钝头体超音速空间绕流计算

1 引言 钝头体超音速无粘绕流问题的数值求解,自50年代末至今,已出现了不少方法,其中一类属于非定常方法,另一类属于定常方法。在定常方法中又有有限差分法,积分关系法,直线法等等。所有这些方法对光滑物     

数值求解不可压粘性流体定常运动的格林函数方法

本文提出了一种数值求解不可压粘性流体定常运动的格林函数方法.在本文中利用Stokes方程的基本解作为格林函数将求解不可压粘性流体定常运动的边值问题化为求解速度场和边界应力的非线性积分方程组,在解出速度场和边界应力后可直接计算流场中各点的压力;用有限元近似将积分方程离散化而进行数值求解。对于小雷诺数流动,只归结为求解边界积分方程,使求解区域减少一个维度。对于非线性问题,可用迭代方法求解,在每次迭代中只须解出边界点上的速度或应力。通过几个简单的算例,表明本文所提出的方法具有精度高、处理边界条件简单、通用性强的优点,并具有求解各种复杂流动的潜力。     

粘性不可压缩流体定常流动的差分解法

本文研究了定常N-S型方程和压力泊松方程的耦合求解。提出了一种处理压力自洽边界条件的方法,结合文[7]中给出的自调差分格式,可以对一些较复杂的粘性不可压缩流进行数值求解。     

求解定常势流正命题的全时-空变分有限元法

非定常流动变分原理的建立使得用有限元法来求解多工况点的设计问题成为可能。本文在刘高联的非定常变分理论的基础上，对定常变分问题进行时间相关有限元求解。但由于可压缩非定常位势流动的控制方程是双曲型的，简单地把时间当作同空间一样的物理维来求解是不可行的。而现有的时-空有限元法极其复杂，增加了计算复杂度，使其很难用于工程设计中。为此，文[2、3]提出了求解一维非定常问题的新型时-空有限元法。本文把该方法推广到二维流动，用它求解二维弯管内的流动和翼型绕流问题。计算结果与用定常方法求得的结果几乎重合，说明该方法可以用于多维时间相关求解。     

二维定常不可压缩粘性流动N-S方程的数值流形方法

将流形方法应用于定常不可压缩粘性流动N-S方程的直接数值求解,建立基于Galerkin加权余量法的N-S方程数值流形格式,有限覆盖系统采用混合覆盖形式,即速度分量取1阶和压力取0阶多项式覆盖函数,非线性流形方程组采用直接线性化交替迭代方法和Nowton-Raphson迭代方法进行求解.将混合覆盖的四节点矩形流形单元用于阶梯流和方腔驱动流动的数值算例,以较少单元获得的数值解与经典数值解十分吻合.数值实验证明,流形方法是求解定常不可压缩粘性流动N-S方程有效的高精度数值方法.     

理想流体中定常自由涡环运动

本文研究理想均质不可压缩无界流体中的轴对称定常涡环运动。通过对柱坐标系下的定常Euler方程的高精度数值求解,给出了求涡核区有任意涡量分布情况下轴对称定常涡环解的方法,并就涡环的运动特性进行了讨论,其极限情况与已有的理论解完全一致。在此基础之上,还发展了一种柱坐标系下以傅氏级数为基函数作展开的高效谱方法,成功地解决了奇性(r=0)问题。     

简化Navier-Stokes方程组及无粘和粘性边界层联合求解

简化N-S方程组具有抛物-双曲方程组的特性,对定常情况可用向前推进的计算方法,要比数值求解椭圆型完全N-S方程组简单得多;求解简化N-S方程组能够同时算出无粘外部流和粘性边界层流,理论上要比先算无粘流、然后再算粘性边界层流的常规方法     

水动力学问题的弱可压缩模型求解方法研究

从弱可压缩水动力学方程出发，采用坐标变换的方法处理自由表面，建立了能够模拟有自由表面流动问题的定常、非定常的三维水动力学模型和对流扩散模型，模型采用浮湍流模型进行封闭，并对模型求解的数值方法进行了研究。     

亚网格尺度稳定化有限元求解不可压黏性流动

从亚网格尺度稳定化方法的基本原理出发, 提出了适合时间推进求解非定常Navier-Stokes方程获得定常解的SGS稳定化方法. 基于一定程度的近似和简化, 获得了与时间步长相关的稳定化参数, 从而排除了传统SGS稳定化方法在求解高Re数、小时间步长问题时所引发的数值不稳定性. 把SGS稳定化方法应用于求解不可压湍流, 结合标准k-\varepsilon湍流模型和壁面函数法估计湍流黏性系数, 详细讨论了壁面函数法的实施、湍流输运方程的求解和保证湍流变量非负性的限制策略, 发展了时间推进求解不可压湍流的分离式算法. 二维外掠后台阶层流和湍流计算结果表明,该方法求解不可压黏性流动是可行的, 并且具有稳定性好、计算精度高的特点.      

