A density functional theory calculation of the electronic properties of several high-spin and low-spin iron(II) pyrazolylborate complexes

Density functional theory has been used to study the electronic spin-state properties of low-spin Fe[HB(pz)3]2, high-spin Fe[HB(3-Mepz)3]2, high-spin Fe[HB(3,5-Me 2pz)3]2, and high-spin Fe[HB(3,4,5-Me 3pz)3]2 complexes that exhibit very different iron(II) electronic spin-sate crossover behaviors with changing temperature and pressure. Excellent agreement is obtained between the experimentally observed M?ssbauer-effect quadrupole splittings and isomer shifts of these complexes and those calculated with the B3LYP functional and various different basis sets for both the high-spin and low-spin states of iron(II). The calculations for Fe[HB(pz)3]2 that use the LANL2DZ, 6-31++G(d,p), and 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets for iron all lead to very similar electric field gradients and thus quadrupole splittings. The initial calculations, which were based upon the known X-ray structures, were followed by structural optimization, an optimization that led to small increases in the Fe-N bond distances. Optimization led to at most trivial changes in the intraligand bond distances and angles. The importance of the 3-methyl-H...H-3-methyl nonbonded intramolecular interligand interactions in controlling the minimum Fe-N bond distances and determining the iron(II) spin state both in Fe[HB(3-Mepz)3]2 and in the related methyl-substituted complexes has been identified.     

High-spin and low-spin iron(II) complexes with facially-coordinated borohydride ligands

Rare examples of monometallic high-spin and low-spin L3Fe(H3BH) complexes have been characterized, where the two L3 ligands are [TpPh2] and [PhBP3] ([TpPh2] = [HB(3,5-Ph2pz)3]- and [PhBP3] = [PhB(CH2PPh2)3]-). The structures are reported wherein the borohydride ligand is facially coordinated to the iron center in each complex. Density functional methods have been employed to explain the bonding in these unusual iron(II) centers. Despite the differences in spin states, short Fe-B distances are observed in both complexes and there is significant theoretical evidence to support a substantial bonding interaction between the iron and boron nuclei. In light of this interaction, we suggest that these complexes can be described as (L3)Fe(eta4-H3BH) complexes.     

金属有机框架材料对[Fe（HB（pz）3）2] 自旋转换行为的影响

通过在介孔结构金属有机框架材料MIL^-101（Cr）和MIL^-100（Al）的孔洞中合成自旋交叉化合物[Fe（HB（pz）₃）₂] 的方法,可以得到SCO@MOF复合物。通过红外光谱（FTIR）、粉末X射线衍射（PXRD）、原子吸收光谱（AAS）以及气体吸附-脱附等进行了进一步测试。通过变温磁测量对复合材料的温度诱导自旋转换行为的研究表明,复合材料的自旋转换行为发生改变甚至是消失了。复合材料的这一现象可以解释为[Fe（HB（pz）3）2] 在MOF主体材料的孔洞中形成了一种新的结晶相,且孔壁压力将会阻碍[Fe（HB（pz）₃）₂] 从低自旋态向高自旋态转变。不同SCO@MOF复合物得到了相似的自旋转换行为结果。这确认了当自旋交叉化合物在金属有机框架材料孔洞中形成时,MOFs材料的限制压力或基体效应对其自旋转换行为的影响显然是至关重要的。     

金属有机框架材料对[Fe(HB(pz)3)2]自旋转换行为的影响

通过在介孔结构金属有机框架材料MIL-101（Cr）和MIL-100（Al）的孔洞中合成自旋交叉化合物[Fe（HB（pz）₃）₂]的方法,可以得到SCO@MOF复合物。通过红外光谱（FTIR）、粉末X射线衍射（PXRD）、原子吸收光谱（AAS）以及气体吸附-脱附等进行了进一步测试。通过变温磁测量对复合材料的温度诱导自旋转换行为的研究表明,复合材料的自旋转换行为发生改变甚至是消失了。复合材料的这一现象可以解释为[Fe（HB（pz）₃）₂]在MOF主体材料的孔洞中形成了一种新的结晶相,且孔壁压力将会阻碍[Fe（HB（pz）₃）₂]从低自旋态向高自旋态转变。不同SCO@MOF复合物得到了相似的自旋转换行为结果。这确认了当自旋交叉化合物在金属有机框架材料孔洞中形成时,MOFs材料的限制压力或基体效应对其自旋转换行为的影响显然是至关重要的。     

