Ce1-xMnxO2表面性质对催化CO2和甲醇直接合成DMC反应活性的影响

通过共沉淀法制备了一系列Mn掺杂量不同的Ce_1-xMn_xO₂催化剂, 并将其用于催化CO₂和甲醇直接合成碳酸二甲酯(DMC). 通过X射线衍射(XRD)、 氮气吸附-脱附、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和程序升温脱附(TPD)等手段研究了Ce_1-xMn_xO₂表面性质对催化CO₂和甲醇直接合成DMC反应活性的影响. 结果表明, Mn离子进入CeO₂晶格中形成固溶体, 随着Mn掺杂量增加, 催化剂表面弱酸碱位数量逐渐降低, 中强酸碱和强酸碱位数量增加, 催化剂表面氧空位含量呈先增加后减少的变化趋势, 当Mn掺杂量较少时, 催化剂表面Mn²⁺比例较高, 有利于Ce⁴⁺+Mn²⁺→Ce³⁺+Mn³⁺反应的进行, 促进催化剂表面氧空位生成; 进一步提高Mn掺杂量时, 催化剂表面Mn⁴⁺比例提高, 有利于Ce³⁺+Mn⁴⁺→Ce⁴⁺+Mn³⁺反应的进行, 导致催化剂表面氧空位含量减少. 研究发现Ce_1-xMn_xO₂催化剂活性与表面氧空位含量线性相关.     

Enhanced degradation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene by ozonation in the presence of manganese(II) and oxalic acid

Manganese catalytic ozonation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) in the presence of oxalic acid was studied. The addition of manganese ion (Mn²⁺) or oxalic acid alone in ozonation process did not enhance DNT degradation, but the addition of Mn²⁺ coupled with oxalic acid accelerated degradation of DNT. The DNT degradation efficiency was influenced by carbonate in the catalytic ozonation process. Kinetics study showed that Mn²⁺ catalytic ozonation significantly promoted the decomposition of ozone. Experimental results of electron spin resonance (ESR) demonstrated that addition of Mn²⁺ and oxalic acid produced much hydroxyl radicals in catalytic ozonation system than that in single ozonation system. These results suggested that catalytic ozonation followed hydroxyl radical-type mechanism. Mn²⁺ promoted decomposition of ozone to produce hydroxyl radical and it was oxidized into manganese oxide. Manganese oxide was reduced into Mn²⁺ by oxalic acid, which is the key step of catalytic process. Based on above results, a cycle catalytic mechanism of Mn²⁺ was proposed. Intermediates were determined by HPLC and GC–MS, and they mainly included aromatic organics and aliphatic carboxylic acids.     

Room Temperature Modulated Structure of Ca and K co-Doped LaMnO3

A series of perovskite compounds of La_1-x-yCa_xK_yMnO₃ was prepared by hydrothermal disproportionation reaction of MnO₂. The three oxidation states of manganese(Mn³⁺, Mn⁴⁺ and Mn⁵⁺) can stably exist in the compounds. Under room temperature conditions, twice and three times modulated structure produced by the charge ordering can be observed by X-ray diffraction(XRD), select area electron diffraction(SAED) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy(HR-TEM). The splits of the diffraction peaks of the single crystals confirmed by synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiment are in accordance with those of the powder sample. The existence of the different oxidation states of Mn³⁺, Mn⁴⁺ and Mn⁵⁺ can be considered to be the dominating reason of the complicated room temperature modulated structure.     

