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1.
S. L. R. Ellison 《Accreditation and quality assurance》1998,3(3):95-100
The possibility of using interlaboratory study repeatability and reproducibility estimates as the basis for measurement uncertainty
estimates is discussed. It is argued that collaborative trial reproducibility is an appropriate basis for estimating uncertainty
in routine testing provided certain conditions are met by the laboratory. The primary shortcomings relate to establishment
of traceability and consequent estimation of bias associated with the method, and quantitatively establishing the relevance
to the single laboratory. Approaches to resolving both difficulties are proposed, the former via full implementation of trueness
determination suggested in ISO 5725 : 1994 or by independent checks on individual accuracy and precision, the latter via a
reconciliation procedure. The paper also discusses other factors including sampling and sample pre-treatment, change in sample
matrix, and the influence of level of analyte.
Received: 28 October 1997 · Accepted: 17 November 1997 相似文献
2.
Jette Bjerre Hansen Christian Grøn Ulla Lund Bertil Magnusson Astrid Nordbotten Anke Oberender Michael H. Ramsey 《Accreditation and quality assurance》2007,12(7):377-381
A workshop on uncertainty in sampling was held in Hillerød, Denmark, on 12–13 April 2007 to launch a new handbook on sampling quality assurance and uncertainty estimation. The participants of the workshop were approximately 60 delegates from 15 European countries, representing institutions performing sampling, users of the data, research institutions, as well as accreditation bodies. Materials from the workshop, including examples, tools, and calculation aids for the work can be found at http://www.samplersguide.com. The Nordtest handbook Uncertainty from sampling will be made available on the Nordtest web site at http://www.nordicinnovation.net/nordtest.cfm under NT technical reports, report number NT tec 604. Until the final report is available on the Nordtest web site, an advance draft of the Nordtest handbook is available from http://www.samplersguide.com. 相似文献
3.
P Dehouck J Smeyers-Verbeke J Crommen R.D Marini G Decristoforo J De Beer C Stella O Estevenon E Roets 《Analytica chimica acta》2003,481(2):261-272
The correct interpretation of a measurement result requires knowledge about its uncertainty. Depending on the conditions under which the analyst is operating, different operational definitions of uncertainty have been proposed. They include: within-laboratory uncertainty, reproducibility uncertainty, bias-included uncertainty and absolute uncertainty. Here we consider the evaluation of the reproducibility uncertainty derived from the results obtained in an inter-laboratory experiment. Nine laboratories participated in an inter-laboratory study for the analysis of phenoxymethylpenicillin. The analyses consisted of a Karl-Fischer water determination, an acid-base titration to assay phenoxymethylpenicillin and a liquid chromatography (LC) method to determine 4-hydroxyphenoxymethylpenicillin and other impurities. The experimental set-up allowed to obtain for each determination sr2 and sL2 as estimates of the repeatability variance (σr2) and the between-laboratory variance (σL2), respectively. The reproducibility uncertainties for the different assays were then derived from these estimates. 相似文献
4.
Accreditation and Quality Assurance - Measurement uncertainty that arises from primary sampling can be expressed as an uncertainty factor, which recognises its sometimes approximately log-normal... 相似文献
5.
Jennifer A. Lyn Ilaria M. Palestra Michael H. Ramsey Andrew P. Damant Roger Wood 《Accreditation and quality assurance》2007,12(2):67-74
Existing methods have been applied to estimate the uncertainty of measurement, caused by both sampling and analysis, and fitness-for-purpose
of these measurements. A new approach has been taken to modify the measurement uncertainty by changing the contribution made
by the sampling process. A case study on nitrate in lettuce has been used to demonstrate the applicability of this new generic
approach. The sampling theory of Gy was used to predict the alterations in the sampling protocol required to achieve the necessary
change in sampling uncertainty. An experimental application of this altered sampling protocol demonstrated that the predicted
change in sampling uncertainty was achieved in practice. For the lettuce case study, this approach showed that composite samples
containing 40 heads, rather than the usual ten heads, produced measurements of nitrate that where more fit-for-purpose. 相似文献
6.
A realistic estimate of the uncertainty of a measurement result is essential for its reliable interpretation. Recent methods for such estimation include the contribution to uncertainty from the sampling process, but they only include the random and not the systematic effects. Sampling Proficiency Tests (SPTs) have been used previously to assess the performance of samplers, but the results can also be used to evaluate measurement uncertainty, including the systematic effects. A new SPT conducted on the determination of moisture in fresh butter is used to exemplify how SPT results can be used not only to score samplers but also to estimate uncertainty. The comparison between uncertainty evaluated within- and between-samplers is used to demonstrate that sampling bias is causing the estimates of expanded relative uncertainty to rise by over a factor of two (from 0.39% to 0.87%) in this case. General criteria are given for the experimental design and the sampling target that are required to apply this approach to measurements on any material. 相似文献
7.