A high-pressure iron K-edge x-ray absorption spectral study of the spin-state crossover in (Fe[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))I(2) and (Fe[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))(BF(4))(2)

The room temperature iron K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectra of (Fe[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))I(2) and (Fe[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))(BF(4))(2) have been measured between ambient and 88 and 94 kbar, respectively, in an opposed diamond anvil cell. The iron(II) in (Fe[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))I(2)undergoes the expected gradual spin-state crossover from the high-spin state to the low-spin state with increasing pressure. In contrast, the iron(II) in (Fe[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))(BF(4))(2) remains high-spin between ambient and 78 kbar and is only transformed to the low-spin state at an applied pressure of between 78 and 94 kbar. No visible change is observed in the preedge peak in the spectra of (Fe[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))I(2) with increasing pressure, whereas the preedge peak in the spectra of ((e[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))(BF(4))(2) changes as expected for a high-spin to low-spin crossover with increasing pressure. The difference in the spin-state crossover behavior of these two complexes is likely related to the unusual behavior of (Fe[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))(BF(4))(2) upon cooling.     

A synthetic, structural, magnetic, and spectral study of several [Fe[tris(pyrazolyl)methane]2](BF4)2 complexes: observation of an unusual spin-state crossover

The complexes [Fe[HC(3,5-Me2pz)3]2](BF4)2 (1), [Fe[HC(pz)3]2](BF4)2 (2), and [Fe[PhC(pz)2(py)]2](BF4)2 (3) (pz = 1-pyrazolyl ring, py = pyridyl ring) have been synthesized by the reaction of the appropriate ligand with Fe(BF4)2.6H2O. Complex 1 is high-spin in the solid state and in solution at 298 K. In the solid phase, it undergoes a decrease in magnetic moment at lower temperatures, changing at ca. 206 K to a mixture of high-spin and low-spin forms, a spin-state mixture that does not change upon subsequent cooling to 5 K. Crystallographically, there is only one iron(II) site in the ambient-temperature solid-state structure, a structure that clearly shows the complex is high-spin. M?ssbauer spectral studies show conclusively that the magnetic moment change observed at lower temperatures arises from the complex changing from a high-spin state at higher temperatures to a 50:50 mixture of high-spin and low-spin states at lower temperatures. Complexes 2 and 3 are low-spin in the solid phase at room temperature. Complex 2 in the solid phase gradually changes over to the high-spin state upon heating above 295 K and is completely high-spin at ca. 470 K. In solution, variable-temperature 1H NMR spectra of 2 show both high-spin and low-spin forms are present, with the percentage of the paramagnetic form increasing as the temperature increases. Complex 3 is low-spin at all temperatures studied in both the solid phase and solution. An X-ray absorption spectral study has been undertaken to investigate the electronic spin states of [Fe[HC(3,5-Me2pz)3]2](BF4)2 and [Fe[HC(pz)3]2](BF4)2. Crystallographic information: 2 is monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 10.1891(2) A, b = 7.6223(2) A, c = 17.2411(4) A, beta = 100.7733(12) degrees, Z = 2; 3 is triclinic, P1, a = 12.4769(2) A, b = 12.7449(2) A, c = 13.0215(2) A, alpha = 83.0105(8) degrees, beta = 84.5554(7) degrees, gamma = 62.5797(2) degrees, Z = 2.     

