Characterization of silica-supported molybdenum catalysts by ESR, XPS and thiophene hydrodesulfurization

Two Mo/SiO₂ samples have been prepared by impregnation of silica gel with aqueous solution of molybdophosphoric heteropoly acid or ammonium heptamolybdate. The catalysts were studied by ESR and IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and XPS. Their activity was measured in the reaction of thiophene hydrodesulfurization. The silica-supported P–Mo heteropoly acid, with a preserved Keggin structure of the heteropoly anion and sulfided by H₂S, exhibited two times higher steady conversion in comparison with ammonium heptamolybdate supported on silica at pH=11 and calcined and sulfided at 500°C.     

Unsupported Molybdenum and Cobalt-Molybdenum Nitrides for Thiophene Hydrodesulfurization

The catalytic activity and the structure of unsupported Mo and CoMo nitrided catalysts were investigated. It was found that the structure and catalytic activity of the nitrided catalysts are influenced by the conditions of nitridation. Molybdenum oxynitrides are more active in hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of thiophene than MoS₂. The addition of cobalt to nitrided Mo improves its HDS activity, however, sulfided CoMo catalyst is still more active than the nitrided one. Synergy between Co and Mo for the nitrided unsupported CoMo catalyst exists at lower degree than for the sulfided form of CoMo.     

不同P负载量对Co-Mo/γ-Al_2O_3煤焦油加氢脱硫性能影响的研究

以分步浸渍法在固定MoO_3、CoO含量(质量分数)为13.50%、2.11%的条件下,通过改变磷酸浓度,制备了不同P负载量的Co-Mo/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂。考察了不同的P负载量催化剂对内蒙古赤峰中温煤焦油加氢脱硫性能的影响。并以NH3程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对催化剂的结构性质进行了表征。结果表明,适宜的P负载量可减弱活性组分与载体间的相互作用,利于活性组分均匀分散在载体表面,改善了催化剂的还原、硫化性能和酸性分布,从而提高了催化剂的加氢脱硫活性。当磷酸质量分数为4%时,催化剂表现出最佳的加氢脱硫性能,硫脱除率达到96.98%。不同P负载量Co-Mo/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂加氢脱硫活性对应的磷酸浓度顺序为:4%2%6%1%08%。     

制备条件对Pd催化剂上C3H6选择性还原NO性能的影响

采用浸渍法和溶胶凝胶法,制备了Pd/AI2O3和Pd/AI2O3-CeO2样品,并测定了不同温度焙烧后催化剂的物相、比表面积及对丙烯选择性还原NO的活性。对于Pd/AI2O3,随着焙烧温度的提高,其NO的最大转化率逐渐下降,对应的反应温度在290－310℃左右,而溶胶凝胶法制备的样品活性略高于浸渍法制备的样品;对于Pd/AI2O3-CeO2,经600℃焙烧后,其NO的最大转化率为22％,900℃焙烧的催化剂样品上NO的最大转化率达到40％左右,对应的反应温度也逐渐下降,说明活性随焙烧温度的提高而明显提高,溶胶凝胶法和浸渍法制备的样品结果很接近,浸渍法制备了若干不同Pd负载量的Pd/AI2O3样品,活性测定的结果表明,Pd含量在0．5％左右的催化剂样品中具有最高的活性。     

钴掺杂对碳化钼催化噻吩加氢脱硫性能的影响

以MoO3和CoMo混合氧化物为前驱体, 制备了碳化钼和碳化钼-钴催化剂, 采用XRD, BET, SEM和XPS等技术对其进行了表征, 研究了Co掺杂对碳化钼催化剂噻吩加氢脱硫性能的影响. 结果表明, 掺入适量的Co后制得的CoMo双金属混合氧化物为MoO3和CoMoO4的两相混合体, 经CH4/H2气氛程序升温还原碳化反应生成共生共存的Co-Mo2C, Co以金属细颗粒的形态均匀地分散在生成的Mo2C组分之间. 在共生过程中含Co物种的掺入可降低制备碳化钼所需要的还原碳化温度, 使制备的碳化钼颗粒变小, 比表面积增大, 表面Mo2+含量增多, 从而对碳化钼的噻吩加氢脱硫活性有较好的促进作用, Co的添加量以Co/Mo摩尔比为0.2左右较为适宜. 用化学共沉淀法制得的Co-Mo2C共生共存体系的噻吩加氢脱硫反应活性, 好于由金属Co与Mo2C机械混合法制得的Co+Mo2C二相共存体系. 这表明当两个活性相共存时, 只有经过相互共生过程才能发挥其最佳的协同效应.     

