Remarks on the Calculation of Eigenvalues and Generalized Eigenfunctions Using a Finite Dimensional Approximation for the Inscattering Part of the Boltzmann Collision Operator

From several points of view it is of advantage to know the properties of the collision operators in kinetic equations, e.g. in the well known Boltzmann equation, in particular for the purpose of solving eigenvalue problems. With regard to elastic, exciting and deexciting processes some attemps were recently made to investigate such operators in the Boltzmann equation describing the behaviour of electrons in weakly ionized plasmas. In the following we will prove that in the case of a finite dimensional inscattering operator the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenfunctions can be represented explicitly. Finite dimensional operators were used successfully in special models to approximate the inscattering operators; they possess the property of compactness and are well suitable for analytical or numerical calculations. The representation has been obtained by solving an adequate linear equation system. The generalized eigenfunctions correspond to the normal solutions used by Case in the neutron transport theory. The regularization of the singular integrals which are necessary to obtain this solution will be given in detail. Further a velocity dependence of the collision frequency which need not be monotonous in the considered case and the dependence on the direction could be included.     

Kinetic theory of dense fluids. II. The generalized Chapman-Enskog solution

In the second paper of this series we solve the kinetic equation proposed in the previous paper by a method following the spirit of Chapman and Enskog (generalized Chapman-Enskog method). The zeroth-order solution to the kinetic equation leads to the Euler equations in hydrodynamics for real fluids, and the first-order solution to the Navier-Stokes equations for real fluids. General formulas for transport coefficients such as viscosity and heat-conductivity coefficients are obtained for dense fluids, which are given in terms of time-correlation functions of fluxes conjugate to the thermodynamic forces. The results have the same formal structures as the time-correlation functions in linear response theory except for the collision operator appearing in place of the Liouville operator in the evolution operator for the system.     

Properties of the Collision Operators of the Electron Boltzmann Equation for a Weakly Ionized Plasma. II. Compactness Proof and Statements on the Spectrum

The compactness has been proved of the inscattering operator covering elastic, exciting and deexciting processes between electrons and heavy neutral particles. Starting point is the proof of the boundedness of the different inscattering operators for the individual collision processes using certain assumptions on the structure of the corresponding differential cross sections. Then, under somewhat more confined conditions the proff of compactness could be performed with the aid of the square integrability of an eightfold iterated kernel. On the basis of this property it was possible to draw conclusions with regard to the spectrum of the total collision operator. They are related to the continuous as well as the discrete part of the spectrum and are discussed in detail. For elastic collisions additional statements can be deduced from our investigation.     

On the theory of recursion operator

The general structure and properties of recursion operators for Hamiltonian systems with a finite number and with a continuum of degrees of freedom are considered. Weak and strong recursion operators are introduced. The conditions which determine weak and strong recursion operators are found.In the theory of nonlinear waves a method for the calculation of the recursion operator, which is based on the use of expansion into a power series over the fields and the momentum representation, is proposed. Within the framework of this method a recursion operator is easily calculated via the Hamiltonian of a given equation. It is shown that only the one-dimensional nonlinear evolution equations can posses a regular recursion operator. In particular, the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation has no regular recursion operator.     

Hard-sphere binary-collision operators

The time displacement operator is described for a system of hard-sphere particles. We show how to avoid needing a representation for this operator in unphysical regions of phase space, and how to construct a useful representation in terms of binary collision operators in the physical region. The various binary collision operators used for hard-sphere systems are derived for the case of a system of two spheres, and the results are generalized toN-particle systems.Dedicated to Prof. E. G. D. Cohen on the occasion of his 65th birthday.     

Poincaré's theorem and unitary transformations for classical and quantum systems

Poincaré's celebrated theorem on the nonexistence of analytical invariants of motion is extended to the case of a continuous spectrum to deal with large classical and quantum systems. It is shown that Poincaré's theorem applies to situations where there exist continuous sets of resonances. This condition is equivalent to the nonvanishing of the asymptotic collision operator as defined in modern kinetic theory. Typical examples are systems presenting relaxation processes or exhibiting unstable quantum levels. As the result of Poincaré's theorem, the unitary transformation, leading to a cyclic Hamiltonian in classical mechanics or to the diagonalization of the Hamiltonian operator in quantum mechanics, diverges. We obtain therefore a dynamical classification of large classical or quantum systems. This is of special interest for quantum systems as, historically, quantum mechanics has been formulated following closely the patterns of classical integrable systems. The well known results of Friedrichs concerning the coupling of discrete states with a continuum are recovered. However, the role of the collision operator suggests new ways of eliminating the divergence in the unitary transformation theory.     