Formation of third generation poly(pyrazolyl)borate ligands from alkyne coupling reactions of Fe[(p-IC6H4)B(3-Rpz)3]2 (R = H, Me; pz = pyrazolyl): pathways toward controlling an iron(II) electronic spin-state crossover

Sonogashira coupling reactions of terminal alkynes with Fe[(p-IC6H4)B(3-Mepz)3]2 (pz = pyrazolyl ring) yield Fe[(p-PhC2C6H4)B(3-Mepz)3]2 (2), Fe[(p-Me3SiC2C6H4)B(3-Rpz)3]2 (R = H, 3a, R = Me, 3b), and Fe[(p-HC2C6H4)B(3-Mepz)3]2 (R = H, 4a, R = Me, 4b), a series of new complexes containing "third generation" poly(pyrazolyl)borate ligands. Complex 2 undergoes a fairly gradual iron(II) electronic spin-state crossover with a 30 K hysteresis, whereas complex 3b is an unusual example of a complex with equivalent iron(II) sites in the high-spin form that shows an abrupt 50% spin crossover. For complex 4b, 50% of the iron(II) sites undergo a gradual spin-state transition between 185 and 350 K with an activation energy of 1590 +/- 30 cm(-1) and a T(1/2) = 280 K and, for the remaining iron(II) sites, an abrupt cooperative spin-state crossover between 106 and 114 K. The crystal structures of 4b obtained for each of the three distinct electronic spin states reveal two crystallographically different iron(II) sites, and analysis of the molecular/supramolecular structures indicates that the difference in the degree of pyrazolyl ring tilting in the ligands between the two sites, rather than the strength of the intermolecular forces, play a prominent role in determining the temperature of the spin-state crossover.     

A second-generation janus scorpionate ligand: controlling coordination modes in iron(II) complexes by steric modulation

The second-generation Janus scorpionate ligand [HB(mtda (Me)) 3] (-) (mtda (Me) = 2-mercapto-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazolyl) with conjoined ( N, N, N-) and ( S, S, S-) donor faces has been prepared. This second-generation Janus scorpionate ligand [HB(mtda (Me)) 3] (-) differs from the first-generation [HB(mtda) 3] (-) ligand by the replacement of hydrogens on the heterocyclic rings proximal to the nitrogenous face with methyl groups. This study probed whether steric interactions introduced by such methyl group substitution could modulate the reactivity and coordination preferences of these ambidentate ligands. The crystal structures of a sodium complex Na[HB(mtda (Me)) 3].3(MeOH), the potassium complexes K[HB(mtda) 3].MeOH, and K 2[HB(mtda (Me)) 3] 2.3MeOH, and several iron complexes were obtained. The difference between first- and second-generation Janus scorpionate ligands is most obvious from the discrepancy between the properties and structures of the two iron(II) compounds with the formula Fe[HB(mtda (R)) 3] 2.4DMF (R = H or Me). The complex with the first-generation ligand (R = H) is pink and diamagnetic. An X-ray structural study revealed two facially coordinated kappa (3)N-scorpionates with no bound solvent molecules. The average Fe-N bond distance of 1.97 A is indicative of the low-spin t 2g (6)e g* (0) electron configuration. In contrast, the iron(II) complex of the second-generation ligand (R = Me) is yellow and paramagnetic. This structure shows two trans-kappa (1)S-scorpionates and four equatorial-bound DMF where the average Fe-O and Fe-S distances of 2.12 and 2.51 A, respectively, are indicative of the high-spin t 2g (4)e g* (2) electron configuration. The discrepancy in binding modes and spin-states of iron(II) is carried over to the solvent-free Fe[HB(mtda (R)) 3] 2 (R = H, Me) complexes, as determined from Mossbauer spectral studies. The Mossbauer spectral parameters for Fe[HB(mtda) 3] 2 are fully consistent with low-spin iron(II) in a FeN 6 environment, whereas those for Fe[HB(mtda (Me)) 3] 2 are most consistent with high-spin iron(II) in a FeS 6 environment. Interestingly, when either complex is dissolved in highly polar solvents (DMF, DMSO, or H 2O), the ligand completely dissociates forming [Fe(solvent) 6][HB(mtda (R)) 3] 2 (R = H, Me).     