Elucidation of hydrodesulfurization mechanism on molybdenum‐based catalysts using 35S radioisotope pulse tracer methods

Elucidation of the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) mechanism on molybdenum‐based catalysts using radioisotope tracer methods and reaction kinetics is reviewed. Firstly, to investigate the sulfidation state in Mo/Al₂O₃ and Co–Mo/Al₂O₃ catalysts, presulfiding of these catalysts has been performed using a ³⁵S pulse tracer method. Secondly, HDS of radioactive ³⁵S‐labeled dibenzothiophene was carried out over a series of sulfided molybdena–alumina catalysts and cobalt‐promoted molybdena–alumina catalysts in a pressurized flow reactor to estimate the behavior of sulfur on the working catalysts. Finally, sulfur exchange of a ³⁵S‐labeled catalyst with hydrogen sulfide was performed to estimate the relationship between the amount of labile sulfur and catalytically active sites.     

Development of Highly Active Co(Ni)Mo Catalysts for the Hydrodesulfurization of Dibenzothiophene Compounds

Co- or Ni-promoted Mo sulfide catalysts were prepared by combining three methods, sonochemical synthesis of Mo sulfides, promoter addition by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and fluorination of alumina support, to improve their performance in the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) process. Sonochemically synthesized Mo sulfides exhibited higher HDS activity, particularly for the hydrogenation (HYD) of dibenzothiophene (DBT) compounds, than in the case of the catalysts prepared by impregnation due to the improved dispersion of the Mo species. The addition of Co or Ni to the catalyst by a CVD method allowed the selective decoration of the Mo-sulfide surface with the promoter and accordingly produced greater amounts of the Co–Mo–S and Ni–Mo–S phases, which are known to be active sites for HDS. The performance of catalysts prepared by combining sonochemical and CVD methods was further improved by the addition of fluorine, which generated Brönsted acid sites that were responsible for the HYD route and also for the migration of methyl groups in 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT).     

Mono- and heterometallic carbonyl precursor based RuMo/Al2O3 catalysts: hydrodesulfurization activity and temperature programmed studies

The effects of preparation process and starting material on hydrodesulfurization (HDS) activity of alumina supported ruthenium, molybdenum and ruthenium–molybdenum hydrotreating catalysts were investigated. Conventional impregnation method and gradual gas phase adsorption were compared as a preparation route. The HDS tests showed that controlled gas phase deposition is advantageous in the preparation of the monometallic catalyst systems. The most promising HDS activity was achieved with the RuMo/Al₂O₃ catalyst prepared from binuclear organometallic complex. This suggests that the direct ruthenium–molybdenum bond in the structure of the catalyst precursor favors the formation of highly active surface phase. The oxidation and reduction behavior of the catalysts was studied by oxygen pulse chemisorption (PCO) and temperature programmed reduction (TPR). A clear relationship was observed between the method of preparation and the reactivity of the surface species.     

Fluoride modification of Mo/Al2O3 catalysts: Characterization of the changes induced in support and Mo phases

The characterization of fluoride-modified Mo/Al₂O₃ catalysts was performed in order to investigate on the effect that low levels of fluoridation of the alumina support (0-2.0 wt.%) cause on the support itself and on the supported Mo oxide and sulfide phases. Fluoride-modified Al₂O₃ supports and Mo/Al₂O₃ catalysts where characterized by nitrogen physisorption, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM-EDX), isoelectric point (IEP), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed CO₂ (IR-CO₂), and temperature programmed reduction (TPR). The dispersion of the sulfided catalysts was estimated by dynamic NO chemisorption. The results indicate that the different hydroxyl types present on the alumina surface react to a different extent with fluoride and that it is the most basic hydroxyl groups that are titrated first.The consumption of the alumina OH by F⁻, inhibits, during the deposition of Mo, the formation of tetrahedral molybdenum oxide species in strong interaction with the support, leading to an increased number of polymeric octahedral Mo surface species. The NO adsorption results put in evidence a drop in the dispersion of the MoS₂ phase present in the sulfided samples.     