The use of (certified) reference materials and quality control materials can form a suitable basis for evaluating measurement uncertainty of routine measurements. In particular when these materials are used for quality control purposes, it is not always evident how the quality control data can be used in the uncertainty budget of a routine measurement. Current guidance documents on the evaluation of measurement uncertainty and the use of reference materials treat this subject only in part, or in very generic terms. ISO/REMCO has established a new working group that will provide practical guidance and examples on how to use quality control data in the evaluation of measurement uncertainty. A short introduction to the subject is given.
相似文献
Adriaan M. H. van der VeenEmail: Phone: +31-15-2691733Fax: +31-15-2691670 |
8.
There is an increasing appreciation that the uncertainty in environmental measurements is vitally important for their reliable
interpretation. However, the adoption of methods to estimate this uncertainty has been limited by the extra cost of implementation.
One method that can be used to estimate the random components of uncertainty in the sampling and analytical processes requires
the collection of duplicate samples at 10% of the primary sampling locations and duplicating the analyses of these samples.
A new program has been written and applied to a modified experimental design to enable a 33% reduction in the cost of analysing
this 10% subset, whilst accommodating outlying values. This unbalanced robust analysis of variance (U-RANOVA) uses an unbalanced rather than the balanced experimental design usually employed. Simulation techniques have been used to validate the results of the program, by comparison
of the results between the proposed unbalanced and the established balanced designs. Comparisons are also made against the
seed parameters (mean and standard deviation) used to simulate the parent population, prior to the addition of a proportion
(up to 10%) of outlying values. Application to a large number of different simulated populations shows that U-RANOVA produces
results that are effectively indistinguishable from the results produced by the accepted balanced approach and are equally
close to the true (seed) parameters of the parent normal population. 相似文献
9.
B. Bergmans F. Idczak P. Maetz J. Nicolas S. Petitjean 《Accreditation and quality assurance》2008,13(11):639-644
Complex analytical procedures are often required to prove the non-compliance with a specific legislation. In the case of a
small overlap of the limit, integration of the method uncertainty in the decision-making process is essential. The decision
rule proposed in Wallonia, Belgium, for the non-compliance of waste incineration plants with the EU limit value for PCDD and
PCDF emissions is presented. The method uncertainty was estimated annually over 6 years from duplicate measurements using
two top-down approaches. Depending on the congener, the standard uncertainty varies from 30 to 85%, with a good correlation
between calculations. The analytical contribution was estimated using a bottom-up evaluation. The impact of the sampling step
was deduced from the whole estimation and represents more than 80% of the total uncertainty budget. No optimisation is foreseen
at this time because of practical field constraints. Based on the average fraction of each congener, the uncertainty associated
with the measurement result has been established and shows a high stability over the years. Using this value, a guard band
has been calculated and will be proposed to the regulatory body.
Presented at the Measurement Uncertainty Symposium, Berlin, Germany, April 2008. 相似文献
10.
Accreditation and Quality Assurance - In the penultimate paragraph of the original publication, a confidence interval of 93 mg/kg to 971 mg/kg was reported. These values should be... 相似文献
11.
The weighted least squares method to build an analysis function described in ISO 6143, Gas analysis—Comparison methods for determining and checking the composition of calibration gas mixtures, is modified to take into account the typically small number of instrumental readings that are obtained for each primary
standard gas mixture used in calibration. The theoretical basis for this modification is explained, and its superior performance
is illustrated in a simulation study built around a concrete example, using real data. The corresponding uncertainty assessment
is obtained by application of a Monte Carlo method consistent with the guidance in the Supplement 1 to the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, which avoids the need for two successive applications of the linearizing approximation of the conventional method for uncertainty
propagation. The three main steps that NIST currently uses to certify a reference gas mixture (homogeneity study, calibration,
and assignment of value and uncertainty assessment), are described and illustrated using data pertaining to an actual standard
reference material. 相似文献
12.
Effects of external electromagnetic fields on the conformational sampling of a short alanine peptide
Gleb Y. Solomentsev Niall J. English Damian A. Mooney 《Journal of computational chemistry》2012,33(9):917-923
Non‐equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of a solvated 21‐residue polyalanine (A21) peptide, featuring a high propensity for helix formation, have been performed at 300 K and 1 bar in the presence of external electromagnetic (e/m) fields in the microwave region (2.45 GHz) and an r.m.s. electric field intensity range of 0.01–0.05 V/Å. To investigate how the field presence affects transitions between the conformational states of a protein, we report 16 independent 40 ns‐trajectories of A21 starting from both extended and fully folded states. We observe folding‐behavior of the peptide consistent with prior simulation and experimental studies. The peptide displays a natural tendency to form stable elements of secondary structure which are stabilized by tertiary interactions with proximate regions of the peptide. Consistent with our earlier work, the presence of external e/m fields disrupts this behavior, involving a mechanism of localized dipolar alignment which serves to enhance intra‐protein perturbations in hydrogen bonds (English, et al., J. Chem. Phys. 2010 , 133, 091105), leading to more frequent transitions between shorter‐lifetime states. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
13.
