转晶合成法显著缩短了MER型沸石的合成周期,对缩短其它有重大工业应用价值的沸石分子筛的合成周期有重要的借鉴意义.     

微波加热合成含有极少量非分子筛缺陷孔的LTA型分子筛膜

 以改进的原位合成路线,于管状氧化铝载体上合成了高性能的LTA型分子筛膜. 考察了常规加热和微波加热对合成的影响. 对于95%的异丙醇原料液,常规加热合成和微波加热合成的分子筛膜表现出了相似的优良性能. 但是,当原料液中的水含量低于2.0%时,常规加热合成的分子筛膜不再具有有效的脱水性能,这是由于其膜层中有相当数量的纳米级缺陷孔存在. 采用微波加热在很大程度上消除了合成过程中非分子筛缺陷孔的生成.     

多级孔无铝Beta分子筛的合成与表征

研究了氟介质条件下,合成参数对前驱体黏度和无铝Beta分子筛晶化过程的影响.X射线衍射结果表明,高水硅比可降低前驱体的黏度,但抑制分子筛的晶化.当合成体系中加入成核促进剂(二氧化锗)和晶化促进剂(高氯酸根或磷酸根)后,即使水硅摩尔比高达20~30,在150℃水热合成4 d,仍可获得高结晶性、微米级球形或多面体形无铝Beta分子筛.热重和能谱分析结果表明,极少量高氯酸根和磷酸根可进入分子筛孔道,并影响模板剂四乙基铵根离子的热分解过程.氮气吸附-脱附、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和选区电子衍射分析结果表明,所得无铝Beta分子筛具有多级孔结构,介孔尺寸在3.4~3.8 nm之间,由纳米晶体或纳米棒堆积而成.     

Preparation and characterization of CuO/SiO2 and NiO/SiO2 with bimodal pore structure by sol-gel method

CuO/SiO₂ and NiO/SiO₂ with bimodal pore structure were prepared by sol-gel reactions of Tetra-methoxysilane (TMOS) and the respective metal nitrate in the presence of poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) with an average molecular weight of 10 000 and the catalyst of acetic acid. In this process, the interconnected macroporous morphology was formed when transitional structures of spinodal decomposition were frozen by the sol-gel transition of silica. The addition of copper and nickel into the silica-PEO system had a negligible effect on the morphology formation. In gel formation, it was found that NiO crystalline sizes in the samples increased with decreasing Si/Ni molar ratio. It was considered that PEO interacted with both silica and nickel cations. In the CuO/SiO₂ with the presence of PEO_, CuO crystalline sizes were larger than those of NiO/SiO_2. It was considered that there was no obvious interaction between the Cu cation and PEO, most of the copper ions in wet silica gel were present in the outer solution. They easily aggregated as copper salts in the drying process of wet gel and decomposed into CuO particles in heating. While in the CuO/SiO₂ with the absence of PEO, the Cu was selectively entrapped as small particles in the gel skeleton due to the interaction between Cu aqua complex and silica gel network.     

Short Communication: Diffusion of Simple Molecules in 4A Zeolite

Recently reported diffusivity data for N₂, CH₄ and Kr in 4A zeolite pelleted adsorbent are compared with earlier data for the same sorbates in several different 4A samples. It is shown that, although there are large differences in diffusivity between the different adsorbent samples the activation energies are essentially constant. The data can be reconciled if it is assumed that the samples contain different fractions of open windows as a result of non-ideal distribution of the Na⁺ cations.     

Production of Enzymes by Plant Cells Immobilized by Sol-Gel Silica

Ajuga reptans cells are cultivated and used for production of invertase. These plant cells are immobilized by a sol-gel SiO₂ membrane, which is built up directly on the cell surface by exposure to a gaseous flow of silicon alcoxide precursors. The immobilization modifies the metabolic activity of cells, resulting in a 40-fold increase in invertase production with respect of free cells. Results concerning total release of proteins, cell growth and produced invertase activity are discussed, considering the absence of breeding, induced by SiO₂ immobilization, the prominent factor promoting the observed exceptional increase in invertase productivity.     

Catalytic Reduction of Dinitrogen Monoxide with Methane Over Metal Zeolite Catalysts

Pronounced activities on the reduction of N₂O with CH₄ were observed over Fe-ZSM-5, Pd-ZSM-5, and Pt-ZSM-5 catalysts, respectively. No significant deactivation has been detected over Fe-ZSM-5 in the presence of oxygen.     

Preparation of Cu/SiO2 Catalyst by Solution Exchange of Wet Silica Gel

Structural formation process of Ni/SiO₂ and Cu/SiO₂ catalysts prepared by solution exchange of wet silica gel was investigated. Microstructures of Cu/SiO₂ and Ni/SiO₂ were quite different from each other. In the case of Cu/SiO₂, Cu particles with diameter of ca. 3–5 nm dispersed homogeneously at less Cu content, and the particle size of Cu as well as pore size of silica gel support increased with increasing Cu content. In the Ni/SiO₂, the Ni particles with diameter of ca. 6–10 nm gathered densely to form aggregates in silica matrix resulting in sea-island structure, whereas the size of Ni particle slightly increased with increasing Ni content. The difference in the structure of the metal-silica composites is probably caused by the difference in interaction between silica gel network and metal ions during drying and heating processes.     

Silica-Zirconia Sol–Gel Coatings Obtained by Different Synthesis Routes

Homogeneous xSiO₂-(1−x)ZrO₂ coatings have been prepared onto glass-slides, monocrystalline Si and stainless steel (AISI 304) using sols prepared via acid and basic catalysis. Zirconium tetrabutoxide (TBOZr), zirconium n-propoxide (TPZ), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) were used as precursors of zirconia and silica, respectively. The different parameters involved in the synthesis procedure, as molar ratios H₂O/alkoxides, NaOH/alkoxides, and sintering temperature have been analysed, correlating the stability and rheological properties of the sols. The evolution and structure of the sols and coatings have been studied by FTIR. Coatings have been prepared by dipping from acid and basic sols. Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) technique has also been used to prepare coatings onto stainless steel from basic particulate sols in order to increase the critical thickness. A maximum thickness of 0.5 μ m was reached by both dipping and EPD process for 75SiO₂: 25 ZrO₂ composition. The critical thickness decreases with ZrO₂ amount depending strongly of the drying conditions. Si–O–Zr bonds have been identified by FTIR, indicating the existence of mixed network Si–O–Zr in the coatings obtained by the different routes. Crystallisation of ZrO₂(t) was only observed at high sintering temperature (900^∘C) by FTIR and confirmed by DRX.     

Supported oxorhenate catalysts prepared by thermal spreading of metal Re for methanol conversion to methylal

TiO₂-anatase and SiO₂ supported oxorhenate catalysts were prepared by an original and simple technique based on the oxidative dispersion of metallic rhenium under dry conditions. The dispersion process of the supported oxorhenate phase as a function of the rhenium coverage and the support properties are discussed on the base of in situ characterization. The structures of the as prepared catalysts were found to be comparable to those of materials prepared using the incipient wetness impregnation technique. The absence of water in the preparation technique has made it possible to highlight the role of the hydration level on the rhenium oxide volatilization. The as-prepared Re/TiO₂ catalysts were found to be effective for the direct conversion of methanol to methylal.