吸附—光催化联用去除室内挥发性有机物*

多孔吸附剂吸附和纳米TiO₂光催化是目前室内挥发性有机物（VOCs）去除所采用的主要手段。但存在吸附剂容量有限、饱和失效、TiO₂光催化剂活性低、失活和负载困难等问题。多孔吸附剂与纳米TiO₂联用,通过TiO₂光催化作用可实现吸附剂的原位再生,增加吸附剂的吸附容量;通过多孔吸附剂的吸附作用可为TiO₂光催化提供高浓度污染环境,提高催化剂活性,抑制催化剂失活,消除水蒸气分子对TiO₂表面活性吸附位的竞争吸附,解决催化剂分离难题;从而实现对室内VOCs污染的高效深度净化。本文对近年来多孔吸附剂与纳米TiO₂光催化联用去除室内VOCs进行了综合评述。介绍了吸附—光催化联用去除室内VOCs的多孔吸附剂类型,吸附/光催化复合材料的制备方法及常用反应器,分析了吸附—光催化联用去除室内VOCs过程中水蒸气、催化剂失活对光催化的影响等问题。     

生物质炭的制备及其在吸附中的应用

农药、重金属、染料、药物、个人护理品等是水体中常见的污染物,其中一些化合物具有毒性高、难分解、残留期长的特点,易随食物链积累,可危害到人类健康.水中污染物的处理工艺有生物降解、化学氧化、膜过滤法、吸附和光催化降解等,其中吸附法操作简单、效率高、毒副产物少,是去除污染物广泛使用的方法.生物质炭具有高比表面积、高孔隙率以及多种官能团,对多种污染物具有良好吸附作用,在吸附污染物的研究中发挥着重要作用.详细介绍了生物质炭的制备方法、性质及其在污染物吸附中的应用.     

水热炭的制备及其吸附应用的研究进展

自然界中生物质资源丰富，但利用率很低，为了变废为宝，介绍了由生物质资源制备水热炭的方法。水热炭通常比表面积较大、孔隙度较高而表现出较好的吸附性，使其可以广泛地应用于吸附重金属离子和大气污染物。重点总结及讨论了对水热炭的4种化学改性方法，通过化学改性可提高其对重金属的吸附能力。     

富勒烯烟炱的吸附性及其在大气挥发性有机物分析中的应用

研究了富勒烯烟炱对挥发性有机物(VOCs)的吸附作用.17种VOCs气体在烟炱上的比保留体积V_g²⁰为17.4～2634L/g.富勒烯烟炱充填的吸附管对VOCs气体的吸附-热脱附回收率在40.8%～117%之间,大部分为(100±20)%.结果表明,富勒烯烟炱能够用于吸收和富集大气中痕量的VOCs     

气相色谱法测定室内空气中的挥发性有机物

对7家新装修居室内在装修过程中产生的挥发性有机化合物,通过气相色谱法并采用混合吸附剂(活性炭0.4 g HaySep D 0.6 g)吸附,用CH2Cl2做淋洗液进行了测定。     

自制炭阱吸附装置与气相色谱-质谱联用测定植物的挥发性有机物

设计组装了炭阱吸附装置,并与气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用测定了银杏叶和利马豆的挥发性有机物。采用炭阱吸附装置与固相微萃取(SPME)收集银杏叶的挥发性有机物,用GC-MS进行分析,结果表明采用炭阱吸附装置对银杏叶挥发性有机物的富集效果优于SPME方法。实验还采用内标法对利马豆的挥发性有机物进行了初步的定量,两次实验结果的重复性较好。由于炭阱吸附装置能够很好地收集植物的挥发性有机物,且可以进行多个样品的平行实验及植物挥发性有机物的定量研究,因此炭阱吸附装置与GC-MS联用更适合用于实验室中植物挥发性有机物的研究。     

活性炭纤维对挥发性有机物的吸附及其等温线的拟合

空气中挥发性有机化合物（VOC）严重危害人的身体健康,因而研究VOC的去除具有重要意义。本文研究了不同比表面积粘胶基活性炭纤维（ACF）对低浓度VOC,丁酮和苯的吸附,并用Freundilch方程和DR方程对吸附等温线进行了拟合。结果表明：当丁酮的浓度高于100ppm时,比表面积高的ACF吸附容量高;当浓度低于100ppm时,情形正好相反。在实验浓度范围,较高比表面积的活性炭纤维对苯的吸附表现出了较高的吸附容量。Freundlich方程和DR方程能很好地拟合吸附等温线。     