齐次扩容精细算法

钟万勰院士创立的线性定常系统的精细算法HPD具有非常重要的工程实用价值。对于非齐次线性定常系统,钟构造了在一个积分步长内将激励项线性化的处理方法LHPD,Lin^[3]等通过Fourier级数展开和寻找有解析形式的特解的方法,构造了HPD－F算法,这两种算法有一个共同点,即算法的实现需要求解系统矩阵及相关长阵的逆矩阵,数学上,也即隐含要求系统的矩阵及其相关矩阵非奇异,这样,就产生以下两个问题：1．当系统矩阵及其相关矩阵奇异时,如何设计这类动力响应问题的精细格式？2．算法的实现,需要设计高精度的矩阵求逆算法,而矩阵求逆的工作量是奶大的.本文借助齐次扩容技巧,设计了求解非齐次线性定常系统的一类新的精细算法－齐次扩容精细算法HHPD。该算法不涉及矩阵求逆运算,有效地解决 上述两个问题,并且具有设计合理,易于实现等特点,本文最后就几个典型算例,应用齐次扩容精细算法求解,与文献相比,数值结果更为理想。     

后台阶流动的数值模拟

访述了大涡模拟的基本思想，指出大涡模拟的效率主要取决于四个因素，即流动中须有大尺度涡存在、合理的计算格式、合适的滤波器和亚格子应力模型。在深入考虑粘性不可压缩流Navier—Stokes方程各个子项作用的基础上，提出二阶全展开Euler—Taylor—Galerkin有限元方法作为大涡模拟的离散格式，并采用Gauss滤波器，对典型算例——后台阶处的流动进行大涡模拟，计算结果与相关文献符合的很好。从计算结果还可以看出大涡模拟与二阶全展开ETG有限元方法的结合在捕捉涡系及反映涡动时变过程方面具有明显的优势，说明大涡模拟适合于边界几何形状复杂区域流动的模拟。同时应用二阶全展开ETG有限元方法对低雷诺数粘性不可压缩后台阶流动进行了计算，得到与相关文献符合良好的计算结果，即该方法也可独立用于对低雷诺数粘性不可压缩流动的计算。     

Development of an artificial compressibility methodology using flux vector splitting

An implicit, upwind arithmetic scheme that is efficient for the solution of laminar, steady, incompressible, two-dimensional flow fields in a generalised co-ordinate system is presented in this paper. The developed algorithm is based on the extended flux-vector-splitting (FVS) method for solving incompressible flow fields. As in the case of compressible flows, the FVS method consists of the decomposition of the convective fluxes into positive and negative parts that transmit information from the upstream and downstream flow field respectively. The extension of this method to the solution of incompressible flows is achieved by the method of artificial compressibility, whereby an artificial time derivative of the pressure is added to the continuity equation. In this way the incompressible equations take on a hyperbolic character with pseudopressure waves propagating with finite speed. In such problems the ‘information’ inside the field is transmitted along its characteristic curves. In this sense, we can use upwind schemes to represent the finite volume scheme of the problem's governing equations. For the representation of the problem variables at the cell faces, upwind schemes up to third order of accuracy are used, while for the development of a time-iterative procedure a first-order-accurate Euler backward-time difference scheme is used and a second-order central differencing for the shear stresses is presented. The discretized Navier–Stokes equations are solved by an implicit unfactored method using Newton iterations and Gauss–Siedel relaxation. To validate the derived arithmetical results against experimental data and other numerical solutions, various laminar flows with known behaviour from the literature are examined. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

无网格算法在多段翼型流动计算中的应用

研究了一种求解欧拉方程的无网格算法，发展出了一套布点及点云自动生成的方法；在点云离散的基础上，采用最小二乘法求解矛盾方程的方法来求取空间导数，进而获得数值通量；采用四步龙格-库塔方法进行时间推进，并引入当地时间步长和残值光顺等加速收敛措施。通过对NA-CA0012翼型的跨音速流动和多段翼型复杂绕流的数值模拟，验证了上述无网格算法的正确性和实用性。     

Numerical solution of the steady incompressible Navier—Stokes equations for the flow past a sphere by a multigrid defect correction technique

A nested non-linear multigrid algorithm is developed to solve the Navier–Stokes equations which describe the steady incompressible flow past a sphere. The vorticity–streamfunction formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations is chosen. The continuous operators are discretized by an upwind finite difference scheme. Several algorithms are tested as smoothing steps. The multigrid method itself provides only a first-order-accurate solution. To obtain at least second-order accuracy, a defect correction iteration is used as outer iteration. Results are reported for Re = 50, 100, 400 and 1000.     