准“原位”XPS技术研究加氢精制催化剂的硫化过程

用准“原位”XPS技术研究了Mo/Al_2O_3、Mo/TiO_2-Al_2O_3、CO/Al_2O_3、CO/TiO_2-Al_2O_3、Co-Mo-Al_2O_3和Co-Mo/TiO_2-Al_2O_3等催化剂的硫化过程．结果表明：对以Al_2O_3为载体的催化剂，当Mo或Co载量较低(分别低于0.05 gMoO_3/gAl_2O_3或0.03gCoO/gAl_2O_3)时，没有Mo或Co硫化物的生成，而以TiO_2改性的Al_2O_3为载体的催化剂，Mo/TiO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂的硫化较Mo/Al_2O_3容易得多, 表现为在较低温度下，负载在TiO_2改性Al_2O_3载体上的MoO_3，能很快硫化并达到相当大的硫化度, 对Co/Al_2O_3催化剂而言，即使在较高温度400 ℃时，载体上高分散的CoO物种仍难以硫化；而Co_3O_4微晶的硫化却容易得多, 载体用TiO_2改性，并不影响高分散形态的CoO催化剂的硫化，却明显地影响Co_3O_4微晶的硫化．噻吩加氢脱硫(HDS)的活性测量指出，对Co-Mo/Al_2O_3和Co-Mo/TiO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂而言，HDS活性和硫化度之间存在着良好的相关性．并用TiO_2改性载体，可以增加Co-Mo催化剂的HDS活性和硫化度.     

Comparison of HDS of Dibenzothiophene and HDN of Quinoline Over Supported MO and CoMo Nitrided and Sulfided Catalysts

Catalytic activities of sulfided and nitrided forms of alumina supported molybdenum as well as cobalt-molybdenum catalysts were compared in the reactions of hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene and hydrodenitrogenation of quinoline. Effect of catalyst composition as well as of the method of its activation on the reaction pathways and catalyst selectivity is discussed.     

On the relationship between the preparation method and the physicochemical and catalytic properties of the CoMo/gamma-Al(2)O(3) hydrodesulfurization catalysts

A series of CoMo/gamma-Al(2)O(3) catalysts have been prepared using various methodologies. One of them (EDF) was prepared by depositing the Mo species on the support via the equilibrium deposition filtration (EDF) technique and then the Co species by dry impregnation. Another catalyst (co-EDF) was prepared by depositing the Co and Mo species simultaneously via EDF. A third catalyst (co-WET) was prepared by depositing Mo and Co species simultaneously using the wet impregnation method. The fourth catalyst (WET) was prepared by depositing the Mo species through wet impregnation and then the Co species by dry impregnation. Finally, the fifth catalyst (s-DRY) was prepared by mounting the Mo species through successive dry impregnations and then the Co species by dry impregnation. In all cases the Mo and Co content was identical, giving a Co/(Co+Mo) ratio equal to 0.13. These catalysts were characterized using various physicochemical techniques (BET, NO chemisorption, DRS, LRS, TPR, and XPS), and their catalytic activity for the hydrodesulfurization of thiophene was determined. The trend observed for the HDS activity (namely, EDF>co-EDF>co-WET>s-DRY>WET) is attributed to similar trends observed for both the fraction of well-dispersed octahedral cobalt in the oxidic precursors and the concentration of the edge sulfur vacancies formed on the active phase of the sulfided samples. The EDF and co-EDF catalysts exhibited relatively low hydrogenating activity. The maximum HDS activity, achieved over the EDF catalyst, suggested the most suitable preparative strategy for the preparation of very active and less hydrogen-demanding CoMo/gamma-Al(2)O(3) HDS catalysts.     

