反射式单级衍射光栅

介绍了单级衍射光栅的发展趋势, 从理论上论证了单级衍射光栅的可行性, 引入了一种新型衍射光学元件—-准正弦反射式单级衍射光栅(QSRG). 它能有效抑制高级衍射, 可用于提高光谱系统的信噪比和精度. 而通过QSRG的实验结果也验证了此新型色散元件确实具有良好的单级衍射特性, 二级及以上的高级衍射被有效地抑制, 与理论预测几乎一致. 本文的结果可望在反射式光谱测量系统中得到广泛应用.     

基于三层光栅结构的超宽带太赫兹吸收体

基于等效介质膜理论及多层减反膜原理设计了用于超宽带太赫兹吸收体的三层微结构光栅,光栅基质采用重掺硼硅材料.用有限时域差分法分析了光栅周期、光栅宽度和深度对太赫兹吸收体反射系数的影响.数值分析结果表明,在低于3THz波段,吸收率高于98%的带宽为1.3THz,吸收率高于95%的带宽达2.1THz.用严格耦合波理论对该三层光栅的高吸收现象进行理论分析,分析结果表明,光栅多级衍射的相互作用减少了入射面的反射率,增大了该吸收体的吸收率.进一步优化三层光栅微结构的参量,在0.6~6THz范围内实现了大于95%的太赫兹吸收.基于光栅结构的吸收体结构简单,易于设计与分析,可以应用于太赫兹成像与探测应用领域.     

梯形透过率光栅远场光强分布及光栅方程的解析推导

二值化梯形透过率光栅是一种具有离轴衍射级次的二维光栅,其各衍射点光强信息和位置信息的确定对该新型光栅的实际应用具有重要意义。然而,目前尚无相关解析理论对其进行合理的描述。为了解决上述问题,通过二维傅里叶变换方法获得了该光栅各个衍射级次光强分布的解析表达式,并根据二维光栅的结构特征给出了在透射式和反射式情况下该光栅满足的光栅方程。这为该新型光栅的光线追迹计算打下了理论基础。最后,将解析表达式计算结果与采用X-Lab软件标量衍射模块计算的数值模拟结果进行比较,验证解析理论的正确性。     

Design of an augmented reality display based on polarization grating

A new optical system for an augmented reality(AR) display is proposed in this paper.The optical system mainly includes a ray deflector, coupling input grating, optical waveguide, and coupling output grating.Both the ray deflector and the coupling input grating are designed based on the diffraction characteristics of the polarization grating, and the coupling output grating is the Bragg reflection grating.Compared with other AR schemes, this AR optical system not only reduces the number of projections from two to one, but also improves the efficiency of light coupling into the optical waveguides.The energy loss is reduced by utilizing the single-order diffraction characteristics of the polarization grating in its coupling input structure.The light deflector uses the polarization selectivity of the polarization grating and the characteristics of the rotating light of the twisted nematic liquid crystal layer to realize beam deflection.The working principle of the optical system is experimentally and theoretically demonstrated.     

A tunable XUV monochromatic light source based on the time preserving grating selection of high-order harmonic generation

We accomplish a laboratory facility for producing a femtosecond XUV coherent monochromatic radiation with a broad tunable spectral range of 20 eV-75 eV. It is based on spectral selected single-order harmonics from intense laser driven high harmonic generation in gas phase. The time preserving for the selected harmonic radiation is achieved by a Czerny-Turner type monochromator designed with a conical diffraction grating mount for minimizing the time broadening caused by grating diffraction and keeping a relatively high diffraction efficiency. Our measurement shows that the photon flux of the 23-order harmonic(H23) centered at 35.7 eV is 1×10~9 photons/s approximately with a resolving power E/?E ≈ 36.This source provides an ultrashort tunable monochromatic XUV beam for ultrafast studies of electronic and structural dynamics in a large variety of matters.     

大公差宽容度矩形孔准周期阵列实现对高阶衍射的有效抑制

传统光栅的基础研究和应用研究进展一直备受关注。然而,高阶衍射污染使传统光栅获得的光谱纯度受到严重影响。为了抑制高阶衍射贡献,人们提出了许多单级或准单级光栅的设计方案,但它们对高阶衍射的抑制效果不可避免地受到加工精度的限制。提出了一种准周期矩形孔阵列光栅,通过优化矩形孔的概率密度分布函数,获得了比以往设计更大的加工误差宽容度。对这种光栅的衍射特性进行了分析研究。理论计算表明,即使孔径相对误差超过20%,光栅也可以完全抑制二阶、三阶和四阶衍射,五阶衍射效率与一阶衍射效率之比小于0.01%,大大降低了对加工精度的要求。     

SiC/W/Ir multilayer-coated grating for enhanced efficiency in 50-100 nm wavelength range in Seya-Namioka mount

A broadband [SiC/W/Ir](2) multilayer coating was deposited onto a diffraction grating to enhance the grating efficiency in the 50-100 nm wavelength range in a Seya-Namioka mount. The holographic ion-beam etched grating had a laminar profile with 1200 lines/mm. The coating was designed by using the subquarterwave multilayer theory. The measurement results show that the efficiency in the -1st diffraction order is greater than 9.3% throughout the wavelength range of 50-100 nm, which is obviously higher than that of single-layer gratings with SiC, Ir, or Au coatings.     

