Estimates of annoyance of sounds of different character

The character of a sound is defined as the weighted combination of all acoustic factors, not contained in $\text{L}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>A</mtext>}}$, contributing to its annoyance.From this definition it follows that differences in annoyance due to sounds with equal $\text{L}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>A</mtext>}}$ are differences in sound character. For the concept of sound character to have real significance it is necessary that listeners agree on the annoyance due to sounds with equal $\text{L}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>A</mtext>}}$.This paper describes a listening experiment with a variety of sounds of equal $\text{L}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>A</mtext>}}$. The annoyance due to the sounds was rated by twelve subjects. Their individual ratings show significant agreement. Moreover, their average rating correlates well (0·90) with the ratings obtained by Terhardt and Stoll in a similar experiment.     

Moment of inertia of superconductors

We find that the bulk moment of inertia per unit volume of a metal becoming superconducting increases by the amount $m_e/(\pi r_c)$, with $m_e$ the bare electron mass and $r_c=e^2/m_e{c}^2$ the classical electron radius. This is because superfluid electrons acquire an intrinsic moment of inertia $m_e{(2{\lambda }_L)}^2$, with ${\lambda }_L$ the London penetration depth. As a consequence, we predict that when a rotating long cylinder becomes superconducting its angular velocity does not change, contrary to the prediction of conventional BCS-London theory that it will rotate faster. We explain the dynamics of magnetic field generation when a rotating normal metal becomes superconducting.     

Asymptotics of Determinants of Bessel Operators

 For aL ^∞ (ℝ₊)∩L ¹ (ℝ₊) the truncated Bessel operator B _τ (a) is the integral operator acting on L ² [0,τ] with the kernel

Thermodynamic theory of the equation of state of materials

A universal derivation of the thermodynamic equations on the basis of a combined analysis of the exact relations for any material — the virial theorem, the shock adiabat, and the differential thermodynamic identity relating the thermic and caloric equations of state of matter — is given. This combination makes it possible to reduce the fundamental problem of thermodynamics to a boundary-value problem of mathematical physics. Analytic relations T _s=T(P _s,ρ _s and T _s=T(D,u) are obtained for classical systems. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 1–9 (October 1998)     

Statistics of photocounts of blinking fluorescence of quantum dots

The blinking of quantum dots under the action of laser radiation is described based on a model of a binary (two-state) renewal process with on (fluorescent) and off (non fluorescent) states. The T _on and T _off sojourn times in the on and off states are random and power-law distributed with exponents 0 < α < 1 and 0 < β < 1; the averages of the on and off times are infinite. As a consequence of this, the Gaussian statistics is inapplicable and the process is described using a more general statistics. An equation for the density of distribution p(t _on|t) of the total on time during the observation time t is derived that contains derivatives of fractional orders α and β. A solution to this equation is found in terms of fractional stable distributions. The Poisson transform of the density p(t _on|t) leads to the photon counting distribution and determines the fluorescence statistics. It is demonstrated that, if a blinking process with exponents α < β is implemented, then, at fairly long times, the on time will considerably prevail over the off time, i.e., blinking will be suppressed. This behavior is evidenced by the types of distributions of the total fluorescence time, the decay of relative fluctuations, and the Monte Carlo simulated trajectories of the process.     

Pb-Mg-Al合金腐蚀机理的电子理论研究

为了了解Pb-Mg-Al合金腐蚀的物理本质, 本文采用基于第一性原理的赝势平面波方法系统地计算了Pb-Mg-Al合金中各物相的结合能、费米能级和局域态密度等电子结构参数, 分析了合金的电化学腐蚀机理. 计算结果表明：Pb-Mg-Al合金中各主要组成物相稳定性大小关系为 Mg₁₇Al₁₂>Mg₂Pb>Mg;Mg,Mg₂Pb和Mg₁₇Al₁₂的费米能级存在E_f(Mg)>E_f(Mg₂Pb)>E_f(Mg₁₇Al₁₂)的关系, 说明Mg最容易失去电子, Mg₂Pb次之, Mg₁₇Al₁₂最难;局域态密度表明, 在同样的外界条件下, 体系中Mg相和Mg₂Pb相对于Mg₁₇Al₁₂均处于不稳定的状态, 容易失去电子, 即容易发生腐蚀. Pb-Mg-Al合金体系中不同物相的费米能级差构成了电化学腐蚀的电动势, 导致电子从费米能级高的Mg相和Mg₂Pb相流向费米能级低的Mg₁₇Al₁₂相, 使Pb-Mg-Al合金发生腐蚀.     