Ferromagnetic coupling between low- and high-spin iron(III) ions in the tetranuclear complex fac-[[FeIII[HB(pz)3](CN)2(mu-CN)]3FeIII(H2O)3]* 6H2O ([HB(pz)3]- = hydrotris(1-pyrazolyl)borate)

The novel mononuclear PPh4-fac-[FeIII[HB(pz)3](CN)3]*H2O (1) [PPh4+= tetraphenylphosphonium cation; (HB(pz)3)- = hydrotris(1-pyrazolyl)borate] and tetranuclear fac-[[FeIII[HB(pz)3](CN)2(mu-CN)]3FeIII(H2O)3]*6H2O (2) have been prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. Crystal data for compound 1: monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 9.575(3) A, b = 21.984(4) A, c = 16.863(3) A, beta = 100.34(2) degrees, U = 3486(1) A3, Z = 4. Crystal data for compound 2: orthorhombic, space group Pnam, a = 14.084(3) A, b = 14.799(4) A, c = 25.725(5) A, U = 5362(2) A3, Z = 4. Compound 1 is a low-spin iron(III) compound with three cyanide ligands in fac arrangement and a tridentate pyrazolylborate ligand building a distorted octahedral environment around the iron atom. Compound 2 is the first example of a molecular species containing three peripheral low-spin iron(III) ions linked to a central high-spin iron(III) cation by single cyanide bridges, the anion of 1 acting as a monodentate ligand in 2. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements of 2 reveal the occurrence of a significant ferromagnetic coupling between the three peripheral low-spin iron(III) centers and the central high-spin iron(III) ion cations leading to a low-lying nonet spin state.     

Mononuclear and binuclear sandwich copper(II) complexes with poly(pyrazolyl)borate ligands: syntheses, structures and properties

A series of Cu(II) complexes Cu(2)[micro-pz](2)[HB(pz)(3)](2) (1), Cu[H(2)B(pz)(2)](2) (2), Cu[HB(pz)(3)](2) (3), Cu[HB(pz(Me2))(3)](2) (4), Cu[B(pz)(4)](2) (5) (pz=pyrazole), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV-vis, X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and theoretical analysis. The IR spectra give the Cu-N vibration modes at 322, 366, 344, 387, and 380 cm(-1) in complexes 1-5, respectively. The UV spectra show all the complexes have same UV absorption at 232 nm; there is another band at 332 nm for complexes 1, 2 and 4, while for complexes 3 and 5, the bands are at 272 and 308 nm, respectively. Complex 1 has a binuclear structure in which two pyrazole ligands bridge two Cu-Tp units. In 2-5, the Cu(II) centers are coordinated with dihydrobis(pyrazolyl)borate (Bp), hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate (Tp), hydrotris(3,5-Me2pyrazolyl)borate (Tp'), tetrakis(pyrazolyl)borate (Tkp) respectively to form a mononuclear structure. The results of thermal analysis for complexes 1-5 are discussed too.     

Pyrazolyl methyls prescribe the electronic properties of iron(II) tetra(pyrazolyl)lutidine chloride complexes

A series of iron(II) chloride complexes of pentadentate ligands related to α,α,α',α'-tetra(pyrazolyl)-2,6-lutidine, pz(4)lut, has been prepared to evaluate whether pyrazolyl substitution has any systematic impact on the electronic properties of the complexes. For this purpose, the new tetrakis(3,4,5-trimethylpyrazolyl)lutidine ligand, pz**(4)lut, was prepared via a CoCl(2)-catalyzed rearrangement reaction. The equimolar combination of ligand and FeCl(2) in methanol gives the appropriate 1:1 complexes [FeCl(pz(R)(4)lut)]Cl that are each isolated in the solid state as a hygroscopic solvate. In solution, the iron(II) complexes have been fully characterized by several spectroscopic methods and cyclic voltammetry. In the solid state, the complexes have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, and, in some cases, by M?ssbauer spectroscopy. The M?ssbauer studies show that the complexes remain high spin to 4 K and exclude spin-state changes as the cause of the surprising solid-state thermochromic properties of the complexes. Non-intuitive results of spectroscopic and structural studies showed that methyl substitution at the 3- and 5- positions of the pyrazolyl rings reduces the ligand field strength through steric effects whereas methyl substitution at the 4-position of the pyrazolyl rings increases the ligand field strength through inductive effects.     

