On the critical exponent for random walk intersections

The exponent _d for the probability of nonintersection of two random walks starting at the same point is considered. It is proved that 1/2<₂3/4. Monte Carlo simulations are done to suggest ₂=0.61 and ₃0.29.     

Circular groove shaped resonator for millimeter waves

In millimeter wave lengths region semiconductor generators, amplifiers, mixers and other solid state UHF devices find a wide application. In our work, we suggested to use aCircular Through-Shaped Resonator for obtaining power combination using active elements at frequency region f20–40 GHz.The resonator is formed by two plane aluminum reflectors. The first reflector has a circular groove. The second reflector has coupling elements. The first and the second reflectors are considered as a ring groove shaped waveguide.A resonator spectrum was calculated and analyzed in the frequency range f 20–40 GHz. It is showed that, in the given frequency range the resonator spectrum has a complicated structure and is formed by a series of spectrum lines; a frequency range between the series increases with the frequency increasing.We studied on transmission coefficient of the resonator, frequency shifts of spectrum lines when inserting a thin (t/0.003) dielectric substrates into the resonator, and also attenuation constants of waves propagating in circular groove (due to losses in metal).     

Conversion to the third harmonic of the iodine photodissociation laser PERUN

The frequency tripling of the iodine laser PERUN is described. The maximum conversion efficiency to the third harmonic is 50%, which represents about 20 J of the 3 laser beam.     

ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКАЯ ЭКВИВ АЛЕНТНАЯ СХЕМА ЗАТУХАЮЩИХ КОЛЕБАНИ Й ИЗГИБА У ПБЕЗОЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИ Х СТЕРЖНЕЙ

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ПРИГОТОВЛЕНИЕ И ХАРА КТЕР ПОВЕРХНОСТИ ПЛАСТИНОК AgBr

AgBr . , .     

Замечание К теории по степенного возникновения подви жных слоев в плазме инертных газов

[1] t _B , t _B . , t _B , . .

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A note on the theory of the successive production of moving striations in the plasma of inert gases

Approximate expressions are derived on the basis of Pekárek's theoretical paper [1] for the period of the maximum t_B of a wave packet produced by the passage of a wave of stratification before the aperture of a photomultiplier, and for its time width in the half-height t_B. The relaxation time of a wave of stratification, following from the theory [1], can thus be calculated by means of the experimentally measured velocity of motion of the maximum of a wave packet u and its width t_B. The calculation is supplemented by numerical data on the magnitude of errors committed by using approximate expressions.

     

Thermodynamic properties of the spin-Peierls transition in CuGeO3

We present an investigation of the spin-Peierls transition atT _SP=14.5 K in polycrystalline CuGeO₃ through specific-heat and thermal-expansion measurements. Clear second-order phase-transition anomalies are found in both properties atT _SP, although only a small entropy of S0.1 Rn2 is released at the transition. Most of the entropy is released atT _SP<T<150 K, where the temperature dependence of the magnetic contribution to the specific heat as well as the thermal expansion exhibit extrema atT ^*40 K. These are caused by one-dimensional antiferromagnetic fluctuations along the Cu chains, possibly accompanied by structural fluctuations. Using Ehrenfest's relation, a hydrostatic pressure coefficient (T _SP/_p)_p0 (0.45±0.06) K/kbar is derived.     

К ТЕОРИИ СПОНТАННОЙ Н АМАГНИЧЕННОСТИ ТОНКИХ СЛОЕВ. II. ЧАСТЬ)

- , . - . - - . , . 1956 .     

Structural phase transitions in ‘hcp’ C70 single-crystals

The thermal expansion of vapor-grownC ₇₀ single crystals ahs been investigated using high-resolution capacitance dilatometry from 5–380 K. Measurements were made both parallel and perpendicular to the hexagonalc-axis. Three first-order phase transitions which we associate with the consecutive disordering of theC ₇₀ molecules are observed upon heating at 280 K (long-axis spinning), 300 K (long-axis precession) and 355 K (quasi-free rotation), respectively. The highest-temperature transition exhibits a very large (50 K) thermal hysteresis. Powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction show that the crystals are predominantly hexagonal-close-packed (HCP) with an idealc/a1.63 above 360 K andc/a1.84 at 295 K.     

Systematic study of muon transfer to sulphur dioxide

In a systematic study of the transfer process to sulphur dioxide, in seven different H₂ + SO₂ gas mixtures, the time spectra of the muonic sulphur X-rays yield muon transfer rates to the SO₂ molecule, deduced from the lifetimes of the p atoms, which agree all well with each other. The muonic oxygen time spectra show an additional structure as if p atoms of another kind were present. Reduced transfer rates_O are reproducible if one uses the model of ephemeral p atoms. The intensity ratios between the different kinds of p atoms are also discussed in the framework of this model and the one of black and white p atoms.     

