Features of the turbulent flow around symmetric elongated bluff bodies

The flow fields around three elongated bluff bodies with the same chord-to-thickness ratios but distinct leading and trailing edge details were measured at a Reynolds number of 3×10⁴. These models each represent a case where: leading edge shedding dominates, trailing edge shedding dominates and a case where there is a balance between the two. The results show that the vortex street parameters vary between the models, and in particular, the shedding frequencies are significantly altered by the geometry. However, contrary to the current understanding for shorter bluff bodies, the scale of the recirculation region is found to be similar for each model, even though the shedding frequency changes within the range from 0.15 to 0.24. Also, the base pressure does not follow trends with shedding frequency expected from shorter bluff bodies. A force balance of the recirculation region shows that the near wake of each body is significantly affected by the Reynolds shear stress distribution and the resultant force due to the pressure field in the mean recirculation region. These differences infer that the distinct vortex formation characteristics depend on the state of the trailing edge shear layers. The boundary layers at the trailing edge have been quantified, as have the leading edge separation bubbles, and the marked differences in the wake details are shown to depend on the leading edge separation.     

壁面对串列双圆柱尾迹影响的实验研究

为研究壁面对近壁等直径串列双圆柱尾迹特性的影响,用PIV和压力传感器测量尾迹湍流的涡结构及频谱.实验在循环水槽内进行,基于圆柱直径D的雷诺数为1696,壁面边界层厚度为6.6D.影响尾迹流场结构的两个重要的特征参数是T/D和G/D(T为两圆柱中心间的距离,G为圆柱下表面与壁面间的距离),文中主要考察G/D的影响.实验中...     

Measurements of thermally-induced convection in a model porous medium

The velocity field generated by thermal convection in a model porous medium is experimentally determined by means of both PIV and LDA techniques. Details of matching refraction index under non isothermal conditions are given. Fields are measured in the empty parallelepipedic cell and in a model medium made of parallel circular bundles. Results are in good agreement. Moreover, by an averaging technique, we are able to measure seeping velocity profiles.     

稳定分层二层流室内实验早期格栅湍流结构

采用室内实验混合箱和粒子图像测速技术,本文研究了稳定分层无平均剪切二层流(上层淡水、下层盐水)振动湍流结构.对实验录像进行粒子图像测速技术处理,获得垂向二维流场(垂直于格栅平面)瞬时速度和涡量,并用于计算:①时均速度和时均涡量;②均方根速度;③均匀程度和各向同性程度;④平均流强度;⑤时均泰勒的欧拉积分长度尺度;⑥时均湍...     

Acoustic streaming measurements in standing wave resonator using Particle Image Velocimetry

This paper experimentally investigates the measurement of acoustic streaming in a 7 m long-standing wave air-filled acoustic resonator. One can describe the acoustic streaming as a second-order steady flow, which is superimposed on the dominant acoustic velocity. It is induced by the nonlinearities of the acoustic propagation inside the resonator. The exploration of the acoustic velocity field by the synchronized PIV (stands for Particle Image Velocimetry) technique enabled to highlight and quantify these secondary flows. The PIV measurements of the acoustic velocity fields at different phases over the excitation signal period gave information on streaming profiles and the post processing applied allowed plotting the acoustic velocity over time. These results were compared to the outcome of a 2D numerical study performed with the commercial software Fluent, where good agreements were found. It indicates the ability of this method to accurately measure second order steady flow variations of the acoustic velocity field.     

圆柱尾流雷诺应力与平均运动变形率的空间弛豫效应

针对圆柱尾流中沿流向存在的Karman涡街周期性涡旋结构,对湍流雷诺应力与平均运动变形率之间的空间弛豫效应进行了实验研究.在回流式水槽中,放入不同直径的圆柱模型,获得不同雷诺数下的圆柱尾流,利用二维高时间分辨率粒子图像测速(TRPIV)技术测量圆柱尾流二维瞬时速度空间分布图像的时间序列.经过数字图像处理,获得二维雷诺应...     

A study of the flow characteristics in micro-abrasive jets

An experimental study of particle velocities in micro-abrasive jets by using the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique is presented. It has been found that the particle jet flow has a nearly linear expansion downstream. The particle velocities increase with air pressure, and the increasing rate increases with nozzle diameter within the range considered. The instantaneous velocity profile of the particle flow field in terms of the particle velocity distribution along the axial and radial directions of the jets is discussed. For the axial profile in the jet centerline downstream, there exists an extended acceleration stage, a transition stage, and a deceleration stage. For the radial velocity profiles, a relatively flat shape is observed at a jet cross-section near the nozzle exit. Mathematical models for the particle velocities in the air jet are then developed. It is shown that the results from the models agree well with experimental data in both the variation trend and magnitude.     

Flow field decomposition applied to experimental data obtained for a transitional boundary layer

Using experimental data from Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements, coherent structures of a transitional spatially developing boundary layer are determined. The coherent structures are determined utilizing the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD), which is based on an expansion of the flow field variables into a set of eigenfunctions or modes. For having constant and reproducible flow field conditions, the flow is artificially excited by means of periodic velocity fluctuations. The used excitation device allows the generation of different transition scenarios, where this paper focuses on the case of thefundamental transition. Phase locked excitation signals allow the recording of instantaneous velocity fields of the flow field at certain instants of time. It can be shown that PIV is a suitable technique to provide experimental data for POD. The results of the POD show that already a small number of modes cover most of the kinetic energy of the flow.     