NiMo 催化剂上MoS2 形貌与其DBT 加氢脱硫选择性的关系

制备了两个系列不同镍钼负载量的NiMo 催化剂,并用X 衍射、N2 物理吸附和透射电镜进行了表征。以二苯并噻吩
为模型硫化物,在高压固定床微型反应器上对该NiMo 催化剂的加氢脱硫性能进行了评价,研究了MoS2 形貌与催化剂加氢脱
硫选择性之间的关系。结果表明,镍钼负载量对MoS2 形貌有明显的影响。Mo18Ni4 催化剂(含18% MoO3 和4% NiO)上
MoS2 呈多级层状结构,具有较高的加氢脱硫活性和优异的加氢脱硫选择性。加氢选择性与催化剂上活性组分MoS2 的堆积层
数相关联呈很好的线性关系;堆积层数越多,其加氢选择性也越高。     

Characterization by 27Al NMR, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and density functional theory techniques of the species responsible for benzene hydrogenation in Y zeolite-supported carburized molybdenum catalysts

Carburized molybdenum catalysts supported on a dealuminated NaH-Y zeolite were prepared by carburization under a 20% methane in hydrogen flow of two precursors obtained by adsorption of molybdenum hexacarbonyl, one containing 5 wt % and the other 10 wt % Mo, and a third one was prepared by impregnation with aqueous ammonium heptamolybdate, containing 5 wt % Mo. The three catalysts displayed very distinct behaviors in the benzene hydrogenation reaction at atmospheric pressure and 363 K. By using XANES spectroscopy at the molybdenum L edge, EXAFS and XANES spectroscopy at the molybdenum K edge, and 27Al solid-state NMR spectroscopy, it was shown that different carburized molybdenum species exist in each sample. In the catalyst containing 10 wt % Mo, formation of molybdenum carbide nanoparticles was observed, with an estimated diameter of 1.8 nm. In the catalyst containing 5 wt % Mo and prepared by carburization of adsorbed molybdenum hexacarbonyl, formation of molybdenum oxycarbide dimers is proposed. In the latter case, density functional theory calculations have led to a dimer structure which is compatible with EXAFS results. In the catalyst prepared by impregnation with ammonium heptamolybdate solution followed by carburization, the molybdenum seems to interact with extraframework alumina to produce highly disordered mixed molybdenum-aluminum oxycarbides.     

镍助剂对碳化钼催化剂的二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫性能的影响

 将MoO3和Ni-Mo混合氧化物在CH4/H2气氛中程序升温还原碳化制备了相应的碳化钼和碳化镍钼催化剂, X射线粉末衍射表征其物相分别为β-Mo2C和Ni-Mo2C. 考察了Ni助剂对碳化钼催化剂的制备及二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫反应性能的影响. 结果表明, Ni助剂的加入降低了碳化钼催化剂所需的还原碳化温度,提高了催化剂的比表面积,并对其二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫反应活性有明显的促进作用. Ni助剂添加量以Ni/Mo原子比为0.3为宜,此时Ni和Mo之间的催化协同效应达到最佳. 当反应压力为3.0 MPa, 反应温度为330 ℃, 空速8 h-1, H2/原料液体积比为500∶1时, 625 ℃还原碳化制备的碳化镍钼催化剂对0.6%二苯并噻吩/环己烷溶液的二苯并噻吩转化率达到96.25%, 较相应的碳化钼催化剂提高了1.57倍.     

Improvement of the Mo/TiO2-Al2O3 Catalyst by the Control of the Sol-Gel Synthesis