Synthesis, crystal structures, and magnetic properties of a new family of heterometallic cyanide-bridged Fe(III)2M(II)2 (M=Mn, Ni, and Co) square complexes

New heterobimetallic tetranuclear complexes of formula [Fe(III){B(pz)(4)}(CN)(2)(μ-CN)Mn(II)(bpy)(2)](2)(ClO(4))(2)·CH(3)CN (1), [Fe(III){HB(pz)(3)}(CN)(2)(μ-CN)Ni(II)(dmphen)(2)](2)(ClO(4))(2)·2CH(3)OH (2a), [Fe(III){B(pz)(4)}(CN)(2)(μ-CN)Ni(II)(dmphen)(2)](2)(ClO(4))(2)·2CH(3)OH (2b), [Fe(III){HB(pz)(3)}(CN)(2)(μ-CN)Co(II)(dmphen)(2)](2)(ClO(4))(2)·2CH(3)OH (3a), and [Fe(III){B(pz)(4)}(CN)(2)(μ-CN)Co(II)(dmphen)(2)](2)(ClO(4))(2)·2CH(3)OH (3b), [HB(pz)(3)(-) = hydrotris(1-pyrazolyl)borate, B(Pz)(4)(-) = tetrakis(1-pyrazolyl)borate, dmphen = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine] have been synthesized and structurally and magnetically characterized. Complexes 1-3b have been prepared by following a rational route based on the self-assembly of the tricyanometalate precursor fac-[Fe(III)(L)(CN)(3)](-) (L = tridentate anionic ligand) and cationic preformed complexes [M(II)(L')(2)(H(2)O)(2)](2+) (L' = bidentate α-diimine type ligand), this last species having four blocked coordination sites and two labile ones located in cis positions. The structures of 1-3b consist of cationic tetranuclear Fe(III)(2)M(II)(2) square complexes [M = Mn (1), Ni (2a and 2b), Co (3a and 3b)] where corners are defined by the metal ions and the edges by the Fe-CN-M units. The charge is balanced by free perchlorate anions. The [Fe(L)(CN)(3)](-) complex in 1-3b acts as a ligand through two cyanide groups toward two divalent metal complexes. The magnetic properties of 1-3b have been investigated in the temperature range 2-300 K. A moderately strong antiferromagnetic interaction between the low-spin Fe(III) (S = 1/2) and high-spin Mn(II) (S = 5/2) ions has been found for 1 leading to an S = 4 ground state (J(1) = -6.2 and J(2) = -2.7 cm(-1)), whereas a moderately strong ferromagnetic interaction between the low-spin Fe(III) (S = 1/2) and high-spin Ni(II) (S = 1) and Co(II) (S = 3/2) ions has been found for complexes 2a-3b with S = 3 (2a and 2b) and S = 4 (3a and 3b) ground spin states [J(1) = +21.4 cm(-1) and J(2) = +19.4 cm(-1) (2a); J(1) = +17.0 cm(-1) and J(2) = +12.5 cm(-1) (2b); J(1) = +5.4 cm(-1) and J(2) = +11.1 cm(-1) (3a); J(1) = +8.1 cm(-1) and J(2) = +11.0 cm(-1) (3b)] [the exchange Hamiltonian being of the type H? = -J(S?(i)·S?(j))]. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been used to substantiate the nature and magnitude of the exchange magnetic coupling observed in 1-3b and also to analyze the dependence of the exchange magnetic coupling on the structural parameters of the Fe-C-N-M skeleton.     

Solid-state (67)zn NMR spectroscopy in bioinorganic chemistry. Spectra of four- and six-coordinate zinc pyrazolylborate complexes obtained by management of proton relaxation rates with a paramagnetic dopant