Relativistic calculations of the spectroscopic properties of low-lying states of ICI

Relativistic quantum calculations which include spin-orbit interactions and correlations were carried out for the low-lying states of ICl. Spectroscopic properties (R₃, ω_e, T_e) were calculated for these states. Based on the energies and wave functions both the absorption and emission spectra of ICl in the region below 45000 cm⁻¹ were interpreted. These calculations confirm the predissociation of the B0⁺ state and the existence of a second minimum (B′0⁺) in the 0⁺(II) state. Properties of the 0⁻(I)(³Π_0⁻) state which is yet to be observed were also predicted. The calculated properties for the 2(I)(³Π₂) state are in very good agreement with the properties obtained by the very recent characterization of the A′ state by optical three-photon resonance. The continuous and diffuse absorption spectra of ICl in the region below 45000 cm⁻¹ were interpreted and assigned to the appropriate electronic transitions.     

Verification of the laws of luminescence of solids for manganese complexes of benzyl-trimethylammonium and 2-chloropyridinium

A formula at low temperature for the function G($\text{1}\text{λ}$) = I_λλ⁶ has been derived in terms of configuration curve theory and checked on luminescence spectra near 77 K. The vibrational quantum in the excited state has been calculated from the decrease of G($\text{1}\text{λ}{}_{\mathrm{M}}$), where λ_M is the wavelength of the maxima of G at low temperature, as a function of temperature.     

Representations of the infinite direct product of universal coverings of isometry groups of the complex ball

In this paper we consider the group G?_M consisting of measurable functions on the set M with values in the group G? which is the universal covering of the group G of isometries of the n-dimensional complex ball. We construct a family of irreducible unitary representations of this group. The main elements of the construction are irreducible representations of the group G? obtained by interpolation from the representations of the discrete series of the group G.Suppose G? is a group, M a set with measure. Denote by G?_M the group of G?-valued functions on M. (The group G?_M does not necessarily contain all the functions). It is natural to consider the group G?_M as the direct product of ? copies of the group G?, where ? is the cardinality of the set M. In the case where the set M has no points of non-zero measure, it is natural to call G?_M the continuous tensor product of ? copies of G?. In the case where G? is the Heisenberg–Weyl group $\text{1}\text{a}\text{c}\text{0}\text{1}\text{b}\text{0}\text{0}\text{1}$ the group G?_M has been known since the end of the 1920, in view of the fact that the Lie algebra of this group is the Lie algebra of the Bose commutation relations.¹ The case where the group G? is semi-simple apparently first occurred in the theory ofcalibrated fields. A number of physical and mathematical papers (see [1], [2], [8]–[11]) are concerned with the groups G?_M and their linear representations. The present paper deals with the case where the group G? is the universal covering of the isometry group G of the complex ball (i.e. the domain in Cⁿ determined by the inequality ∑ z_kz?_k < 1). No conditions are imposed on the set M. By comparison with the papers [1], [2], [8]–[10], the explicit construction of the representations, copying the Fock representation, is new, as well as the proof of their irreducibility.The construction proposed below may be generalized to the case where G is the isometry group of any homogeneous domain Ω in Cⁿ, G? is the one-dimensional central extension of G. However, if Ω is a classical symmetrical domain (which is not a ball) and the set M contains no points of non-zero measure, it follows from [6] that the representation thus obtained is unitary in the indefinite sense. In the case where Ω = Cⁿ and G is the group of parallel translations G?—the Heisenberg-Weyl group, the proposed construction becomes the Fock construction of the representation of commutation relations. The other cases have not been studied yet. The main results of this paper have been (briefly) published in [4].     

Application of symmetry groups of four-dimensional space in spectroscopy of crystals

A method of classification of many-electron states that involves symmetry groups of four-dimensional space is developed. Taking into account the spatial and temporal symmetry, the selection rules for electric and magnetic dipole transitions are investigated. The reduction relations for the irreducible representations of the orthogonal group O ₄ and the group R ₄ of pure rotations of the four-dimensional space on the groups and O _h ⁴ and O ⁴ of the four-dimensional cube and of the octahedron on the three-dimensional groups O _h and D _6h of the cubic and hexagonal systems, respectively, are obtained. The four-dimensional classification of the levels of the spin-orbit interaction of rare earth ions for the intermediate reduction on the group of the four-dimensional cube is performed. With the help of the irreducible representations of the O ₄ group, the selection rules of magnetic and forbidden electric dipole transitions, as well as of intercombination transitions, are investigated.     