Traditional hydrotreating catalysts are constituted by molybdenum deposited on Al₂O₃ promoted by nickel and phosphorous. Several studies have shown that TiO₂-Al₂O₃ mixed oxides are excellent supports for the active phases. Results concerning the preparation, characterization and testing of molybdenum catalyst supported on titania-alumina are presented. The support was prepared by sol-gel route using titanium and aluminum isopropoxides, the titanium one chelated with acetylacetone (acac) to promote similar hydrolysis ratio for both the alcoxides. The effect of nominal molar ratio [Ti]/[Ti+Al] on the microstructural features of nanometric particles was analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction, N₂ Adsorption Isotherms and Transmission Electron Microscopy. The catalytic activity of Mo impregnated supports was evaluated using the thiophene hydrodesulfurization at different temperatures and atmospheric pressure. The pores size distribution curve moves from the micropores to the mesopores by increasing the Ti contents, allowing the fine tuning of average size from 2.5 to 6 nm. Maximal (367 m²·g^?1) and minimal (127 m²·g^?1) surface area were found for support containing [Ti]/[Ti+Al] ratio equal to 0.1 and 1, respectively. The good mesopore texture of alumina-titania support with [Ti]/[Ti+Al] molar ratio between 0.3 and 0.5 was found particularly valuable for the preparation of well dispersed MoS₂ active phase, leading to HDS catalyst with somewhat higher activity than that prepared using a commercial alumina support.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备MoP/SiO2催化剂加氢脱硫催化活性的研究

以正硅酸乙酯为硅源,以钼酸铵和磷酸二氢铵为钼源和磷源,采用溶胶-凝胶法,经干燥、焙烧,程序升温还原制备得到二氧化硅负载磷化钼(MoP)催化剂。以噻吩、二苯并噻吩为模型化合物,对负载催化剂的加氢脱硫活性进行评价,考察了负载量、反应压力、反应温度等因素对催化活性的影响。实验结果表明,MoP/SiO₂催化剂Mo的最佳负载量为20%,升高反应压力和温度均有利于提高二苯并噻吩的转化率,但降低了产物中联苯的含量。     

(K,Mo)Y分子筛中钼组分的EXAFS研究

应用同步辐射Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS)技术研究固态法制备的KHMoY分子筛的氧化态和硫化态样品以及硫化态KHY/MoO3样品中钼组分的局域配位环境结构,并与KHMoY和KHY/MoO3样品催化加氢活性结果进行对照.结果表明,随原子比(K+2Mo)/Al的变化,钼原子周围的配位环境有显著的差异.当(K+2Mo)/Al＜1时,KHMoY和KHY/MoO3硫化后,钼组分主要以MoS2小原子簇分散在分子筛超笼中;(K+2Mo)/Al＞1时,钼组分则有两种存在环境,即分子筛超笼中的和分子筛外表面的钼组分.分子筛超笼中的MoS2原子簇的催化加氢合成醇选择性较高;分子筛外表面的MoS2微小颗粒的尺寸相对于超笼中的要大许多,其合成醇选择性较低.     

硫代硫酸铵预硫化的Mo/AC催化剂加氢脱硫性能的研究

采用等体积浸渍法将硫代硫酸铵(ATS)负载在Mo/AC催化剂上,制备了器外预硫化的Mo/AC-ATS催化剂;以噻吩加氢脱硫(HDS)为探针反应,考察了活化温度和活化时间对预硫化催化剂加氢脱硫活性的影响。研究发现,300 ℃下活化0.5 h所得到的预硫化催化剂具有最好的加氢脱硫活性。与传统硫化剂CS₂和DMDS硫化的催化剂相比,采用Mo/AC-ATS催化剂,在最佳活化条件下,噻吩转化率分别提高了34%和42%。XPS、TPR-MS和TEM等表征结果显示,预硫化的Mo/AC-ATS催化剂中Mo⁴⁺含量较高,这是其具有较高加氢脱硫活性的主要原因。     

Mo/HZSM-5丙烷芳构化催化性能及其吸附量热的研究

采用等量浸渍法制得一系列不同担载量的Ｍｏ／ＨＺＳＭ－５催化剂,运用ＸＲＤ和ＦＴＩＲ方法考察了Ｍｏ物种在催化剂表面的分散状态,首次采用微分吸一热技术对Ｍｏ／ＨｚＳＭ－５催化剂的表面酸性进行表征。同时研究了催化剂对丙烷芳构化的反应活性。结果表明：对于担载Ｍｏ的ＨＺＳＭ－５分子筛催化剂,Ｍｏ物种在ＨＺＳＭ－５分子筛表面上顺序为ＨＺＳＭ－５〉１％Ｍｏ／ＨＺＳＭ－５〉２％Ｍｏ／ＨＺＳＭ－５分子筛本身表面的酸