Interference effects of two and three super-tall buildings under wind action

Most previous investigations on interference effects of tall buildings under wind actions focused on the wind induced interference effects between two buildings,and the interference effects of three or more buildings have seldom been studied so far due to the huge workload involved in experiments and data processing.In this paper,mean and dynamic force/response interference effects and peak wind pressure interference effects of two and three tall buildings,especially the three-building configuration,are investigated through a series of wind tunnel tests on typical tall building models using high frequency force balance technique and wind pressure measurements.Furthermore,the present paper focuses on the effects of parameters,including breadth ratio and height ratio of the buildings and terrain category,on the interference factors and derives relevant regression results for the interference factors.     

高层建筑动态风干扰的瞬态风压积分法研究

提出通过在风洞试验中多通道测量刚性模型表面瞬态风压并进行积分的方法研究高层建筑的动态风干扰。模型表面的瞬态风压利用多通道同步压力测量而得到。为提高数值积分精度,测压孔位置按高斯求积节点布置。设计了表面布置有测压孔的受扰高层建筑刚性模型和三种不同高度的干扰建筑模型,研究了相同高度以及不同高度的两个高层建筑之间的顺风向和横风向动态风干扰。借助干扰因子讨论了近邻建筑的位置、距离以及楼高对受扰建筑基础动态倾覆力矩的影响规律,并与传统方法所得结果作了比较。     

高层双塔楼绕流风场效应的数值预测

在一高层双塔楼静力风载风洞试验的基础上,采用时均数值模拟的方法,对其绕流风场进行了模拟,获得了风场的绕流特点和塔楼表面风压的分布规律．通过风压的模拟计算值与试验值的比较,表明以数值方法预测气动干扰强烈的绕流风场是准确和可行的．     

Wind tunnel and full-scale study of wind effects on a super-tall building

This paper presents the analyzed results from a combined wind tunnel and full-scale study of the wind effects on a super-tall building with a height of 420 m in Hong Kong. In wind tunnel tests, mean and fluctuating forces and pressures on the building models for the cases of an isolated building and the building with the existing surrounding condition are measured by the high-frequency force balance technique and synchronous multi-pressure sensing system under two typical boundary layer wind flow fields. Global and local wind force coefficients and structural responses are presented and discussed. A detailed study is conducted to investigate the influences of incident wind direction, upstream terrain conditions and interferences from the surroundings on the wind loads and responses of the high-rise structure. On the other hand, full-scale measurements of the wind effects on the super-tall building have been performed under typhoon conditions. The field data, such as wind speed, wind direction, structural acceleration and displacement responses have been simultaneously and continuously recorded during the passage of 12 typhoons since 2008. Analysis of the field measured data is carried out to investigate the typhoon effects on the super-tall building. Finally, the model test results are compared with the full-scale measurements for verification of the wind tunnel test techniques. The comparative study shows that the wind tunnel testing can provide reasonable predictions of the structural resonant responses. The resonant displacement responses are comparable to the background displacement responses so that the contribution of the background responses to the total displacement responses should not be underestimated. The outcome of the combined wind tunnel and full-scale study is expected to be useful to engineers and researchers involved in the wind-resistant design of super-tall buildings.     

高层建筑标准模型风洞测压和测力试验研究

CAARC高层建筑标准模型是国际上通用的风工程标准模型之一,用来检验各个模拟自然风的风洞试验结果,以确保风洞试验测量数据的可信度。本研究使用缩尺比为1：300的CAARC模型,在同济大学TJ-2建筑风洞中进行了B类和D类地面粗糙度风场下的刚性测压试验和高频动态天平试验。在刚性测压试验中测量了建筑模型表面在不同风速和风向角下的平均风压系数,并与国外风洞机构的试验数据进行了对比分析。在高频动态天平试验中,不同风向角下的结构气动力系数和顶点位移被给出,并同样与国外风洞机构进行了对比。风洞试验结果表明：TJ-2风洞能较好地模拟大气边界层风场,且风场品质较好;试验技术可靠,所测得的试验数据具有较高的精度。     

??????????潨????绷?????????????

采用数值模拟方法,结合风洞模型试验对群体低层四坡屋面房屋周围的 风场及表面风压进行了计算和分析.数值模拟基于Reynolds时均方程和可实现 $k$-$\varepsilon$湍流模型,采用了具有良好拓扑性能的非结构四面体网 格,运用流体软件FLUENT实现流场的求解．在单体计算结果和风洞试验结果有较好吻合的前 提下,获得了有相邻建筑干扰的情况下,低层四坡屋面房屋的表面风压的变化规律,结论可 直接供工程设计参考．     

锥形涡诱导下建筑物顶面风荷载

通过风洞模拟实验,研究了在锥形涡诱导下建筑物顶面风荷载的特性. 针对一个立方体形模 型,给出了在不同风向角下压力分布的系统结果,进而分析了产生这样结果的原因和流动机 理,以及建筑物顶面的分离流动结构随风向角改变而改变及其演化过程,并指出锥形涡的出 现是建筑物顶面局部出现峰值负压的主要原因. 实验结果还显示,在一定风向角下,由于分 离流动产生的锥形涡结构在屋顶局部可以诱导出时均负压峰值达$-1.0$以上;在风向角 $\beta =30^\circ$时,锥形涡强度达到最大,其诱导的顶面附近局部时均负压峰值可 达$-2.4$, 瞬时风压达$-5.7$以上,是导致建筑物屋顶在强风下损坏的根本原因.     

