Improving the Performance of Practical Decoy-State Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution with Biased Basis Choice

Statistical fluctuations are unavoidable in realistic quantum key distribution (QKD) due to finite-size effect. Based on the four-intensity proposal on measurement-device-independent QKD (MDI-QKD) in[Phys. Rev. A 93 (2016) 042324], we particularly analyze the scenario that only three intensities are used, namely a three-intensity decoy-state MDI-QKD with biased basis choice. After performing full parameter optimization method, simulations results demonstrate that this scenario can obtain distinct enhancement compared with the conventional unbiased threeintensity decoy-state method, e.g. Xu et al.'s[Phys. Rev. A 89 (2014) 052333]. Furthermore, results also show that it works more efficiently by using HSPS than using WCS at longer transmission distance.     

基于实用光源的诱惑态量子密钥分配研究

文章通过比较主动诱惑态和被动诱惑态的特性,假设所有可测量都围绕渐近值上下波动,得到相应变量的偏离量,采用标准误差法分析实用光源条件下,有限脉冲数编码对密钥生成率和传输距离的影响,比较了主动诱惑态、被动诱惑态 、无限长时间极限情况和不同量子效率条件下密钥生成率随传输距离的变化关系,为实用的量子密钥分配实验提供了重要的理论参数. 关键词： 诱惑态 量子密钥分配 统计涨落     

基于不可信光源的量子密钥分配的统计特性研究

通过比较被动系统与主动系统的特性, 得出可信光源、不可信光源主动系统和不可信光源被动系统的密钥生成率随距离的变化关系; 采用标准误差分析法, 得到相应变量的偏离量; 基于诱骗态方案分析不可信光源被动系统暗计数率和光源强度参数波动对系统安全特性的影响, 得出在1310 nm 和1550 nm通信窗口下, 系统最大安全通信距离范围分别为[73.2 km, 96.5 km] 和[104.5 km, 137.9 km]. 这可为实用量子通信实验提供重要的理论参数. 关键词： 量子密钥分配 不可信光源 被动系统 统计波动     

Practical decoy-state BB84 quantum key distribution with quantum memory

We generalize BB84 quantum key distribution(QKD) to the scenario where the receiver adopts a heralded quantum memory(QM). With the heralded QM, the valid dark count rate of the receiver's single photon detectors can be mitigated obviously, which will lower the quantum bit error rate, and thus improve the performance of decoy-state BB84 QKD systems in long distance range. Simulation results show that, with practical experimental system parameters, decoy-state BB84 QKD with QM can exhibit performance comparable to that of without QM in short distance range, and exhibit performance better than that without QM in long distance range.     

基于两种光源的诱发态量子密钥分配性能分析

单光子的衰减特性及其易受干扰的缺点限制了纯单光子量子系统的传输码率及距离.弱相干光脉冲(WCP)光源和准单光子源(HSPS)则具有更高的实用价值.本文将这两种光源和诱发态方案相结合并采用Lütkenhaus和Gottesman-Lo- Lütkenhaus-Preskill (GLLP)两种数据后处理方法进行性能分析.仿真结果表明:HSPS在传输距离上要优于WCP,对应相同传输距离时系统量子误码率(QBER)要小些,但相对密钥生成率低. 关键词： 量子密钥分配 诱发态 WCP光源 HSPS光源     

预报单光子源诱骗态量子密钥产生率及数值计算

独立推导预报单光子源诱骗态量子密钥分发的密钥产生率计算公式,讨论密钥产生率和发送端探测效率的关系;进行弱相干光和预报单光子源诱骗态量子密钥分发的最优强度估计和密钥产生率数值计算.结果表明,预报单光子源诱骗态量子密钥分发的密钥产生率随着发送端探测效率的增加而增加,其安全通信距离与完美单光子源的通信距离一致;诱骗态量子密钥分发可提高安全通信距离和密钥产生率;预报单光子源由于减少了暗计数的影响,进一步提高了安全通信距离.     