基于离子液体的炭材料制备、改性及应用

离子液体因其熔点低、液态温域宽、蒸气压低、热稳定性高、电导率高、电化学窗口宽、结构可设计及对许多化合物的亲和性等系列性能而引起人们广泛关注。离子液体在炭材料制备、改性领域展示出了良好的前景及巨大的应用潜力,可直接作为碳源,经过高温炭化实现杂原子掺杂制备多孔炭材料;离子液体也可充当反应介质和致孔剂,将生物质转化为多孔炭材料;此外,由于离子液体与炭材料相容性较好,可以用于多孔炭材料改性制备炭复合材料。基于离子液体的炭材料在电催化、超级电容器、吸附分离及生物医学等领域具有潜在的应用价值。本文总结了基于离子液体炭材料的制备、改性及应用最新研究进展,并着重介绍了其在能源和环境相关领域的应用。     

农林废弃生物质吸附材料在水污染治理中的应用

环境污染问题已经成为人类社会可持续发展的巨大挑战之一,化工、冶炼及核燃料循环过程等排放的废水中含大量重金属离子、有机物及放射性核素等,若未经处理即排放会给环境带来了极大的危害。吸附法的效率高、操作简单、低成本且无副产物、可循环利用及无二次污染等优点使其成为废水处理的重要方法之一。由于农林废弃生物质成本低、来源丰富、绿色环保且可再生,以其为原料制备的吸附材料被广泛研究。本文主要针对以农林废弃生物质为原料制备的生物炭、纤维素及木质素为研究对象, 综述了生物炭的制备及改性方法、天然纤维素及木质素的改性方法及其在水污染治理中的应用现状。从原材料、制备工艺、改性方法等方面总结分析了吸附材料的性能对水中污染物吸附的影响,提出了生物质基吸附材料在水污染治理应用中所存在的问题,并展望了未来的发展方向。     

香蒲基生物炭的活化及对VOCs吸附的应用

以香蒲为原料制备生物炭(Biochar), 并用不同试剂进行活化. 活化前的Biochar比表面积和孔体积很小, 分别为1.71 m²/g和0.00421 cm³/g, 而活化后的Biochar比表面积和孔容均增大, 其中经碳酸钠（Na₂CO₃）活化后的Biochar比表面积和孔容最大. 研究了Na₂CO₃与Biochar的质量比对其活化的影响, 确定了Na₂CO₃/Biochar最佳质量比为3∶1条件下, 得到的样品Biochar-Na₂CO₃-3具有最优的表面积和孔容, 分别为624 m²/g和0.211 cm³/g, 并具有优异的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)吸附性能, 其正己烷、 甲苯和92号汽油的静态吸附容量分别为1.03, 0.814和0.751 g/g, 正己烷和甲苯的动态吸附容量分别为1.00和0.796 g/g, 且吸附稳定性相对较高, 优于商业用活性炭(AC)和硅胶(SG).     

Combination of a Mid-infrared Hollow Waveguide Gas Sensor with a Supported Capillary Membrane Sampler for the Detection of Organic Compounds in Water

A Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy based gas sensor for continuous analysis of liquid phase samples has been developed, coupling a short hollow waveguide (HWG) gas cell with a supported capillary membrane sampler (SCMS) probe. Passing an inert carrier gas through the thin-walled tubular silicon membrane enables the permeation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in aqueous solution and facilitates their continuous and quantitative detection in the infrared hollow fiber by multiple internal reflection spectroscopy. The sensitivity of the sensor system has been determined at the ppb (μg/L) concentration level and the response time ranges from few minutes to 30 min, depending on the analyte and the permeation properties of the sampling membrane.

The experimental set-up consists of Bruker Vector 22 FT-IR spectrometer with an externally aligned 50 cm long silica HWG coupled to the SCMS, which is immersed into a glass flask filled with analyte solution and kept under constant stirring.

Aqueous solutions of benzene, toluene, xylene isomers and chloroform were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed confirming the feasibility of this sensor approach for environmental analysis.     

Engineered biochar modified with iron as a new adsorbent for treatment of water contaminated by selenium

The purpose of this study was to develop an efficient method of biochar modification for effective removal of Se(VI) ions from water. Commercially available biochar produced from wheat straw was impregnated by Fe(NO₃)₃ (0.8, 4 and 10% w/v) and pyrolyzed at 200 °C. Optimum pH, adsorption kinetics, and Se(VI) adsorption isotherms were determined for the studied biochars. The modification significantly increased biochar’s ability for Se(VI) adsorption. The biochar modified with 10% Fe(NO₃)₃ has the highest adsorption effectiveness. The experimentally determined maximum adsorption capacity for the biochar modified with 10% Fe(NO₃)₃ was 14.3 mg g⁻¹ for pH 5, which was the optimum pH value. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Photoacoustic Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) investigation confirmed the presence of iron oxides/hydroxides on the surface of the modified biochar. The modification also resulted in the formation of oxygen containing functional groups. The study proved that the proposed modification can be efficient in increasing the biochar effectiveness in removing Se(VI) from water.     