MnOx-TiO2吸附剂对燃煤烟气中汞的脱除

以锐钛矿型TiO_2为载体,采用浸渍法对其进行MnO_x改性制备脱汞吸附剂,探究了负载量、焙烧温度、反应温度及烟气组分等参数对吸附剂脱汞性能的影响。利用N_2吸附-脱附、TG/DTG、XRD、FT-IR、Hg-TPD、XPS等方法对吸附剂的理化性质进行了表征。结果表明,Mn的最佳负载量为12%,最佳焙烧温度和反应温度分别为450和300℃,在实验条件下MnO_x-TiO_2吸附剂可达到的最佳脱汞效率为98.46%。烟气中少量的O_2及微量的HCl对吸附剂的脱汞有较强的促进作用;SO_2对吸附剂的脱汞有较强的抑制作用,SO_2与Hg~0存在的竞争吸附作用以及脱汞反应中产生的硫酸盐覆盖活性位点表面,是导致脱汞效率下降的主要原因。烟气中的CO_2和NO也会对汞的脱除产生轻微的抑制作用。负载在吸附剂上的MnO_x存在Mn~(4+)、Mn~(3+)两种价态,其中,Mn~(4+)将Hg~0氧化为Hg~(2+),自身被还原为Mn~(3+)。结合实验和分析结果发现,Hg~0的吸附和氧化基本遵循Mars-Maessen和Langmuir-Hinshelwood机理。     

Synthesis and Ferrimagnetic Behaviour of Mn Doped Rare Earth Iron Garnets

Rare earth iron garnets R₃Fe_5–xMn_xO₁₂(R=Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu) were prepared through mild hydrothermal method. The initial alkalinity of solutions was thought to play an important role in governing the content of Mn. The effect of substitution Fe³⁺ ions by Mn³⁺ ions on magnetic properties was investigated. The saturation magnetizations of Mn-doped samples are larger than that of corresponding parent compounds due to the moment of Mn³⁺ ion being smaller than that of Fe³⁺. It is clearly shown that incorporation of Mn³⁺ gives rise to significant variations in the Curie temperature. With increasing of Mn content x, Curie temperatures reduced sharply for the garnets, which could be explained by the exchange interaction between a-d Fe³⁺ being reduced in these compounds.     

Adsorption of polyacrylic acid on aluminium oxide: DRIFT spectroscopy and ab initio calculations

Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared (DRIFT) spectroscopy was used to study the adsorption process of the water-soluble polyacrylic acid (PAA) polymer on hydrous δ-Al₂O₃. Vibrational assignment of PAA, sodium polyacrylate, (Na–PA) and the PA-oxide surface complex was achieved by comparison of observed band position and intensity in the DRIFT spectra with wavenumbers and intensities from ab initio quantum mechanical calculations. The presented data of polyacrylic acid suggest that IR data calculated ab initio on relatively short oligomers (quantum-mechanical oligomer approach) may provide valuable information regarding the interpretation of polyelectrolyte infrared spectra. Batch adsorption experiments were performed to sorb PAA onto the δ-Al₂O₃ surface. The results obtained from DRIFT studies were compared with adsorption isotherm experiments in order to relate the level of PAA coverage to the nature of the surface complex. Ab initio molecular orbital calculations on PAA/Al₂O₃ clusters were used to model possible surface complexes. Strong correlation were found between theoretical and observed DRIFT frequencies of the antisymmetric R-COO⁻ vibration. A number of possible configurations of the polyacrylic acid/aluminate surface complex were tested via ab initio calculations. These possible configurations included different di-aluminium octahedral Al³⁺ surface models. Results obtained from adsorption isotherm experiments, DRIFT spectra and ab initio calculations indicate that the carboxylate oxygens bridge an Al³⁺-octahedral dimer [Al₂(OH)₂4(H₂O)2(OH)] in a ligand-exchange inner sphere complex.     

锰电解过程关键因素研究及技术经济性分析

从槽液Mn²⁺浓度、电解时间和过电位关键因素研究电解初期过程,在三电极体系采用计时电量法探讨和优化工艺参数. 研究表明,在不锈钢表面,锰的初期电解析氢显著. 随时间延长,锰逐渐覆盖于不锈钢表面,析氢更困难,其电流效率随之提升,在高过电位区出现极限电流,反应受扩散控制. 在含0.02 g·L^-1 SeO₂溶液体系中,在40 g·L^-1 Mn²⁺ + 120 g·L^-1 (NH₄)₂SO₄、过电位为0.151 V、槽液温度为40 ^oC、PH为6.6、时间为0.5 h的电解条件下,电流效率可达95.3%;在实用矿粉制液体系,效率也可达81.4%,较企业相同电解体系提高了15%.     