M. H. Ramsey 《Accreditation and quality assurance》2002,7(7):274-280
Appropriate sampling, that includes the estimation of measurement uncertainty, is proposed in preference to representative
sampling without estimation of overall measurement quality. To fulfil this purpose the uncertainty estimate must include contribution
from all sources, including the primary sampling, sample preparation and chemical analysis. It must also include contributions
from systematic errors, such as sampling bias, rather than from random errors alone. Case studies are used to illustrate the
feasibility of this approach and to show its advantages for improved reliability of interpretation of the measurements. Measurements
with a high level of uncertainty (e.g. 50%) can be shown to be fit for some specified purposes using this approach. Once reliable
estimates of the uncertainty are available, then a probabilistic interpretation of results can be made. This allows financial
aspects to be considered in deciding upon what constitutes an acceptable level of uncertainty. In many practical situations
”representative” sampling is never fully achieved. This approach recognises this and instead, provides reliable estimates
of the uncertainty around the concentration values that imperfect appropriate sampling causes.
Received: 28 December 2001 Accepted: 25 April 2002 相似文献
14.
Liu Chonghua Ding Zhiyong Tian Yong Yi Lezhou Huang Ningshan 《Accreditation and quality assurance》2018,23(2):103-108
Accreditation and Quality Assurance - An uncertainty comparison method is proposed to assess the homogeneity of reference materials. The method compares “standard uncertainty associated with... 相似文献
15.
ISO principles of measurement uncertainty estimation are compared with protocols for method development and validation by collaborative trial and concomitant "top-down" estimation of uncertainty. It is shown that there is substantial commonality between the two procedures. In particular, both require a careful consideration and study of the main effects on the result. Most of the information required to evaluate measurement uncertainty is therefore gathered during the method development and validation process. However, the information is not generally published in sufficient detail at present; recommendations are accordingly made for future reporting of the data. 相似文献
16.
Emma L. Schymanski Heinz P. Singer Jaroslav Slobodnik Ildiko M. Ipolyi Peter Oswald Martin Krauss Tobias Schulze Peter Haglund Thomas Letzel Sylvia Grosse Nikolaos S. Thomaidis Anna Bletsou Christian Zwiener María Ibáñez Tania Portolés Ronald de Boer Malcolm J. Reid Matthias Onghena Uwe Kunkel Wolfgang Schulz Amélie Guillon Naïke Noyon Gaëla Leroy Philippe Bados Sara Bogialli Draženka Stipaničev Pawel Rostkowski Juliane Hollender 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2015,407(21):6237-6255
17.
Compliance with legal requirements: definition of limits, sampling and measurement uncertainty 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hermann Glaeser 《Accreditation and quality assurance》2002,7(10):388-391
In many cases compositional requirements for foodstuffs (e.g. limits for the fat, protein, dry matter, or water content) are
established by legislation. Adequate compliance testing is possible only if limits are clearly defined, taking measurement
and sampling uncertainty into consideration. Furthermore, decisions on compliance must be based on samples which reflect the
composition of the quantity to be evaluated. The resulting sample sizes are normally regarded by food inspection authorities
as being much larger than acceptable. Consequently, an alternative strategy should be developed. Autocontrol data (i.e. inspection
results obtained by the factory) in principle provide an adequate data basis for decisions on compliance. However, they must
be reliable and the food inspection authority must have access to these data on request. Using these data and on condition
that they show an approximate normal distribution, an inspection strategy based on arithmetic mean and standard deviation
can be developed. Reliable and transparent decisions on compliance can thus be made. In many cases an adequate verification
of food authenticity requires a comparison of raw material and product composition. Maximum acceptable differences, taking
the relevant sources of variation into consideration, have to be defined and should be used instead of limits.
Received: 17 April 2002 Accepted: 23 June 2002 相似文献
19.
Ilya Kuselman 《Accreditation and quality assurance》2008,13(2):63-68
The design of an experiment for the evaluation of sampling uncertainty in the framework of the fitness for purpose concept
is described in terms of probabilities (risks of the user) of type 1 and type 2 errors in decisions concerning the significance
of effects influencing the sampling uncertainty and the measurement results. As a case study, an experiment based on the duplicate
method for quantification of the sampling uncertainty and inhomogeneity (heterogeneity) of a melt of tin-free bronze produced
in a 10-ton reflective oven is analyzed. The melt is defined as the sampling target. It is shown that the number of such targets
(melts), the number of samples under analysis and the number of replicate analyses can be minimized, i.e., the size and cost
of the experiment can be reduced, if the user knows which risks are acceptable. When inhomogeneity of the sampling target
has a systematic character, like the decrease of the mass fraction of aluminum from the beginning to the end of the melt pouring
in the case study, the inhomogeneity effect can be separated from the sampling uncertainty and evaluated according to the
user’s needs. 相似文献
20.
Hibbert DB 《The Analyst》2006,131(12):1273-1278
The standard error of a result obtained from a straight line calibration is given by a well known ISO-endorsed expression. Its derivation and use are explained and the approach is extended for any function that is linear in the coefficients, with an example of a weighted quadratic calibration in ICPAES. When calculating the standard error of an estimate, if QC data is available it is recommended to use the repeatability of the instrumental response, rather than the standard error of the regression, in the equation. 相似文献