不同体型建筑物尾流作用下的高层建筑的风荷载特性

采用高频底座力天平方法,研究了不同断面形状的施扰建筑对一典型断面受扰建筑的静力和动力干扰影响,分析了正方形断面施扰建筑和非正方形断面施扰建筑的干扰效应的差异和产生差异的干扰机理。结果表明:施扰建筑断面形状的改变对静力干扰的影响不显著,但对于动力响应方面则有非常明显的影响。由于位于上游的切角断面施扰建筑脱落的在其尾流中的漩涡频率要明显大于正方形断面施扰建筑的涡脱频率,使得其产生的最大包络动力干扰因子值(EIF)要显著高于断面为正方形施扰建筑的EIF值,最大可达4.41(顺风向)和3.69(横风向),相比断面为正方形的高出142%和82.7%。     

群集建筑中大跨裙摆屋盖风荷载特性的数值模拟研究

以苏州太平金融大厦为工程背景,针对其大跨裙摆屋盖的风荷载作用,首先采用RNG k-ε模型模拟分析了其平均风压分布规律,以及风向变化对屋盖表面风荷载体型系数的影响;其次,引入干扰因子IF,探讨了周边建筑对大跨裙摆屋盖风荷载的气动干扰作用。结果表明:0°风向下,走廊上方屋盖两侧区域出现“上吸下顶”的叠加作用;90°风向下屋盖北侧飘带末端区域受到狭道风效应出现正压集中现象;风向变化对大跨裙摆屋盖的风荷载体型系数分布影响较大;且周围建筑物对大跨裙摆屋盖的气动干扰效应明显,主要表现为风压“遮挡效应”,而局部区域表现为风压“放大效应”。     

沙岭子电厂冷却塔群风荷载的风洞研究

本文通过风洞实验研究了沙岭子电厂接近直线布置的四个双曲线型冷却塔在主导风向和最大风速风向角下的平均压力和脉动压力分布。研究结果表明:在较大风向角时,主要由于塔群间的邻近作用,使塔面最小平均风压系数绝对值有所增加,对塔面的脉动压力分布影响较小;在较小风向角时,主要由于上游塔的尾流影响,使下游塔塔面的平均压力分布变化较大,特别是脉动压力,与孤立塔相比可增大几倍。同时,塔群影响使得下游塔压力谱中能量分布相对集中,其峰值频率较孤立塔有成倍的提高。     

双曲面屋盖的平均风压特点

通过风洞模拟实验对双曲面形屋盖的平均风荷载特点进行了研究.文中给出了屋盖的平均风荷载随风向角改变的变化特点和规律,特别讨论产生这些特点的原因及其流动机理.结果表明,在所有风向角下,双曲面屋盖除了在位于下游的边缘的挑檐位置外,都是负压分布.局部负压最大值主要出现在迎风挑檐的边缘部分.虽然屋盖的局部负压峰值随风向角改变,位置和数值变化都很大,然而,作为屋盖整体,平均风压平均值随风向角的变化很小.有关结果为类似建筑项目的风荷载设计和相应规范的制定和修改提供了有用的信息和材料.     

风向角对超高层建筑横风向效应的影响

随着建筑高度的增加,结构自振周期延长,抗侧刚度相对变小,风荷载效应增大。本文以200m高的高层建筑为研究对象,基于风洞试验所得的横风向风压时程数据对其结构进行了计算。试验模型缩尺比为1／400。试验取风向角从0°到45°,每级风向角增量为5°,模拟了两种地面粗糙度。对试验数据进行了迎风面和背风面气动效应的分析。考虑结构第一模态振型发生的位移,由振型分解法按Duhamel积分获得了结构顶点位移和顶点加速度,探讨了结构响应最大值和标准差与风向角、结构自振基频、地面粗糙度等因素的关系。研究表明：风荷载效应与风向角有密切的联系,结构最大响应一般发生在0°。     

???н????????????Ч?????????

采用CFD数值模拟技术,对处于C类地貌风场中由3栋建筑形成的单列 建筑群进行静力风荷载和风场的数值模拟. 数值模拟采用良好适应性的非结构化四面体单元 进行网格划分,侧重模拟分析了各风向角下建筑间距的改变引起面平均风压系数的改变,由 此得到了此类群体建筑表面风压系数干扰因子在各风向角下随建筑间距变化的分布规律和特 征.     