Retention behavior of transition metals on a bifunctional ion-exchange column with oxalic acid as eluent

The common eluents used with a bifunctional ion-exchange column (IonPac CS5A) for separating transition metals are pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid and oxalic acid (Ox). When Ox is used, cadmium and manganese co-elute. Although much research has been done to overcome the Cd²⁺–Mn²⁺ co-elution problem, the role of lithium hydroxide in separating the transition metals has received little attention. In this study, it is found that when the Ox concentration is higher than 35 mM, Cu²⁺ elutes after Pb²⁺ and Ox plays a predominant role in the retention behavior of the seven metals. When Ox concentration is lower than 35 mM especially when its concentration (25 mM) is half of the usually used standard concentration (50 mM), Cu²⁺ elutes before Pb²⁺, and at the same time, Mn²⁺and Cd²⁺ can also be baseline separated. Lithium hydroxide plays a predominant role in the separation of the metals separated by cation exchange. So, lithium hydroxide is used to adjust the pH of the eluent. The use of an isocratic elution (25 mM Ox/LiOH/2 mM Na₂SO₄, pH 3.88) allows the separation of seven metals (Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, Co²⁺, Mn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Ni²⁺) in a single run. The effects of inorganic modifiers such as NaNO₃, Na₂SO₄ and Na₄P₂O₇ on retention behavior of the metals are also investigated.     

La_(1-x)Rb_xMnO_3钙钛矿催化剂同时消除NO和碳烟的催化性能

采用溶剂热法制备了La_(1-x)Rb_xM n O_3(x=0、0.1、0.2、0.3)钙钛矿型复合金属氧化物催化剂,通过XRD、FT-IR、SEM、XPS和H_2-TPR等手段对催化剂进行表征,在微型固定床反应器上评价了其同时消除NO和碳烟的催化性能。结果表明,La_(1-x)Rb_xM n O_3催化剂具有单一的钙钛矿结构,样品中Mn物种以Mn~(3+)和Mn~(4+)的形式存在。与LaMn O_3催化剂相比,Rb~+部分取代La~(3+),催化剂体系中形成较多的高价Mn~(4+)和氧空位,其氧化还原性能提高,催化性能得到改善。随着Rb~+取代量的增加,NO转化率升高,碳烟燃烧温度降低。当x=0.3时,La_(0.7)Rb_(0.3)M n O_3催化剂上CO_2浓度峰值温度t_(max)为430℃,CO_2的选择性为99.0%;反应温度为429℃,NO转化率达到最大,为59.7%。     

Single crystal growth of Bi1−xSrxMnO3—Thermodynamics and experiment

The primary crystallization field of a perovskite solid solution Bi_1−xSr_xMnO_3−δ was delimited by calculating the respective phase equilibria in the quaternary Bi–Sr–Mn–O system. The calculations are based on the recent assessment involving all three ternary subsystems, a quaternary liquid approximated as a mixture of Mn, MnO, Mn₂O₃, SrO and Bi₂O₃ species with binary Redlich–Kister coefficients and the perovskite phase described in terms of a point defect model allowing Sr²⁺ for Bi³⁺ substitution, oxygen vacancy formation and the related Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺ mixing on Mn-sublattice. The crystallization path and the composition of the crystallized solid solution are compared with single crystal growth experiments performed by self-flux method from a Bi-rich melt. The crystallization path obtained for a selected feed composition for which the largest and high quality single crystal have been grown, turns out to end very close to the global eutectic point.     