Design of ultrabroadband internal reflection gratings with high efficiency

A high-efficiency, ultrabroadband dielectric internal reflection grating with rhombus-shaped grooves is designed by a rigorous coupled-wave analysis, and an effective method for predicting spectral bandwidths of gratings from their efficiency maps is presented. The grating can be fabricated from a single dielectric material, and its reflection diffraction efficiency of the -1st order can reach more than 0.99. More importantly, an ultrabroadband top-hat diffraction spectrum with efficiency exceeding 0.98 over 170 nm wavelength wide is achieved, which makes the gratings suitable for applications associated with broadband illumination, such as ultrashort pulses.     

局域体全息光栅衍射的平面波与柱面波的波前转换研究

利用一维耦合波理论研究了入射方向相互垂直的一束平面波与一束柱面波干涉形成光折变局域体全息光栅的波前转换情况。给出了透射波和衍射波振幅的解析表达式。讨论了该局域体全息光栅的几何尺寸以及全息透镜的焦距对光栅衍射效率的影响。结果表明,随着光栅横向尺寸的增加,光栅的衍射效率也逐渐增加。然而,光栅的衍射效率却随着光栅纵向尺寸的增加而减小。全息透镜的焦距越长,光栅的衍射效率也越大。此外,分析了光栅的布拉格选择特性,该光栅具有非常好的角度选择特性。在平面波与柱面波干涉形成全息透镜的设计中,为了获得最优的衍射效率,应当根据要求合理地选择记录所用柱面波和设计光栅的几何尺寸。     

Broadband Terahertz Polarization Converter and Asymmetric Transmission Based on Coupled Dielectric‐Metal Grating

Coupled dielectric‐metal gratings are investigated for broadband terahertz (THz) wave polarization conversion and asymmetric transmission by the experiments and numerical simulations, which are composed of the subwavelength Si grating and metallic wire grating layers. The dielectric grating layer with a large artificial birefringence and low dispersion is employed as a phase engineered waveplate, and the metal wire grating arranged with a 45° angle to the dielectric grating is utilized as a high‐efficiency polarizer. Due to the subwavelength integration, this coupled grating presents a local resonance coupling mechanism between dielectric and metal gratings, which greatly enhances the polarization rotation and expands the bandwidth, not a simple combination with dielectric and metallic gratings. The results demonstrate that a broadband asymmetric transmission with an extinction ratio of 30dB from 0.2 to 1.2 THz is achieved and the highest transmission of 90% can be obtained. It provides a simple way towards practical applications for THz artificial dispersion materials, polarization control and asymmetric transmission.     

13.4nm软X射线干涉光刻透射光栅的优化设计

基于严格的矢量耦合波方法,结合纳米级光栅实际制作工艺,定量分析了在13.4 nm软X射线(TE偏振)正入射条件下,光栅材料、厚度、占空比、梯形浮雕底角大小等因素对光栅一级衍射效率的影响.结果表明,在此波段处,Si3N4、Cr、Au浮雕的相位作用对光栅衍射起重要影响,其中非金属材料Si3N4比金属材料Cr、Au的相位作用更明显.最后优化得到了用Si(或Si3N4)做衬底的si3N4、Cr、Au光栅,分析结果显示,其一级衍射效率优于目前用于13.4 nm软X射线干涉光刻的Cr、Si3N4复合光栅.     

棱镜-光栅-棱镜分光模块整体化设计及衍射特性分析

PGP模块是超光谱成像仪中重要分光器件。为了能够在制作前有效预测PGP整个系统的衍射效率分布及其衍射特性,提出了PGP整体化设计方法。从体位相全息光栅设计角度出发,结合棱镜与光栅各项参数的制约关系,编制了计算PGP整体衍射效率的分析软件,综合考察了棱镜与光栅各项参数对PGP模块衍射特性的影响,讨论了光栅布拉格波长的漂移特性,据此设计了一种用于成像光谱仪的宽波段高衍射效率PGP分光模块。模拟结果表明：棱镜1材料的色散系数越小,PGP的光谱带宽越窄;光栅布拉格波长的漂移增大了PGP模块和光栅的光谱带宽,带宽增大使光栅的角度选择性随之增大,拓宽了棱镜1材料的选择要求;棱镜1顶角、光栅的胶层厚度和相对介电常数调制度等参数是影响PGP衍射效率分布的重要因素,制作时需要精确控制。利用此方法设计的PGP分光模块在400～1 000 nm波段范围内衍射效率不低于50%,并给出具体设计参数,这对PGP制作具有一定的参考价值。     