Negative mass cyclotron resonance maser

Physical principles, design and operation characteristics of a negative mass cyclotron resonance maser inp-type germanium are considered in this paper. The formation of anisotropic inverted distributions of negative effective mass heavy holes in strong electric and magnetic fieldsE H [001], resulting in negative conductivity in the millimetre and submillimetre wavelength ranges, is discussed. The generation is observed at 0.9 to 8mm in low compensated germanium samples with the hole concentration rangeN ₀ 2×10¹² to 2×10¹⁴ cm^–3 at low temperaturesT 25 K in electric fieldsE 40 to 350Vcm^–1. The maser frequency is tuned by the magnetic field corresponding to a cyclotron resonance frequency of carriers with an effective mass ofm _c 0.4m ₀. The spectral width of the emission in single mode operation does not exceed several megahertz. A pulse duration of 1 to 200 s and a repetition rate off _rep 1 to 200 Hz has been obtained limited by sample heating. Possibilities of improving the maser characteristics inp-Ge as well as in other A_III B_v semiconductors and the perspectives of new frequency tuning methods due to the application of uniaxial stress and magnetic field are demonstrated.     

Hartree-Fock theory of spiral magnetic order in the 2-d Hubbard model

The magnetic order in the 2-d Hubbard model is investigated within Hartree-Fock theory. For the class of states with uniform particle density and spiral arrangement of spins the phase diagram is obtained by minimizing the free energy. At zero temperature and large Hubbard interactionU there is a continuous transition from the antiferromagnetic solution at half filling over a spiral state of increasing wavelength along the diagonal of the lattice to the ferromagnetic state at doping _c 2t/U. At finite temperatureT, the antiferromagnetic state remains stable for doping smaller than _AF 2T/U. For intermediate values ofU and finite doping there exists also a phase with a spiral wave vector of the form Q=(Q, ).     

CW diode pumping and FM mode locking of a Nd: KGW laser

We have demonstrated cw diode end pumping of Nd: KGW, a novel solid-state gain medium, with up to 30% conversion efficiency into near-TEM₀₀ (M² < 1.05) output at = 1.067 µm for a pump level of 2.7 W. The slope efficiency was limited by intracavity reflections to 36%; however, direct comparison to a similar Nd:YAG laser indicates the same intrinsic slope efficiency of 60%. FM mode locking of this laser at 200 MHz has produced 12 ps pulses (compared to 16 ps for Nd: YAG), although an intracavity etalon was required. Considerable reduction in pulse width is possible (the line width limit is 0.5 ps) but different techniques may be necessary. Spatial hole burning was evident in both the 120 GHz free-running spectrum and the etalon-limited mode-locked spectrum.     

Light absorption by free semiconductor carriers in the presence of a laser wave

Within the framework of the conditions ; » ^–1 ( ^–1 is the mean time of momentum relaxation), the coefficient of absorption () of a weak electromagnetic wave by the free carriers of a polar semiconductor is calculated in the presence of a strong wave (of frequency ), for arbitrary values of and . Photon absorption by band electrons is due to these latter interacting with optical phonons (of frequency _o). The problem is solved by using an analogous approach to the theory of the linear Kubo reaction. The results are valid in the absence of electron heating, when a strong wave only influences the scattering probability. The appearance of a photostimulated tail of absorption is predicted for < _o, including the jump () for ( – _o + ) ₀T as well as peaks in the function () at the points _s=s (s=1, 2, 3,...). The value (₁) is determined by the formula for the absorption coefficient for one strong wave.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 105–109, July, 1981.The authors are grateful to É. M. Épshtein and Sh. M. Kogan for useful discussions.     

Long-wave optical absorption in electron-bombarded GaAs

The absorption spectra of n- and p-type GaAs bombarded with 2-MeV electrons at T=300K were studied in the spectral range from 0.2 eV to Eg. It was found that shallow radiation-defect levels E_c – 0.01 eV and E_c + (0.06–0.1) eV were formed. The structureless character of the absorption in the region h < Eg in electron-bombarded gallium arsenide specimens was shown to be due to the distinctive features of photoionization of deep levels and the strong electron-phonon interaction in this material.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 93–97, July, 1981.     