Accurate models of collisions in glow discharge simulations

Very detailed, self-consistent kinetic glow discharge simulations are used to examine the effect of various models of collisional processes. The effects of allowing anisotropy in elastic electron collisions with neutral atoms instead of using the momentum transfer cross-section, the effects of using an isotropic distribution in inelastic electron-atom collisions, and the effects of including a Coulomb electron-electron collision operator are all described. It is shown that changes in any of the collisional models, especially the second and third described above, can make a profound difference in the simulation results. This confirms that many discharge simulations have great sensitivity to the physical and numerical approximations used. Our results reinforce the importance of using a kinetic theory approach with highly realistic models of various collisional processes     

非均匀等离子体湍流的重正化准线性理论——Misguich-Balescu理论的推广

本文把Misguich和Balescu建立的均匀等离子体湍流的重正化准线性理论推广到非均匀等离子体湍流。在弱耦合和弱非均匀性近似下,得到传播算符和平均湍性碰撞算符的明晰表达式。非均匀性除对算符中的扩散贡献、共振加宽或频移、Dupree衰减和平均分布函数在速度空间的陡度效应等作出一定的修正之外,还引出新的指数微分算符:在传播算符中是涨落电场关联函数非均匀性导致的新的速度微分算符,在平均湍性碰撞算符中是平均分布函数非均匀性导致的新的空间微分算符。平均分布函数非均匀性还使得在平均湍性碰撞算符中出现的两个互为逆运算的自由流传播算符不能抵消,从而使包含在(直接作用于平均分布函数的)传播算符中的非马尔可夫效应显露出来。 关键词：     

Multiparticle eigenvectors for relativistic position operators

In the first part of the paper, the so-called generalized position operators proposed by Fleming are investigated. Compact expressions for these operators are given (a so-called transversal angular momentum operator is introduced for this purpose), and the properties of their algebraic structure are discussed.The second part is devoted to multiparticle eigenvectors for two of the three kinds of the position operators. The obtained solutions permit one to separate property the global motion of a physical system from its internal motions. The obtained internal variables are relativistic counterparts of relative velocities. The considerations are carried out in the general framework of quantum field theory and are based on the reconstruction theorem of the axiomatic quantum field theory. This also allows us to use the results for interacting systems. The discussion of Lorentz covariance of the localized states is carried out.     

Symmetry of the nonlinear collision operator matrix and new prospects in the moment method for solving the Boltzmann equation

Traditionally, the moment method has been used in kinetic theory to calculate transport coefficients. Its application to the solution of more complicated problems runs into enormous difficulties associated with calculating the matrix elements of the collision operator. The corresponding formulas for large values of the indices are either lacking or are very cumbersome. In this paper relations between matrix elements are derived from very general principles, and these can be employed as simple recurrence relations for calculating all the nonlinear and linear anisotropic matrix elements from assigned linear isotropic matrix elements. Efficient programs which implement this algorithm are developed. The possibility of calculating the distribution function out to 8–10 thermal velocities is demonstrated. The results obtained open up prospects for solving many topical problems in kinetic theory. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 6–9 (September 1999)     

Causal signal transmission by quantum fields. III: Coherent response of fermions

Structural response properties of fermionic fields are investigated. In the presence of fermions the key technical concept becomes response combination, or R-normal product, of field operators. It generalises the notion of time-normal operator product to response problems. Time-normal products are a special case of R-normal products without inputs; this paper thus also generalises the concept of time-normal ordering to fermions. Explicit causality of R-normal products of arbitrary (bosonic and/or fermionic) field operators is proven, and explicit relations expressing them by conventional Green’s functions of quantum field theory are derived.     

Effect of Fourier transform on the streaming in quantum lattice gas algorithms

All our previous quantum lattice gas algorithms for nonlinear physics have approximated the kinetic energy operator by streaming sequences to neighboring lattice sites. Here, the kinetic energy can be treated to all orders by Fourier transforming the kinetic energy operator with interlaced Dirac-based unitary collision operators. Benchmarking against exact solutions for the 1D nonlinear Schrodinger equation shows an extended range of parameters (soliton speeds and amplitudes) over the Dirac-based near-lattice-site streaming quantum algorithm.     

Relations between matrix elements of the nonlinear Boltzmann collision integral in the axisymmetric case

The properties of the nonlinear Boltzmann collision integral for the axisymmetric velocity distribution are studied. Expansions in spherical Hermitian polynomials orthogonal to the Maxwellian weighting function are employed. It is shown that the nonlinear matrix elements of the collision operator are related to each other by simple relations, which are valid for arbitrary cross sections of particle interaction even if a preferential direction exists. The relations are derived from the invariance of the collision operator under the choice of basis functions or, more precisely, under both temperature and the mean velocity of the Maxwellian weighting function. The recurrent relations found allow one to calculate the matrix elements at large values of indices. This makes it possible to construct exact solutions to complicated kinetic problems.     