Performance of passive decoy-state quantum key distribution with mismatched local detectors

In quantum key distribution(QKD),the passive decoy-state method can simplify the intensity modulation and reduce some of side-channel information leakage and modulation errors.It is usually implemented with a heralded single-photon source.In Wang et al 2016(Phys.Rev.A 96032312),a novel passive decoy-state method is proposed by Wang et al,which uses two local detectors to generate more detection events for tightly estimating channel parameters.However,in the original scheme,the two local detectors are assumed to be identical,including the same detection efficiency and dark count rate,which is often not satisfied in the realistic experiment.In this paper,we construct a model for this passive decoy-state QKD scheme with two mismatched detectors and explore the effect on QKD performance with certain parameters.We also take the finite-size effect into consideration,showing the performance with statistical fluctuations.The results show that the efficiencies of local detectors affect the key rate more obviously than dark count rates.     

诱惑态在“双探测器”准单光子光源量子密钥分发系统中的应用

现在诱惑态已被证明是一种可以大大提高量子密钥分发安全性能的现实可行的方法.由于考虑到现实应用中激光器在调制过程中的消光比不能做到100%,以及激光器固有的自发辐射因而使得制备真空态并不是一件容易的事情. 因此本文将对理想情况下准单光子光源量子密钥分发系统应用中的诱惑态结论作了补充和扩展,提出了两个弱光强态的诱惑态方案和一个弱光强诱惑态方案.最后,将“双探测器”的理论应用在准单光子源(HSPS)光源系统中,使系统的安全传输距离可达到2215km,比使用普通探测器的系统增加了约50km. 关键词： 量子密钥分发 诱惑态 HSPS光源 双探测器     

Fluctuations of Internal Transmittance in Security of Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution with an Untrusted Source

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution(MDI-QKD) is immune to detector side channel attacks, which is a crucial security loophole problem in traditional QKD. In order to relax a key assumption that the sources are trusted in MDI-QKD, an MDI-QKD protocol with an untrusted source has been proposed. For the security of MDI-QKD with an untrusted source, imperfections in the practical experiment should also be taken into account. In this paper, we analyze the effects of fluctuations of internal transmittance on the security of a decoy-state MDI-QKD protocol with an untrusted source. Our numerical results show that both the secret key rate and the maximum secure transmission distance decrease when taken fluctuations of internal transmittance into consideration. Especially, they are more sensitive when Charlie's mean photon number per pulse is smaller. Our results emphasize that the stability of correlative optical devices is important for practical implementations.     

Practical non-orthogonal decoy state quantum key distribution with heralded single photon source

Recently the performance of the quantum key distribution （QKD） is substantially improved by the decoy state method and the non-orthogonal encoding protocol, separately. In this paper, a practical non-orthogonal decoy state protocol with a heralded single photon source （HSPS） for QKD is presented. The protocol is based on 4 states with different intensities. i.e. one signal state and three decoy states. The signal state is for generating keys; the decoy states are for detecting the eavesdropping and estimating the fraction of single-photon and two-photon pulses. We have discussed three cases of this protocol, i.e. the general case, the optimal case and the special case. Moreover, the final key rate over transmission distance is simulated. For the low dark count of the HSPS and the utilization of the two-photon pulses, our protocol has a higher key rate and a longer transmission distance than any other decoy state protocol.     

Practical Security of High-Dimensional Quantum Key Distribution with Intensity Modulator Extinction

Quantum key distribution (QKD) has attracted much attention due to its unconditional security. High-dimensional quantum key distribution (HD-QKD) is a brand-new type of QKD protocol that has many excellent advantages. Nonetheless, practical imperfections in realistic devices that are not considered in the theoretical security proof may have an impact on the practical security of realistic HD-QKD systems. In this paper, we research the influence of a realistic intensity modulator on the practical security of HD-QKD systems with the decoy-state method and finite-key effects. We demonstrate that there is a certain impact in the secret key rate and the transmission distance when taking practical factors into security analysis.     