A class of solutions of Einstein-Maxwell equations

A metric defined by $\text{ds}{}^2\text{= [}\text{(p}{}^2\text{+ q}{}^2\text{)}\text{P}\text{] dp}{}^2\text{+ [}\text{P}\text{(p}{}^2\text{+ q}{}^2\text{)}\text{](dτ + q}{}^2\text{dσ)}{}^2\text{+ [}\text{(p}{}^2\text{+q}{}^2\text{)}\text{Q}\text{] dq}{}^2\text{? [}\text{Q}\text{(p}{}^2\text{+ q}{}^2\text{)}\text{](dτ ? p}{}^2\text{dσ)}{}^2$, with P = P(p), Q = Q(q), is studied; the first sections investigate its connections and curvature; the metric is of type D, with Einstein tensor of the electromagnetic algebraic type. Metrics with R = const are characterized by $\text{P}$ and $\text{Q}$ being polynomials of 4th order. In Section 5, by applying Rainich-Wheeler procedure, the electromagnetic field associated with the studied metric is constructed. Section 6 describes change-of-scale transformations of the derived solution of Einstein-Maxwell equations with λ; Sections 7 and 8 study geodesics and trajectories of charged test particles in the field of this solution; with H-J equation separable, the integration process reduces to quadratures. Section 9 gives a summary of basic results, Sections 10 and 11 investigate contractions of general solution with 6 continuous and 1 discrete parameter to the generalized NUT, anti-NUT and Bertotti-Robinson solutions. Section 12 specializes our general solution to the combined NUT and Kerr-Newman solution. Section 13 investigates a complex extension and the double Kerr-Schild form of our solution of Einstein-Maxwell equations with λ. Finally, Section 14 investigates the special-relativistic limit of the discussed solutions: a construction of a topology of flat space-time is proposed in such a manner, that in a sense it represents a “riemannian sheet” of the analytic structure of the electromagnetic field of the Kerr-Newman solution. Concluding remarks which indicate a further generalization of the present results, derived together with Demiañski, close this paper.     

Measurement of line widths of CO of planetary interest at low temperatures

Self-broadened, air-broadened and CO₂-broadened half-widths of lines R(0) through R(0) in the CO fundamental have been measured at 100°K (self-broadening only), 200°K, 250°K and 300°K using the Ladenburg-Reiche curve-of-growth. The relation $\text{γ}{}^{\mathrm{°}}{}_{\mathrm{m}}\text{(T)}\text{γ}{}^{\mathrm{°}}{}_{\mathrm{m}}\text{(300°K)}\text{=(}\text{300}\text{T}\text{)}{}^{0.75}$, which we found previously for the nitrogen-broadened half-widths of R(0), R(8) and R(16), is shown to be valid for all of the line widths measured in the present study.     

The kinetics of the photolysis of thin films of lead iodide

The kinetics of the photolysis of thin films of PbI₂ have been followed using a quartz crystal microbalance method. Rate as a function of temperature, light intensity and wavelength has been determined. The influence of grain size and gaseous ambient has also been investigated. Three ranges of kinetics were identified. Initial; associated with nucleation and surface chemical reactions. Intermediate; associated with photolysis without the intervention of optically absorbing product, gives $\text{(}\text{?θ}\text{?t}\text{)}{}_{\mathrm{T}}\text{,λ,I ∝ T}$. Terminal; attenuation due to lead particles, gives $\text{(}\text{?θ}\text{?t}\text{)}{}_{\mathrm{T}}\text{,λ,I ∝ t}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>?</mtext><mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$.Results show that iodine is generated at the solid/vacuum interface and lead is generated in the bulk. Photolysis is described by phenomenological equations involving bulk and surface recombination of hole/electron pairs plus photolysis. A mechanism is proposed in which the rate determining step is anion vacancy diffusion from the surface, the activation energy for photolysis and anion vacancy diffusion being the same.     

Analysis of 18 months of data of the GEOGRAV experiment

Summary We report on the analysis of 18 months of data of the GEOGRAV experiment: a room temperature gravitational-wave antenna equipped with various sensors of geophysical quantities (accelerometer, gravimeter and electrical antenna). We present results on the search for sidereal periodicities in the background of the gravitational-wave antenna as regards both hourly averages and large-amplitude pulses.

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Riassunto Si riferisce sull'analisi di 18 mesi di dati dell'esperimento GEOGRAV: un'antenna gravitazionale a temperatura ambiente equipaggiata con sensori di grandezze geofisiche (accelerometro, gravimetro ed antenna elettrica). Si presentano risultati sulla ricerca di periodicità siderali nel fondo dell'antenna gravitazionale, per quanto riguarda sia le medie orarie che gli impulsi di grande ampiezza.

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Резюме Мы анализируем данные, полученные в течение 18 месяцев в эксперименте ?GEOGRAV?: антенна гравитационных волн при комнатной температуре, снабженная различными датчиками геофизическин величин (акселерометр, гравиметр и электрическая антенна). Приводятся результаты по поиску сидерических периодичностей в фоне антенны гравитационных волн.

     

Estimation of the absorption coefficients of the surfaces of classrooms

Measurements of early-decay time and multivariable linear-regression techniques were used to estimate the 125-8000-Hz octave-band absorption coefficients of eight types of surfaces in university classrooms. The eight types were ‘hard surfaces’, ‘paneled surfaces’ (including hard seats and windows), ‘glued-on acoustical tiles’, ‘suspended acoustical ceilings’, ‘carpeted surfaces’, ‘upholstered seats’, ‘porous absorbers’ and ‘Helmholtz-resonator absorbers’. In general, resulting estimates were statistically significant, physically realistic and in good agreement with previous results. Values for suspended acoustical ceilings were significantly lower than published data.