Basic Properties of Symplectic Dirac Operators

Symplectic Dirac operators, acting on symplectic spinor fields introduced by B.~Kostant in geometric quantization, are canonically defined in a similar way as the Dirac operator on Riemannian manifolds. These operators depend on a choice of a metaplectic structure as well as on a choice of a symplectic covariant derivative on the tangent bundle of the underlying manifold. This paper performs a complete study of these relations and shows further basic properties of the symplectic Dirac operators. Various examples are given for illustration. Received: 1 July 1996 / Accepted: 24 September 1996     

The physics of swarms and some basic questions of kinetic theory

This report provides an introduction to the physics of swarms to those interested in kinetic theory. After a brief historical sketch the principles of experiments and their phenomenological analysis are discussed. The relation of this analysis to kinetic theory and the potential of the experiments for studying the nature of hydrodynamic regime and the nonhydrodynamic effects is pointed out. Recent advances in the kinetic theory of swarms in free space are surveyed. They include results such as the generalised Einstein relations and others from the momentum transfer theory, which point to some interesting properties of the many averages that occur in kinetic theory and their relation to thermodynamics, as well as the more technical advances in analysing the structure of the collision operator and solutions of kinetic equations which have lead to very precise calculations of the transport coefficients. The use of theory and experiment in precise determination of cross-sections, potentials and reaction rates is illustrated. Observations showing the effects of finite enclosures are summarised and a theory of swarms in a finite enclosure is outlined. The implications of the subject for kinetic theory are discussed.     

Kinetics of dense matter: Correlations and memory

A link between correlation contributions to kinetic equations for dense quantum systems and the energy conservation is considered. In order that the energy be conserved by an approximate collision integral, the one-particle density matrix and the mean interaction energy are treated as independent state parameters. It is shown how the density operator method can be used to derive non-Markovian kinetic equations including the correlation effect associated with the energy conservation. A quantum generalization of the Enskog theory is discussed. The text was submitted by the author in English.     

Method of projection operators in the theory of irreversible processes

The Zwanzig-Nakajima projection-operator method is extended to the case of time-dependent nonlinear projection operators. A method employing these operators is proposed for constructing the non-Markovian kinetic equation for a single-particle, time-dependent distribution function. An important assumption is made in the derivation of the equation regarding the factorization of the initial nonequilibrium distribution of the multi-particle system. An approximate kinetic equation is obtained for a slightly nonequilibrium system which asymptotically approaches the equilibrium canonical distribution at a fixed temperature. The effects of the self-consistent Vlasov field and the non-Markovian Fokker-Planck collision operator with a microscopic parameter appear in this equation. This is the first derivation of such an equation.     

Projection-operator determination of kinetic equations for a system of many particles

The projection-operator method worked out in general form by Nakajima and Zwanzig is used to construct the kinetic equations describing real physical systems. The method is generalized to the case of time-dependent projection operators which perform a nonlinear projection in functional phase space. The projection-operator method is used to develop a common method for finding collision operators in a system of particles characterized by different correlation properties. In examples, this common method is used to find modified microscopic Fokker-Planck, Vlasov, Boltzmann, and Landau collision operators.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 9. pp. 68–74, September, 1970.     

The effect of diatom-diatom collisions on depolarized light scattering linewidths : I. General theory

With the use of an appropriately generalized Waldmann-Snider collision (super-) operator, a unified kinetic theory treatment of depolarized light scattering (both depolarized Rayleigh and rotational Raman) and their related linewidths is presented for gases of rigid rotor molecules. Explicit expressions are given, both exactly and within a distorted wave Born approximation, for the various state-to-state (i.e. rotational quantum number dependent) collision processes which can contribute to any observed linewidths due to diatom-diatom collisions. The results of this paper are employed in the calculation of the depolarized linewidths for the hydrogen isotopes in the following article.     

Kinetic theory of dense fluids

A kinetic theory of dense fluids is presented in this series of papers. The theory is based on a kinetic equation for subsystems which represents a subset of equations structurally invariant to the sizes of the subsystem that includes the Boltzmann equation as an element at the low density limit. There exists a H-function for the kinetic equation and the equilibrium solution is uniquely given by the canonical distribution functions for the subsystems comprising the entire system. The cluster expansion is discussed for the N-body collision operator appearing in the kinetic equation. The kinetic parts of transport coefficients are obtained by means of a moment method and their density expansions are formally obtained. The Chapman-Enskog method is discussed in the subsequent paper.