A long-distance quantum key distribution scheme based on pre-detection of optical pulse with auxiliary state

We construct a circuit based on PBS and CNOT gates, which can be used to determine whether the input pulse is empty or not according to the detection result of the auxiliary state, while the input state will not be changed. The circuit can be treated as a pre-detection device. Equipping the pre-detection device in the front of the receiver of the quantum key distribution(QKD) can reduce the influence of the dark count of the detector, hence increasing the secure communication distance significantly. Simulation results show that the secure communication distance can reach 516 km and 479 km for QKD with perfect single photon source and decoy-state QKD with weak coherent photon source, respectively.     

The Decoy-State Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution with Heralded Single-Photon Source

Based on heralded single-photon source (HSPS), a decoy-state measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) protocol is proposed in this paper. The MDI-QKD protocol mainly uses orbital angular momentum (OAM) states and pulse position modulation (PPM) technology to realize the coding of the signal states in heralded single-photon source. The three-intensity decoy states are used to avoid the attacks against the light source. Moreover, the formula of key generation rate is given by computing the lower bound of the yield of single-photon pairs and the upper bound of the error rate of single-photon pairs. Numerical simulation shows that the new MDI-QKD protocol has high key generation rate and low error rate. Moreover, the secure communication distance can be up to 450 km.

     

基于标记配对相干态光源的诱骗态量子密钥分配性能分析

从有效性、稳定性和可行性三个方面, 对基于标记配对相干态光源的诱骗态量子密钥分配的性能进行了全面分析. 采用四组实验数据对基于标记配对相干态光源的三强度诱骗态方案的密钥生成效率、量子比特误码率和最优信号态强度与安全传输距离之间的关系进行了仿真和分析; 考虑到光源涨落, 对方案的稳定性进行了讨论和仿真; 并对基于标记配对相干态光源设计简单易实现方案的可行性进行了分析. 结论表明: 基于标记配对相干态光源的诱骗态方案性能在安全传输距离和密钥生成效率两方面都优于现有基于弱相干态光源和预报单光子源的诱骗态方案; 在光源强度涨落相同条件下, 标记配对相干态光源的稳定性逊于预报单光子源, 而优于相干态光源. 但是标记配对相干态光源在有效性上的优势可弥补其在稳定性上的不足; 且标记配对相干态光源的双模特性为设计简单易实现的被动诱骗态方案提供了条件. 关键词： 量子光学 量子密钥分配 标记配对相干态光源 性能     

Security of the Decoy State Two-Way Quantum Key Distribution with Finite Resources

The quantum key distribution(QKD) allows two parties to share a secret key by typically making use of a one-way quantum channel However,the two-way QKD has its own unique advantages,which means the two-way QKD has become a focus recently.To improve the practical performance of the two-way QKD,we present a security analysis of a two-way QKD protocol based on the decoy method with heralded single-photon sources(HSPSs).We make use of two approaches to calculate the yield and the quantum bit error rate of single-photon and two-photon pulses.Then we present the secret key generation rate based on the GLLP formula.The numerical simulation shows that the protocol with HSPSs has an advantage in the secure distance compared with weak coherent state sources.In addition,we present the final secret key generation rate of the LM05 protocol with finite resources by considering the statistical fluctuation of the yield and the error rate.     

Experimental long-distance decoy-state quantum key distribution based on polarization encoding

We demonstrate the decoy-state quantum key distribution (QKD) with one-way quantum communication in polarization space over 102 km. Further, we simplify the experimental setup and use only one detector to implement the one-way decoy-state QKD over 75 km, with the advantage to overcome the security loopholes due to the efficiency mismatch of detectors. Our experimental implementation can really offer the unconditionally secure final keys. We use 3 different intensities of 0, 0.2, and 0.6 for the light sources in our experiment. In order to eliminate the influences of polarization mode dispersion in the long-distance single-mode optical fiber, an automatic polarization compensation system is utilized to implement the active compensation.     