Cu2-MnO_x高效催化1,2,3,4-四氢喹啉氧化脱氢芳构化

采用新型无模板草酸盐路线制备了系列不同Cu含量的MnO_x催化剂(MnO_x、Cu1-MnO_x、Cu2-MnO_x、Cu3-MnO_x、Cu4-MnO_x、Cu2-450及Cu2-550),并应用于1,2,3,4-四氢喹啉(THQL)氧化脱氢芳构化。通过热重和热流分析(TG-DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)、N2物理吸附-脱附、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、能谱(EDS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、原子吸收光谱(AAS)手段对催化剂进行表征。结果显示在这七种锰氧化物中,Cu2-MnO_x具有高比表面积、增大的介孔平均孔径、较低的还原温度、最高的Mn~(3+)含量和吸附氧含量,最高的Mn~(3+)/Mn~(4+)。Cu2-MnO_x在温和的反应条件下,以廉价的空气为氧化剂、无碱添加剂的情况下对THQL芳构化转化率和喹啉(QL)选择性分别达99.1%、97.2%。催化剂套用五次后转化率还可达95.8%,选择性随着套用次数增加略有降低,这可能是Cu元素的流失所致。催化剂无定型结构、Mn~(3+)和吸附氧含量,Mn~(3+)/Mn~(4+)、晶格氧的流动性及CuO和MnO_x的协同作用是高催化活性的关键因素。     

在类棒状铜锰复合氧化物上甲苯的催化燃烧活性及其失活

大气中的甲苯等挥发性有机物对环境和人体健康具有很大的危害。催化燃烧法是去除大气中挥发性有机物的一种有效方法。本文利用共沉淀法制备的铜锰复合金属氧化物经氢氧化钠水热处理后,获得了高比表面积的类棒状铜锰复合氧化物材料,并考察了其对甲苯的催化燃烧的活性和失活原因。研究表明,样品的后处理温度对甲苯催化燃烧活性影响很大,经500 ℃焙烧的样品比表面积高达221 m²·g^-1,在210 ℃可以实现甲苯的完全燃烧,其催化活性与贵金属催化剂Pd相当。所研制的类棒状铜锰复合氧化物在250 ℃时,运行60 h后甲苯转化率从最初的100%降至83%,通过对新鲜催化剂和反应后催化剂进行X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)和氢气程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)的分析,发现失活后样品上Mn⁴⁺和Mn³⁺的含量分别由40.4%、55.0%降为29.9%、50.0%,同时Mn²⁺的含量分别由4.60%升高为20.6%,表面氧由34.8%降低到29.2%,表明催化剂的活性位与表面氧和高价态的锰密切相关;另一方面,失活后样品的H₂-TPR上氧化铜的还原峰温度从248 ℃上升至268 ℃,氧化锰的还原峰从311 ℃上升至333 ℃,表明该高活性催化剂的失活可能与其随着反应的进行变得更难还原相关。本研究结果将有助于在大气污染控制中,进一步设计出高活性高稳定性净化大气中挥发性有机物的低温催化燃烧催化剂。     

Highly selective oxidation of amines to imines by Mn2O3 catalyst under eco-friendly conditions

Mn₂O₃ calcined at 450 ℃ by a simple template-free oxalate route gave 96.2% selectivity of imine at 100% conversion of benzylamine. The high selectivity of the imines clearly depended on the Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺ ratio. The probable reaction pathway for amines oxidation catalyzed by manganese oxides was proposed for the first time. This catalytic process was carried out under milder conditions, no base additives, and air as the only oxidant.     