壁面湍流标度律的PIV实验研究

利用高分辨率、高帧率PIV系统对湍流边界层内的自相似标度律在不同的壁面距离的具体表达形式进行了实验研究。在动量损失雷诺数（Reθ=2167）下测量平板湍流边界层内的二维瞬时速度场。应用小波分析和传统统计学方法,在垂直于平板的平面内,对不同法向位置的自相似的标度律的具体形式及其随尺度的变化情况进行考察,并与已知的She-leveque（简称SL）标度律进行比较分析。结果表明,越接近壁面,结构函数的概率密度曲线尾部越宽,表现出逐渐增强的间歇性;并且随着壁面距离的减小,ESS标度律曲线与SL标度律曲线之间的差别也就越大,而新形式标度律曲线则与SL标度律曲线的差别逐渐减小。在提取的结构尺度一样时,结构函数的标度指数随法向位置的不同变化不大,但是随着提取结构尺度的增加,两种形式的标度律适用的尺度范围也在逐渐增大。     

Flow interference between a stationary cylinder and an elastically mounted cylinder arranged in proximity

The flow interference between two circular cylinders, one stationary and the other free to oscillate in the transverse direction, are studied numerically at Re=150. The incompressible Navier–Stokes equation in two space dimensions, an assumption that is expected to be valid at the considered Re, is solved by the characteristic-based-split (CBS) finite element method using the T4/C3 MINI triangular element. The center-to-center spacing between the two cylinders is fixed at 4D, where D is the cylinder diameter. The angle of incident flow, α, with respect to the line through the two cylinder centers, varies within the range from α=0° to 90°. For the elastically mounted cylinder, the reduced mass considered is M_r=2.0; the structural damping coefficient is assigned to be zero, which encourages high amplitude oscillations. For each α, the computations are conducted for a wide range of reduced velocities, U_r. The flow interference is examined by scrutinizing (i) the frequency characteristics of the vortex shedding and oscillation; (ii) the dynamic response of the oscillating cylinder, including the amplitude of displacement, the drag and lift force characteristics and the phase relationship between the lift and the displacement series; and (iii) the flow response in terms of the instantaneous vorticity field. It was found that the flow interference type is significantly affected by the angle of the incident flow. As the cylinder is oscillated outside of the region of the wake behind the stationary cylinder (α≥30°), it behaves similarly to its isolated counterpart. In contrast, if the cylinder is partially or entirely submerged within the upstream wake (α<30°), then both the flow and body responses are substantially modified due to the vigorous interaction between the upstream wake and the oscillating cylinder; the response therefore belongs to the wake-induced regime. The U_r range associated with the higher amplitude response is significantly shifted toward a higher U_r. The maximum vibration amplitude builds up to a significantly higher level, even increasing the U_r far beyond the resonance regime. In general, the wake flow associated with the wake-induced vibration (WIV) regime appears to be more unperiodic than does that corresponding to the vortex-induced oscillation regime. It is also revealed that both the vortex-cylinder and the shear layer-cylinder interaction mechanisms are responsible for the characteristics of the responses of oscillating cylinder. The larger momentum required for the higher oscillation amplitude is obtained from the duration of the energy transfer from the fluid to the cylinder, which is ascribed to the phase lag between the lift force and the cylinder displacement.     

等离子体诱导圆锥前体流场的PIV测量

在封闭光学玻璃箱体内,应用介质阻挡放电等离子体对20°顶角圆锥附近的静止大气进行了定常和脉冲循环控制,对等离子体诱导的圆锥截面绕流速度场进行了二维PIV测量,在定常控制和脉冲循环控制下,比较分析了最大绕流速度及最大轴向涡量,研究了脉冲频率和电压对上述参数的影响。实验结果表明:存在一个交流电压阈值(Vp-p≈14.0 kV),当电压高于这个阈值后,相对于定常控制模式,脉冲循环控制下沿90°方位角径向线上分布的时间平均切向速度和轴向涡量迅速增加;在脉冲循环控制控制下,动量传递主要表现为分离涡的形成而不是气流的加速。     

Measuring turbulence in a circulating fluidized bed using PIV techniques

This study utilized the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique, non-invasively near the wall, in the developing region, for the measurements of laminar and turbulent properties during circulation of Geldart B type particles in the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) riser. A novel method was used to measure axial and radial laminar and turbulent solids dispersion coefficients using autocorrelation technique.The instantaneous and hydrodynamic velocities for the solid phase were measured simultaneously in the axial and radial directions using a CCD camera, with the help of a colored rotating transparency. The measured properties, such as laminar and Reynolds stresses, laminar and turbulent granular temperatures, laminar and turbulent dispersion coefficients and energy spectra exhibited anisotropy. The mixing in the riser was on the level of clusters. The total granular temperatures were in reasonable agreement with the literature values. However, the axial and radial solids dispersion coefficients measured near the wall were slightly lower than the radially averaged values in the literature.