Solid-state (67)Zn NMR spectra of model compounds for metalloproteins, such as [H(2)B(3,5-Me(2)pz)(2)](2)Zn (pz denotes pyrazolyl ring), have been obtained using low temperatures (10 K) to enhance the Boltzmann factor in combination with cross polarization (CP) from (1)H to (67)Zn. Attempts to observe spectra of other model compounds, such as [H(2)B(pz)(2)](2)Zn, were hindered by long relaxation times of the protons. To decrease the proton relaxation times, the high-spin six-coordinate complex [HB(3,4,5-Me(3)pz)(3)](2)Fe has been investigated as a dopant. NMR and EPR measurements have shown that this Fe(II) dopant effectively reduces the (1)H spin lattice relaxation time, T(1), of the zinc samples in the temperature range 5-10 K with minimal perturbations of the (1)H spin lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame, T(1)(rho). Using this methodology, we have determined the (67)Zn NMR parameters of four- and six-coordinate zinc(II) poly(pyrazolyl)borate complexes that are useful models for systems of biological importance. The (67)Zn NMR parameters are contrasted to the corresponding changes in the (113)Cd NMR parameters for the analogous compounds. Further, these investigations have demonstrated that a temperature-dependent phase transition occurs in the neighborhood of 185 K for [HB(3,5-Me(2)pz)(3)](2)Zn; the other poly(pyrazolyl)borate complexes we investigated did not show this temperature-dependent behavior. This conclusion is confirmed by a combination of room-temperature high-field (18.8 T) solid-state (67)Zn NMR spectroscopy and low-temperature X-ray methods. The utilization of paramagnetic dopants should enable low-temperature cross polarization experiments to be performed on a wide variety of nuclides that are important in bioinorganic chemistry, for example, (25)Mg, (43)Ca, and (67)Zn.     

Isomerism in rhodium(I) N,S-donor heteroscorpionates: ring substituent and ancillary ligand effects

The heteroscorpionate ligands [HB(taz)(2)(pz(R))](-) (pz(R) = pz, pz(Me2), pz(Ph)) and [HB(taz)(pz)(2)](-), synthesised from the appropriate potassium hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate salt and 4-ethyl-3-methyl-5-thioxo-1,2,4-triazole (Htaz), react with [{Rh(cod)(μ-Cl)}(2)] to give [Rh(cod)Tx] {Tx = HB(taz)(2)(pz), HB(taz)(2)(pz(Me2)), HB(taz)(2)(pz(Ph)), HB(taz)(pz)(2)}; the heteroscorpionate rhodaboratrane [Rh{B(taz)(2)(pz(Me2))}{HB(taz)(2)(pz(Me2))}] is the only isolable product from the reaction of [{Rh(nbd)(μ-Cl)}(2)] with K[HB(taz)(2)(pz(Me2))]. Carbonylation of the cod complexes gave a mixture of [Rh(CO)(2)Tx] and [(RhTx)(2)(μ-CO)(3)] which reacts with PR(3) to give [Rh(CO)(PR(3))Tx] (R = Cy, NMe(2), Ph, OPh). In the solid state the complexes are square planar with the particular structure dependent on the steric and/or electronic properties of the scorpionate and ancillary ligands. The complex [Rh(cod){HB(taz)(pz)(2)}] has the heteroscorpionate κ(2)[N(2)]-coordinated to rhodium with the B-H bond directed away from the rhodium square plane while [Rh(cod){HB(taz)(2)(pz(Me2))}] is κ(2)[SN]-coordinated, with the B-H bond directed towards the metal. The complexes [Rh(CO)(PPh(3)){HB(taz)(2)(pz)}] and [Rh(CO)(PPh(3)){HB(taz)(2)(pz(Me2))}] are also κ(2)[SN]-coordinated but with the pyrazolyl ring cis to PPh(3); in the former the B-H bond is directed towards rhodium while in the latter the ring is pseudo-parallel to the rhodium square plane, as also found for [Rh(CO)(2){HB(taz)(2)(pz(Me2))}]. The analogues [Rh(CO)(PR(3)){HB(taz)(2)(pz(Me2))}] (R = Cy, NMe(2)) have the phosphines trans to the pyrazolyl ring. Uniquely, [Rh(CO)(PPh(3)){HB(taz)(2)(pz(Ph))}] is κ(2)[S(2)]-coordinated. A qualitative mechanism is given for the rapid ring-exchange, and hence isomerisation, observed in solution.     