Matrix field theory for disordered local pairing superconductors with two glass order parameters and spin-flip pairbreaking processes

We derive the exact matrix field theory for a replicated grassmannian representation of a local pairing superconducting disorder ensemble including three superconducting order parameters and the spin-flip pairbreaking mechanism. Disorder is assumed to be gaussian distributed. We find by exactly solving the saddle-point equation the criterion for a vanishing gap ^–1 + ^–1 , where denotes the averaged superconducting order parameter, ^–1 the spin-flip scattering rate, and ^–1 the scattering rate corresponding to correlations of Re(–). Taken at =0, our field theory, which is exact in all orders of ^–1 , contains new terms in addition to those of theO( ^–1 ) model derived by Efetov et al. Our formulation transfers correctly to all orders the invariances of the action into symmetries of the matrix field theory. The saddle point approximation is outlined and it is shown how singular corrections to the saddle point density of states arise atE _F in a gapless superconductor. Finally singular corrections in the two particle propagator, the density correlation function and the conductivity are calculated for =0 in one loop order. It turns out that these corrections can be entirely expressed by those of the single particle density of states.     

Experimental Test of a Time-Temperature Formulation of the Uncertainty Principle Via Nanoparticle Fluorescence

No Heading The uncertainty in the measured fluorescence decay lifetimes of 30 nm particles of YAG:Cc was used to evaluate the predictions of a novel form of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle suggested by de Sabbata and Sivaram, T t h/k. The worst-case uncertainty in temperature of 4.5 °K (as derived from the relationship between temperature and lifetime) and the measured uncertainty in decay lifetime, 0.45 ns, yielded an internal estimate of T t = 2.0 × 10^–9 °K s, which is 263 times larger than /k = 7.6 × 10^–12 °K s. An external estimate of T t = 4.5 × 10¹¹ °K s (which is = 6 times /k) is derived from the independently measured uncertainty in the temperature of the sample and the experimentally determined uncertainty in lifetime. These results could be low by a factor of 5.6 if signal averaging must be taken into account. If valid, the findings are consistent with the predictions of this version of the uncertainty principle and they imply the existence of a type of thermal quantum limit.     

Ferromagnetic resonance in thin cobalt films

The paper gives the results of measuring ferromagnetic resonance on thin cobalt films, vacuum deposited on unheated glass slides. The values of the (g-factor, the width of the curve, the effective stress and uniaxial induced anisotropy were determined as a function of the thickness of the film from measurements of the ferromagnetic absorption in a magnetic field normal and parallel to the surface of the film. Measurements were carried out on a frequency of 9200 MHz and on film thicknesses of 180 to 1800 Å. A qualitative explanation of the observed dependences is given.

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, . , , g-, , , . 9200 MHz 180–1800 Å. .

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The author thanks V. Kamberský and Z. Málek, C. Sc., for providing some of the cobalt films and for help in depositing and measuring the thicknesses, S. Kadeková and M. Polcarová for valuable advice in determining the structure of the films, J. Míová for carefully plotting the results of measurements and Z. Málek and O. tirand for carefully reading the paper and for valuable discussions.     

Problems in the interpretation of cosmic ray nuclear interactions

Difficulties in the interpretation of high-energy nuclear interactions are discussed and explanations suggested on the basis of successive or composite nucleon-nucleus collisions, the first predominant below a few 10 ¹¹ eV,the second for higher energies. In the energy region up to about 10 ¹¹ eVsome discrepancies in the frequency of production of strange particles, the small interaction cross-section of iron etc. are explained, taking into account secondary intranuclear collisions. The tunnel model of Heitler and McCusker is replaced by assuming a cone-shaped interaction volume (funnel) even at the highest primary energies. A number of consequences concerning the energies of the primary particles, the multiplicity and asymmetry in the angular distribution of secondaries, coefficient of inelasticity etc. are discussed.

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, , 10¹¹ eV, — . 10¹¹ eV , ., , . () . , , , .

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This paper contains a condensed summary of some of the material presented in a series of lectures given by the author on the occasion of his visit to Prague in December 1957/January 1958. Its publication in this form is intended as an expression of thanks to the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and its leading Officers, in particular Prof. V. Procházka, Prof. J. Novák, and Prof. V. Petrílka, whose kind invitation made this visit possible.     

Space charge limited electric currents in thin-film metal-InSb-metal structures

The VA characteristics of thin-film metal-InSb-metal structures are analyzed in the temperature interval from –100 °C to 140 °C, up to an electric field intensity ofE 2×10⁴ V/cm, on samples having an InSb resistivity of 10⁴ cm, and prepared by cathodic sputtering. In interpreting the VA characteristics, we start out from Lampert's theory on space charged limited electric currents, according to which the injection of carriers of one kind is considered and the mobility of the carriers depends upon the electric field intensity. Attention is drawn to the qualitative agreement of the experimental and theoretical results.