电解液对水系可充电池MnO2正极电化学性能的影响

研究了水系电解液中Li⁺、Zn²⁺和Mn²⁺阳离子对具有不同晶型结构和形貌的MnO₂正极电化学性能的影响,探讨其储能机理。结果表明,在不含Mn(II)离子的水溶液中,MnO₂电极所表现的电化学性能趋同,容量低,衰减快。含有Zn²⁺离子的水溶液中,MnO₂电极因二价锌离子的嵌入-脱出,容量明显提升,但衰减严重。当溶液中同时含有Zn²⁺、Mn²⁺离子时,基于Mn²⁺和Zn²⁺离子之间的协同作用和Mn²⁺离子氧化/还原反应过程的作用,有效抑制MnO₂颗粒的聚集和结构塌陷,削弱碱式硫酸锌杂质不利的影响,保持了锌离子在MnO₂电极中嵌入-脱出的高容量特性(200 mAh·g^-1,电流密度：100 mA·g^-1),及良好的循环稳定性。     

基于氧化还原共沉淀法制备的Mn-Ce催化剂及其低浓度甲烷燃烧催化性能

采用氧化还原共沉淀法制备了一系列不同Mn/Ce比的Mn-Ce催化剂,用N_2吸附、XRD、XRF、XPS等手段进行了表征,对其低浓度甲烷催化燃烧活性进行了研究。结果表明,Mn/Ce比对Mn-Ce催化剂的活性有较大的影响;当Mn/Ce比从3∶7增加到9∶1时,其催化活性逐渐增加,甲烷转化率为50%的温度(t_(50))从501℃降低到446℃;而进一步增加Mn含量则会导致其催化活性降低。表征结果显示,Mn-Ce催化剂活性与其比表面积、表面Mn~(4+)浓度、Ce~(3+)含量和晶格氧浓度等密切相关;物相KMn_8O_(16)有利于Mn-Ce催化剂活性的提升。     

不同前驱物制备的MnOx/TiO2联合O3催化氧化NO性能

分别以乙酸锰（MnAc）、氯化锰（MnCl₂）和硝酸锰（Mn（NO₃）₂）为前驱物,采用浸渍法制备MnAc/TiO₂、MnCl/TiO₂和MnN/TiO₂三种催化剂,并采用氮吸附、SEM、H₂-TPR、O₂-TPD、XRD和XPS进行表征。在固定床反应器上研究了三种催化剂的联合臭氧催化氧化NO性能。结果表明,以乙酸锰为前驱物制备的MnAc/TiO₂催化剂联合臭氧催化氧化NO活性最高;MnAc/TiO₂催化剂颗粒分散性好,比表面积相对较大,催化剂表面Mn³⁺较多,因而具有较高的催化活性。     

OL负载Cu催化剂及其催化氧化CO及乙酸乙酯性能

采用氧化还原法合成了层状锰氧化物(OL),并以OL为载体采用离子交换法制备了不同Cu负载量的Cu_x/OL催化剂。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、电子扫描电镜(SEM)、N_2吸附/脱附、H_2~-程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、TG(热重)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、O_2-程序升温脱附(O_2-TPD)等技术对所制催化剂进行结构和织构表征,并对其催化氧化CO及乙酸乙酯活性进行了评价。结果表明,OL具有典型的层状锰氧化物结构,适量掺杂Cu对OL的结构和织构影响不大,但Cu的掺杂明显影响Cu_x/OL的还原性、氧移动性及催化剂表面Cu~(2+)/CuO、(Mn~(2+)+Mn~(3+))/Mn~(4+)和Oads/Olatt的比例。Cu_x/OL的催化性能与以上因素密切相关。在Cu_x/OL样品中,Cu_5/OL催化剂具有最佳的催化活性(CO催化氧化,T_(50)=70°C和T_(90)=100°C;乙酸乙酯催化氧化T50=160°C,T90=200°C)。同时,Cu_5/OL催化剂具有最佳的还原性能、氧移动性能和最多的Cu~(2+)、(Mn~(2+)+Mn~(3+))和表面吸附氧浓度。Cu_x/OL催化性能与铜锰之间相互作用、还原性和氧移动性能密切相关。     