A kinetic theory solution method for the Navier–Stokes equations

The kinetic-theory-based solution methods for the Euler equations proposed by Pullin and Reitz are here extended to provide new finite volume numerical methods for the solution of the unsteady Navier–Stokes equations. Two approaches have been taken. In the first, the equilibrium interface method (EIM), the forward- and backward-flowing molecular fluxes between two cells are assumed to come into kinetic equilibrium at the interface between the cells. Once the resulting equilibrium states at all cell interfaces are known, the evaluation of the Navier–Stokes fluxes is straightforward. In the second method, standard kinetic theory is used to evaluate the artificial dissipation terms which appear in Pullin's Euler solver. These terms are subtracted from the fluxes and the Navier–Stokes dissipative fluxes are added in. The new methods have been tested in a 1D steady flow to yield a solution for the interior structure of a shock wave and in a 2D unsteady boundary layer flow. The 1D solutions are shown to be remarkably accurate for cell sizes large compared to the length scale of the gradients in the flow and to converge to the exact solutions as the cell size is decreased. The steady-state solutions obtained with EIM agree with those of other methods, yet require a considerably reduced computational effort.     

Fourth‐order compact formulation of Navier–Stokes equations and driven cavity flow at high Reynolds numbers

A new fourth‐order compact formulation for the steady 2‐D incompressible Navier–Stokes equations is presented. The formulation is in the same form of the Navier–Stokes equations such that any numerical method that solve the Navier–Stokes equations can easily be applied to this fourth‐order compact formulation. In particular, in this work the formulation is solved with an efficient numerical method that requires the solution of tridiagonal systems using a fine grid mesh of 601 × 601. Using this formulation, the steady 2‐D incompressible flow in a driven cavity is solved up to Reynolds number with Re = 20 000 fourth‐order spatial accuracy. Detailed solutions are presented. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

FLUX DIFFERENCE SPLITTING FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL STEADY INCOMPRESSIBLE NAVIER–STOKES EQUATIONS IN CURVILINEAR CO-ORDINATES

A collocated discretization of the 3D steady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations based on a flux-difference-splitting formulation is presented. The discretization employs primitive variables of Cartesian velocity components and pressure. The splitting used here is a polynomial splitting introduced by Dick and Linden of Roe type. Second-order accuracy is obtained with the defect correction approach in which the state vector is inter-polated with van Leer's κ-scheme. The underlying solution technique to solve the discretized equations is a parallel multiblock multigrid method. Several 2D and 3D test problems such as driven cavity and channel flows are solved.     

Implementing a high‐order accurate implicit operator scheme for solving steady incompressible viscous flows using artificial compressibility method

This paper uses a fourth‐order compact finite‐difference scheme for solving steady incompressible flows. The high‐order compact method applied is an alternating direction implicit operator scheme, which has been used by Ekaterinaris for computing two‐dimensional compressible flows. Herein, this numerical scheme is efficiently implemented to solve the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in the primitive variables formulation using the artificial compressibility method. For space discretizing the convective fluxes, fourth‐order centered spatial accuracy of the implicit operators is efficiently obtained by performing compact space differentiation in which the method uses block‐tridiagonal matrix inversions. To stabilize the numerical solution, numerical dissipation terms and/or filters are used. In this study, the high‐order compact implicit operator scheme is also extended for computing three‐dimensional incompressible flows. The accuracy and efficiency of this high‐order compact method are demonstrated for different incompressible flow problems. A sensitivity study is also conducted to evaluate the effects of grid resolution and pseudocompressibility parameter on accuracy and convergence rate of the solution. The effects of filtering and numerical dissipation on the solution are also investigated. Test cases considered herein for validating the results are incompressible flows in a 2‐D backward facing step, a 2‐D cavity and a 3‐D cavity at different flow conditions. Results obtained for these cases are in good agreement with the available numerical and experimental results. The study shows that the scheme is robust, efficient and accurate for solving incompressible flow problems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multigrid solutions of the Euler and Navier–Stokes equations on unstructured grids

A computationally efficient multigrid algorithm for upwind edge‐based finite element schemes is developed for the solution of the two‐dimensional Euler and Navier–Stokes equations on unstructured triangular grids. The basic smoother is based upon a Galerkin approximation employing an edge‐based formulation with the explicit addition of an upwind‐type local extremum diminishing (LED) method. An explicit time stepping method is used to advance the solution towards the steady state. Fully unstructured grids are employed to increase the flexibility of the proposed algorithm. A full approximation storage (FAS) algorithm is used as the basic multigrid acceleration procedure. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF OPTIMAL CONTROL FOR THERMALLY CONVECTIVE FLOWS

We study the numerical solution of optimal control problems associated with two-dimensional viscous incompressible thermally convective flows. Although the techniques apply to more general settings, the presentation is confined to the objectives of minimizing the vorticity in the steady state case and tracking the velocity field in the non-stationary case with boundary temperature controls. In the steady state case we develop a systematic way to use the Lagrange multiplier rules to derive an optimality system of equations from which an optimal solution can be computed; finite element methods are used to find approximate solutions for the optimality system of equations. In the time-dependent case a piecewise-in-time optimal control approach is proposed and the fully discrete approximation algorithm for solving the piecewise optimal control problem is defined. Numerical results are presented for both the steady state and time-dependent optimal control problems. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.