Simulating picosecond iron K-edge X-ray absorption spectra by ab initio methods to study photoinduced changes in the electronic structure of Fe(II) spin crossover complexes

Recent time-resolved X-ray absorption experiments probing the low-spin to high-spin photoconversion in Fe(II) complexes have monitored the complex interplay between electronic and structural degrees of freedom on an ultrafast time scale. In this study, we use transition potential (TP) and time-dependent (TD) DFT to simulate the picosecond time-resolved iron K-edge X-ray absorption spectrum of the spin crossover (SCO) complex, [Fe(tren(py)(3))](2+). This is achieved by simulating the X-ray absorption spectrum of [Fe(tren(py)(3))](2+) in its low-spin (LS), (1)A(1), ground state and its high-spin (HS), (5)T(2), excited state. These results are compared with the X-ray absorption spectrum of the high-spin analogue (HSA), [Fe(tren(6-Me-py)(3))](2+), which has a (5)T(2) ground state. We show that the TP-DFT methodology can simulate a 40 eV range of the iron K-edge XANES spectrum reproducing all of the major features observed in the static and transient spectra of the LS, HS, and HSA complexes. The pre-edge region of the K-edge spectrum, simulated by TD-DFT, is shown to be highly sensitive to metal-ligand bonding. Changes in the intensity of the pre-edge region are shown to be sensitive to both symmetry and π-backbonding by analysis of relative electric dipole and quadrupole contributions to the transition moments. We generate a spectroscopic map of the iron 3d orbitals from our TD-DFT results and determine ligand field splitting energies of 1.55 and 1.35 eV for the HS and HSA complexes, respectively. We investigate the use of different functionals finding that hybrid functionals (such as PBE0) produce the best results. Finally, we provide a detailed comparison of our results with theoretical methods that have been previously used to interpret Fe K-edge spectroscopy of equilibrium and time-resolved SCO complexes.     

X-ray absorption spectroscopic studies of high-spin nonheme (alkylperoxo)iron(III) intermediates

The reactions of iron(II) complexes [Fe(T(pt-Bu,i-Pr))(OH)] (1a, Tp(t-Bu,i-Pr) = hydrotris(3-tert-butyl-5-isopropyl-1-pyrazolyl)borate), [Fe(6-Me2BPMCN)(OTf)2] (1b, 6-Me2BPMCN = N,N'-bis((2-methylpyridin-6-yl)methyl)-N,N'-dimethyl-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane), and [Fe(L8Py2)(OTf)](OTf) (1c, L8Py2 = 1,5-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1,5-diazacyclooctane) with tert-BuOOH give rise to high-spin FeIII-OOR complexes. X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) of these high-spin species show characteristic features, distinct from those of low-spin Fe-OOR complexes (Rohde, J.-U.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 16750-16761). These include (1) an intense 1s --> 3d preedge feature, with an area around 20 units, (2) an edge energy, ranging from 7122 to 7126 eV, that is affected by the coordination environment, and (3) a 1.86-1.96 A Fe-OOR bond, compared to the 1.78 A Fe-OOR bond in low-spin complexes. These unique features likely arise from a flexible first coordination sphere in those complexes. The difference in Fe-OOR bond length may rationalize differences in reactivity between low-spin and high-spin FeIII-OOR species.     

Modular approach to tridentate N,O,N' ligands using pyrazolylborate chemistry

Two anionic tridentate N,O,N' chelators, [pz(Ph)B(mu-pz)(mu-O)B(Ph)pz](-) (3(-)) and [pz(Ph)(Ph)B(mu-pz)(mu-O)B(Ph)pz(Ph)](-) (4(-)), as well as the corresponding complexes [Fe(3)(py)Cl], [Fe(3)Cl(2)] and [Cu(3)Cl], have been synthesised and structurally characterised by X-ray crystallography (pz: pyrazolyl, pz(Ph): 3-phenylpyrazolyl, py: pyridine). Since our synthesis approach takes advantage of the highly modular pyrazolylborate chemistry, inexpensive and relatively resistant N,O,N' ligands of varying steric demand are readily accessible. The complexes [Fe(3)(py)Cl] and [Fe(3)Cl(2)] possess a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal configuration with the pyrazolyl rings occupying equatorial positions and the oxygen donor being located at an apical position. The complex [Cu(3)Cl] crystallises as chloro-bridged dimers featuring Cu(II) ions with ligand environments that are intermediate between a square-planar and a trigonal-bipyramidal geometry.     