球形表面富锰MnxCo3−xO4−ƞ尖晶石型催化剂选择性催化还原NOx研究

采用共沉淀法制备了高比表面积的Mn_xCo_3−xO₄球形催化剂,研究了NH₃选择性催化还原NO_x性能。Mn-Co金属氧化物具有尖晶石结构,随着Co含量的增加,晶体结构由四方相转变为立方相。高浓度的表面活性氧物种和变价元素的强有效电子转移(Co³⁺ + Mn³⁺ ↔ Co²⁺ + Mn⁴⁺)有利于提高Mn_xCo_3−xO₄ (x = 1.0、1.5、2.0)尖晶型石催化剂的氧化还原能力,催化剂表面的Mn富集作用形成了氧缺陷结构和丰富的表面活性位点,进一步促进SCR脱硝反应,呈现出优异的催化性能。Co_tet(CoMn)_octO₄晶体结构中,Mn离子(Mn³⁺和Mn⁴⁺,以三价锰为主)和部分Co离子被配置到八面体中心,这些物种作为活性位点存在着较强的电子转移交互作用,该构型对促进低温脱硝活性和保护活性位点耐受SO₂毒害具有重要的意义。Mn-Co尖晶石表面的NH₃-SCR脱硝反应过程主要遵循Eley-Rideal反应机理,即吸附态NH₃与气态NO (或NO₂)的反应路径。随着反应温度的增加,反应生成的NH₄NO₃中间体很可能转化为NH₄NO₂物种,进而分解为N₂,提高了催化剂的氮气选择性。     

锰锆复合氧化物CO催化还原NO性能研究

采用柠檬酸络合法制备了锰锆复合氧化物催化剂,用XRD、H_2-TPR、XPS和SEM等技术进行了表征,研究了其CO催化还原NO性能。结果表明,MnO_x主要以Mn_3O_4物相存在,Zr占比的增加会促进Mn_3O_4物相的分散,引起Mn_3O_4平均晶粒粒径减小;Mn主要有Mn~(2+)、Mn~(3+)、Mn~(4+)离子价态形式,添加Cu和Ce后,(Mn~(3+)+Mn~(4+))含量和表面吸附氧(OA)含量增加,H_2-TPR还原峰温度向低温区偏移,有利于催化活性的提升。Mn-Zr-O复合氧化物的CO催化还原NO活性较低,加入Cu后的Mn-Cu-Zr-O复合氧化物其CO催化还原NO的活性得到改善,而添加Ce后所制备的Mn-Cu-Ce-Zr-O复合氧化物的催化活性进一步提高;在350℃下、反应空速为18000 h~(-1)时,Mn-Cu-Ce-Zr-O复合氧化物表现出较好的CO催化还原NO活性,CO转化率达到了89.17%,NO转化率达到了91.70%。     

Reverse osmosis membrane treatment of acidic etchant wastewater: Effect of neutralization and polyelectrolyte coating on nitrate removal

The removal of nitrate from mixed acid etchant (MAE) wastewater was investigated by neutralization, followed by reverse osmosis (RO) membrane filtration. The coating of a RO membrane was conducted using polyacrylic acid (PAA) in order to enhance the removal of nitrate from the MAE wastewater. The addition of KOH, for the neutralization of the MAE wastewater, was most effective in terms of solid–liquid separation. Double RO filtrations, with crossflow and stirred-flow units, were examined in terms of nitrate rejection and membrane permeability. The Donnan exclusion, due to change in the solution pH, played an important role in nitrate rejection. As a result, RO filtration, at a moderate acidic pH level (e.g., pH 4), provided greater nitrate rejection than that at neutral or alkaline pH levels. The Donnan effect was associated with acetic acid present in MAE wastewater, since it could deprotonate to acetate with a negative charge. Improvement in nitrate rejection occurred with the PAA coating of the original RO membrane. This is because of the enhanced electrostatic repulsion of the nitrate by the carboxyl groups on the coated membrane surface, although the flux declined with the PAA coatings. The effect of charge repulsion was more obvious in the second pass of RO filtration where the ionic strength was relatively low. The increase in nitrate rejection leveled off with a PAA dosage of 0.262 mg/cm² of the membrane, so further coating beyond this level should be prevented.