Experimental analysis of a stochastic model for estimating wind-borne compact debris trajectory in turbulent winds

The impact of flying debris against building envelopes during high winds is a major source of structural damage. For example, damage produced by Hurricanes Katrina and Ike in the United States on the facades of tall buildings, located in urban areas, has been documented. It is therefore of relevance to analyze the vulnerability of tall buildings to debris-induced non-structural damage in the general context of performance-based wind engineering. In order to analyze the random trajectory of debris in highly turbulent winds, a numerical model combined with a probability-based algorithm was recently proposed by the authors (Moghim and Caracoglia, 2013). This model investigates the trajectory of “compact debris”, defined as point-mass objects of negligible mass moments of inertia and for which the aerodynamics is predominantly controlled by the drag force. The model replicates both the inherent randomness in debris properties and the effect of wind shear and atmospheric turbulence to estimate debris trajectory and the likelihood of impact against vertical building facades in a probabilistic setting.This paper describes the comparison between numerical model results and wind tunnel experiments. Tests were carried out in the Northeastern University׳s small scale wind tunnel in both smooth flow and grid-generated turbulent flow. The motion of spheres and cubes, simulating compact debris objects, was investigated in two dimensions (2D) on a vertical plane.The 2D motion of compact objects of various sizes was captured by a high-speed digital camera at different flow speeds. Experimental results showed to be consistent with numerical simulations. They also confirmed that not only mean flow speed but also turbulence features can have a non-negligible effect on the trajectory of compact objects.     

相邻高层建筑表面风压的数值模拟

采用数值模拟方法对一幢由主楼和配楼组成的复杂高层建筑的表面风压进行了模拟计算，考虑了相邻一幢高层建筑对风压分布的影响。计算得到的风压值还与风洞试验值作了比较。结果表明，数值模拟较好地反映了复杂高层建筑的周围流线和表面风压的分布情况；同时，由于相邻建筑物的存在，使得原有建筑的时均流线分布尤其是涡流的数目和尺度以及建筑表面的时均风压分布均发生了较明显的改变。     

同轴双方柱气动力载荷的相互干扰

本文研究了在大气边界层气流中同轴双方柱气动力载荷的相互干扰,讨论了这种干扰与风向角和间距比之间的关系.结果表明处于相邻方柱的干扰下,上游方柱的最大气动力载荷大于单体的载荷;而下游方柱则受到前柱明显的阻挡作用,不仅如此,当风向角为0°,小间距下的后柱,不但没有阻力,还会受到反向的摧力.还发现在串列情况下存在和双圆柱类似的临界间距,阻力和升力在临界间距附近有明显的突变.同时将本实验的结果和一些文献中的结果进行了比较.     

Simulation of the aerodynamics of buildings and structures by means of the closed vortex loop method

Problems of the numerical simulation of the air flow past buildings and structures are considered using the closed vortex loop method. A mathematical model, based on the vortex approach, of the time-dependent ideal incompressible fluid flow past a system of bodies is proposed. A numerical scheme for solving the problem and an algorithm for calculating the distributed wind loads over the body surface are outlined. An example of calculating the aerodynamic loads is given for a real building and the results are compared with the known results of testing a model of the building in a wind tunnel. An example of the calculation and analysis of the wind distribution over a system of several buildings is also presented.     

AN EXTENDED k-ε MODEL FOR NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WIND FLOW AROUND BUILDINGS

It is assumed in this paper that for a high Reynolds number nearly homogeneouswind flow, the Reynolds stresses are uniquely related to the mean velocity gradientsand the two independent turbulent scaling parameters k and E. By applying dimensionalanalysis and owing to the Cayley-Hamilton theorem for tensors, a new turbulenceenclosure model so-called the axtended k-ε model has been developed. The coefficientsof the model expression were detemined by the wind tunnel experimental data ofhomogeneous shear turbulent flow. The model was compared with the standard k-εmodel in in composition and the prediction of the Reynold’s normal Stresses. Using thenew model the numerical simulation of wind flow around a square cross-section tallbuilding was performed. The results show that the extended k-ε model improves theprediction of wind velocities around the building the building and wind pressures on the buildingenvelope.     

阻塞效应对高层建筑风洞试验的影响分析

风工程界对单体建筑风洞试验阻塞效应进行了大量研究并取得初步成果,有关群体建筑风洞试验阻塞效应的研究却鲜有报道.基于此,本文对具有较多周边建筑的某实际高层建筑进行了两种缩尺比的刚性模型测压试验.结果发现阻塞效应的不同使两组模型的风压数据出现显著差异.分析表明:对于具有较多周边建筑的风洞试验,较大阻塞比导致的阻塞效应可能引起试验数据严重失真,阻塞效应对模型侧面风压的影响较迎风面、背风面更为显著;现有的阻塞效应修正方法不具有普遍适用性,阻塞比这一整体性指标无法描述模型不同部位的阻塞效应.     

群体建筑风环境的数值模拟及分析

群体建筑的布局优化及结构抗风设计都需要准确预测建筑群的风环境．针对风环境研究的必要性, 将气体流场数值模拟(CFD)方法引入建筑群风场效应的预测和研究中,侧重模拟分析了建筑群的布局改变而引起的风速及风压场的变化,获得了特定情形下较合理的气动布局;同时表明数值模拟方法可以作为风洞试验的前期预测手段,并为群体建筑的布局优化及结构抗风设计提供科学依据．