MOFs with Open Metal(III) Sites for the Environmental Capture of Polar Volatile Organic Compounds

Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) with open metal sites (OMS) interact strongly with a range of polar gases/vapors. However, under ambient conditions, their selective adsorption is generally impaired due to a high OMS affinity to water. This led previously to the privilege selection of hydrophobic MOFs for the selective capture/detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Herein, we show that this paradigm is challenged by metal(III) polycarboxylates MOFs, bearing a high concentration of OMS, as MIL-100(Fe), enabling the selective capture of polar VOCs even in the presence of water. With experimental and computational tools, including single-component gravimetric and dynamic mixture adsorption measurements, in situ infrared (IR) spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory calculations we reveal that this adsorption mechanism involves a direct coordination of the VOC on the OMS, associated with an interaction energy that exceeds that of water. Hence, MOFs with OMS are demonstrated to be of interest for air purification purposes.     

Ultrasensitive NOX Detection in Simulated Exhaled Air: Enhanced Sensing via Alumina Modification of In‐Situ Grown WO3 Nanoblocks

Seedless growth of vertically aligned nanostructures, which can induce smoother transport and minimize Ohmic contact between substrate and semiconductor, can be fabricated by in situ growth utilizing modified hydrothermal methods. Such devices can be useful in designing non‐invasive ultrasensitive hand‐held sensors for diagnostic identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled air, offering pain‐free and easier detection of long‐term diseases such as asthma. In the present work, WO₃ nanoblocks, with a high surface area and porosity, have been grown directly over transparent conducting oxide to minimize Ohmic resistance, facilitating smoother electron transfer and enhanced current response. Further modification with porous alumina (γ‐Al₂O₃), by electrodeposition, resulted in the selective and ultrasensitive detection of NO_X in simulated exhaled air. Crystal phase purity of as‐fabricated pristine as well modified samples is validated with X‐ray diffraction analysis. Morphological and microstructural analyses reveal the successful deposition of porous alumina over the surface of WO₃. Improved surface area and porosity is presented by porous alumina in the modified WO₃ device, suggesting more active sites for the gas molecules to get adsorbed and diffuse through the pores. Oxygen vacancies, which are detrimental in the transport phenomenon in the presented sensors, have been studied using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis. Gas sensing studies have been performed by fabricating chemiresistor devices based on bare WO₃ and Al₂O₃‐modified WO₃. The higher sensitivity for NO_X gas in case of γ‐Al₂O₃‐modified WO₃ based devices, as compared to bare WO₃‐based devices, is attributed to the better surface area and charge transport kinetics. The presented device strategy offers crucial understanding in the design and development of non‐invasive, hand‐held devices for NO gas present in the human breath, with potential application in medical diagnostics.     

吸附/一级热解吸/气相色谱联用测定室内空气中的挥发性有机物

本文以高聚物TenaxTA动态吸附,一级热解吸/毛细管气相色谱法联用测定室内空气中的挥发性有机物。优化了热解吸温度和热解吸时间,建立了苯、甲苯、乙酸正丁酯、乙苯、对二甲苯、苯乙烯、邻二甲苯、正十一烷等8种典型有机污染物的外标定量曲线,各化合物线性范围为103,相关系数R为0.9983～0.9999,最低检出浓度可达2×10-4mg/m3;考察了方法的重复性、热解吸率和残留率,并分析了实际空气样品。     

Novel adsorbent based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes bonding on the external surface of porous silica gel particulates for trapping volatile organic compounds

A novel adsorbent, 3-amino-propylsilica gel-multi-walled carbon nanotubes (APSG-MW), was prepared by chemical bonding multi-walled carbon nanotubes on silica gel. The surface area of APSG-MW was 98 m²/g, and the particle size was between 60 and 80 mesh with the average size of 215.0 μm. The adsorption capability of the new adsorbent to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was measured. The effect of water to the adsorbent and its stability during storage were also investigated. Duplicate precision (DP) and distributed volume pair (DVP) on the basis of the EPA TO-17 criteria were estimated. The results showed that the sampling precision of the adsorbent was more superior compared to the MWCNTs because of the better air permeability. The new adsorbent was successfully applied in the determination of VOCs in ambient indoor air.     

VOCs污染控制技术与吸附催化材料

简述了VOCs对环境和对人类健康的主要危害，介绍了常见的VOCs污染控制技术，包括回收技术和销毁技术，其中较详细地介绍了吸附法和催化燃烧法的特点及其进展，指出在吸附技术和催化技术里，吸附剂和催化剂扮演着重要角色，本文对这两类环境净化材料的进展和存在问题也作了相应的介绍。     

The challenge of achieving traditional exterior durability performance in low VOC architectural coatings

Over the years the optimization of water-borne emulsion polymers has resulted in water-borne coatings with excellent exterior durability and significantly reduced solvent emissions versus solvent-borne coatings. In recent years, pressure to further reduce emissions has necessitated the use of softer polymer compositions which can negatively impact gloss and tint retention, and dirt pick up resistance. The use of heterogeneous polymer morphologies are addressing these short comings; however care must still be taken not to affect paint durability. The development of low solvent emission thickeners and mildewcides has allowed further reduction in paint emissions.