Syntheses of Cationic, Six-Coordinate Cadmium(II) Complexes Containing Tris(pyrazolyl)methane Ligands. Influence of Charge on Cadmium-113 NMR Chemical Shifts

Treating a thf (thf = tetrahydrofuran) suspension of Cd(acac)(2) (acac = acetylacetonate) with 2 equiv of HBF(4).Et(2)O results in the immediate formation of [Cd(2)(thf)(5)](BF(4))(4) (1). Crystallization of this complex from thf/CH(2)Cl(2) yields [Cd(thf)(4)](BF(4))(2) (2), a complex characterized in the solid state by X-ray crystallography. Crystal data: monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 7.784(2) ?, b = 10.408(2) ?, c = 14.632(7) ?, beta = 94.64(3) degrees, V = 1181.5(6) ?(3), Z = 2, R = 0.0484. The geometry about the cadmium is octahedral with a square planar arrangement of the thf ligands and a fluorine from each (BF(4))(-) occupying the remaining two octahedral sites. Reactions of [Cd(2)(thf)(5)](BF(4))(4) with either HC(3,5-Me(2)pz)(3) or HC(3-Phpz)(3) yield the dicationic, homoleptic compounds {[HC(3,5-Me(2)pz)(3)](2)Cd}(BF(4))(2) (3) and {[HC(3-Phpz)(3)](2)Cd}(BF(4))(2) (4) (pz = 1-pyrazolyl). The solid state structure of 3 has been determined by X-ray crystallography. Crystal data: rhombohedral, R&thremacr;, a = 12.236(8) ?, c = 22.69(3) ?, V = 2924(4) ?(3), Z = 3, R = 0.0548. The cadmium is bonded to the six nitrogen donor atoms in a trigonally distorted octahedral arrangement. Four monocationic, mixed ligand tris(pyrazolyl)methane-tris(pyrazolyl)borate complexes {[HC(3,5-Me(2)pz)(3)][HB(3,5-Me(2)pz)(3)]Cd}(BF(4)) (5), {[HC(3,5-Me(2)pz)(3)][HB(3-Phpz)(3)]Cd}(BF(4)) (6), {[HC(3-Phpz)(3)][HB(3,5-Me(2)pz)(3)]Cd}(BF(4)) (7), and {[HC(3-Phpz)(3)][HB(3-Phpz)(3)]Cd}(BF(4)) (8) are prepared by appropriate conproportionation reactions of 3or 4 with equimolar amounts of the appropriate homoleptic neutral tris(pyrazolyl)borate complexes [HB(3,5-Me(2)pz)(3)](2)Cd or [HB(3-Phpz)(3)](2)Cd. Solution (113)Cd NMR studies on complexes 3-8 demonstrate that the chemical shifts of the new cationic, tris(pyrazolyl)methane complexes are very similar to the neutral tris(pyrazolyl)borate complexes that contain similar substitution of the pyrazolyl rings.     

Effect of powder dispersion on the1 A 1 ⇄5 T 2 spin transition in Fe(II) complexes with 4-amino-l,2,4-triazole

A series of Fe(II) complexes with 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole ground in an agate mortar for 10 min is studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy. Strong effects of powder dispersion both on the¹ A ₁ ?⁵ T ₂ spin transition and on the structure dynamic characteristics of the complexes are found. Thus at 295 K the high-spin form of Fe(II) appears in the samples or its fraction increases; the ionicity of Fe-N bonds and the extent of distortion of the octahedral environment of iron atoms for the low-spin phases of the complexes also increase. It is established that powder dispersion markedly affects the probability of the Mössbauer effect and the vibrational spectrum of the lattice of coordination compounds. For both the low- and high-spin phases of the complexes, it is reported that the vibrational spectrum is “softened.” The main reason for these effects is supposed to be defectiveness rather than the size of the particles due to mechanical activation of the powder.