透射光栅衍射效率的通用模型

在远场条件下采用夫朗和费衍射近似,经过波动光学的计算推导,得到透射光栅各级绝对衍射效率及相对衍射效率通用计算模型. 此模型可以用来计算任意栅线截面情况下透射光栅的衍射效率. 利用此模型,分别建立了矩形、梯形和5边准梯形截面的衍射效率计算模型,并对模型正确性进行了验证. 关键词： 透射光栅 衍射效率 数值模拟     

High-efficiency broadband fiber-optic mechanical intermodal converter

We demonstrate a highly efficient, broadband fiber-optic intermodal converter. The technique relies on a long period grating mechanically induced in a two-mode fiber. A compact, portable apparatus was designed and fabricated, where period-variable metallic corrugation is implemented to form periodic micro-bends along the fiber. The coupling strength between the interacting fiber modes and the grating period can be tuned continuously and individually using two control knobs in the apparatus. Experimental results show that the complete coupling between the LP₀₁ and LP₁₁ modes is achieved, which is confirmed by an observed over-coupling while increasing the grating strength. For the short fiber length of <1.9 cm (33 grating periods), large band-rejection of −32.5 dB was obtained at resonance. The band rejection efficiency over 98.6% have been achieved in the entire communication C-band. As the grating strength increased, two over-couplings were observed at resonance, which indicates the high efficiency of the device. Experimental results are confirmed by our numerical simulations.     

Achromatic stellar interferometry

One drawback of Michelson's stellar interferometer is due to the fact that the period of the interference fringes is proportional to the wavelength. Hence, in broadband light the fringe contrast is low, or in narrowband light (after filtering) the luminosity is low. We propose a modified stellar interferometer with perfectly achromatic fringes, that has better light efficiency and better signal to noise under most circumstances. To that end, two pieces of grating have to fill the two apertures of Michelson's setup. Achromatic interference fringes occur somewhere along the system axis, where the plus-first diffraction order from one aperture meets the minus-first diffraction order from the other aperture. Laboratory experiments confirm the predicted achromatic performance.     

基于光谱合束技术的透射光栅模拟设计

半导体激光器光谱合束技术能够实现近衍射极限的高功率激光输出,已成为当前研究热点。衍射光栅的性能直接决定光谱合束的激光输出效果。模拟设计了一种针对940 nm波长、熔融石英材料的亚波长透射光栅。基于严格耦合波理论对光栅结构进行初步设计,运用Rsoft软件依次对光栅占空比、脊高和周期等参数进行优化确定,同时分析了各个参数对光栅衍射效率的影响。所设计的透射式光栅实现第-1级衍射级次的波分复用功能,衍射效率达到91.2%(TE模式),同时压缩其他衍射级次,使其衍射效率降到1.2%以下。同时在光栅入射角度59°±3°范围内保持90%以上的衍射效率,实现高功率激光输出的同时具有较高的误差容错率,易于调节,满足光谱合束技术的要求。     

Investigation of geometrical effects of antireflective subwavelength grating structures for optical device applications

We calculated diffraction efficiencies of subwavelength grating (SWG) structures for various optical device applications by using a rigorous coupled-wave analysis method. The geometrical effects, such as grating shape, height, and period, were investigated in order to obtain better antireflection performance. Cone shaped SWG structures with a taller height provide lower reflectance over a broadband wavelength range compared to that of flat surface and nanorod. It was found that the low reflection regions are quite related with the grating period and the refractive index of substrate materials. From the comparison between external and internal reflection of SWG structures, we also showed that the internal reflection requires shorter grating period than the case of external reflection to acquire broadband antireflection properties.     

灰度狭缝扫描制作多台阶光栅的工艺研究

采用灰度狭缝进行矢量化的直写,使平台沿着垂直狭缝的方向运动,获得了具有台阶结构的光栅槽型,编写了与DXF文件一致的接口直写控制程序。该方法对成像视场要求低,可以制作大面积光栅。以色分离光栅(CSG)为例,用标量衍射理论分析了CSG的衍射效率,讨论了工艺制作误差对衍射效率的影响,并给出了初步的实验结果。     

太赫兹偶数分束器设计与公差分析

本文运用二元光学矢量理论设计了一种硅基太赫兹偶数分束器, 实现高衍射效率、高均匀性、有效抑制零级的偶数分束, 突破传统标量方法设计局限性, 给出了分束器脊宽、槽宽、槽深、占空比、基底厚度等结构参数的最优设计值, 并进行了公差分析, 得到分束器各结构参数的加工允许偏差范围, 对器件的设计和制作具有指导意义.     

Digital volume gratings

An optical element constructed by stacking a set of binary-phase grating sheets can simulate the functions of optically recorded volume gratings. Our electromagnetic numerical study also shows that if one of the grating sheets is replaced by another one with different grating period, power spectrum of the diffracted wave changes completely with extra diffraction orders. This property will claim strong advantage in security document applications. Analysis of alignment error reveals interesting phenomena concerning to how misalignment affects diffraction efficiency.