Space-to-Ground Quantum Key Distribution Using a Small-Sized Payload on Tiangong-2 Space Lab

Quantum technology establishes a foundation for secure communication via quantum key distribution(QKD). In the last two decades, the rapid development of QKD makes a global quantum communication network feasible. In order to construct this network, it is economical to consider small-sized and low-cost QKD payloads, which can be assembled on satellites with different sizes, such as space stations. Here we report an experimental demonstration of space-to-ground QKD using a small-sized payload, from Tiangong-2 space lab to Nanshan ground station. The 57.9-kg payload integrates a tracking system, a QKD transmitter along with modules for synchronization, and a laser communication transmitter. In the space lab,a 50 MHz vacuum+weak decoy-state optical source is sent through a reflective telescope with an aperture of 200 mm. On the ground station, a telescope with an aperture of 1200 mm collects the signal photons. A stable and high-transmittance communication channel is set up with a high-precision bidirectional tracking system, a polarization compensation module, and a synchronization system.When the quantum link is successfully established,we obtain a key rate over 100 bps with a communication distance up to 719 km. Together with our recent development of QKD in daylight,the present demonstration paves the way towards a practical satellite-constellation-based global quantum secure network with small-sized QKD payloads.     

Long-distance decoy-state quantum key distribution in optical fiber

The theoretical existence of photon-number-splitting attacks creates a security loophole for most quantum key distribution (QKD) demonstrations that use a highly attenuated laser source. Using ultralow-noise, high-efficiency transition-edge sensor photodetectors, we have implemented the first version of a decoy-state protocol that incorporates finite statistics without the use of Gaussian approximations in a one-way QKD system, enabling the creation of secure keys immune to photon-number-splitting attacks and highly resistant to Trojan horse attacks over 107 km of optical fiber.     

基于弱相干态光源的非正交编码被动诱骗态量子密钥分配

基于改造的弱相干态光源,提出了一种非正交编码被动诱骗态量子密钥分配方案.该方案不主动制备诱骗态,而是根据发送端探测器是否响应,将接收端的探测结果分为响应集合和未响应集合,以此分别作为信号态和诱骗态,并利用这两个集合来估计参量和生成密钥.数值仿真表明,非正交编码被动诱骗态方案的密钥生成效率和安全传输距离都优于现有的被动诱骗态方案,且性能非常接近主动无穷诱骗态方案的理论极限值;未响应集合对密钥生成的参与使方案性能免受发送端探测效率的影响,弥补了实际探测器探测效率低下的缺陷;由于不需要主动制备诱骗态,该方案实现非常简单,适用于高速量子密钥分配的场合. 关键词： 量子光学 量子密钥分配 被动诱骗态 密钥生成效率     

New protocols for non-orthogonal quantum key distribution

Combining the passive decoy-state idea with the active decoy-state idea, a non-orthogonal (SARG04) decoy-state protocol with one vacuum and two weak decoy states is introduced based on a heralded pair coherent state photon source for quantum key distribution. Two special cases of this protocol are deduced, i.e., a one-vacuum-and-one-weak-decoy-state protocol and a one-weak-decoy-state protocol. In these protocols, the sender prepares decoy states actively, which avoids the crude estimation of parameters in the SARG04 passive decoy-state method. With the passive decoy-state idea, the detection events on Bob’s side that are non-triggered on Alice’s side are not discarded, but used to estimate the fractions of single-photon and two-photon pulses, which offsets the limitation of the detector’s low efficiency and overcomes the shortcoming that the performance of the active decoy-state protocol critically depends on the efficiency of detector. The simulation results show that the combination of the active and passive decoy-state ideas increases the key generation rate. With a one-vacuum-and-two-weak-decoy-state protocol, one can achieve a key generation rate that is close to the theoretical limit of an infinite decoy-state protocol. The performance of the other two protocols is a little less than with the former, but the implementation is easier. Under the same condition of implementation, higher key rates can be obtained with our protocols than with existing methods.