动态水热合成b轴取向MFI型分子筛膜

在旋转烘箱中采用动态水热法,在不锈钢片支撑体上合成了连续的b轴取向MFI型分子筛膜,并运用扫描电镜和X射线衍射考察了合成釜转速、晶化温度和晶化时间对所得分子筛膜性能的影响.与静态水热法相比,动态水热合成过程中合成液的温差和浓度差大大降低,且合成液持续冲刷支撑体表面,使得动态法具有合成时间短、取向性好和分子筛颗粒粒径分布均一的优点.     

取向晶种法制备沸石分子筛膜研究进展

近年来沸石分子筛膜因在分离、 催化、 传感和防腐等研究领域具有重要的应用价值而引起广泛关注. 其中, 具有优先取向微观结构的沸石分子筛膜由于能够显著降低客体分子在膜内的扩散路径并减少膜内的晶间界缺陷密度, 成为膜分离学科的研究重点. 本文以b-轴取向MFI沸石分子筛膜为主线, 综述了国内外制备取向沸石分子筛膜的最新研究进展; 详细介绍了取向晶种法制膜工艺, 侧重总结了MFI沸石纳米片合成、 b-轴取向沸石晶种单层制备以及二次生长调控等方面的研究成果; 在深入探讨各类取向沸石分子筛膜制备策略的基础上, 分析探讨了其中存在的关键问题与解决措施, 最后对取向沸石分子筛膜的发展方向进行了展望.     

Molecular sieving in a nanoporous b-oriented pure-silica-zeolite MFI monocrystal film

The molecular sieving property of a continuous b-oriented pure-silica-zeolite (PSZ) MFI monocrystal film was demonstrated in a zeolite-modified electrode (ZME) configuration using redox molecules of different sizes. Ru(NH3)63+ (diameter approximately 5.5 A) was able to traverse the film, while Co(phen)32+ (diameter approximately 13.0 A) was completely excluded. This film has excellent adhesion to the electrode and is stable in strong acidic conditions.     

TEM investigation of formation mechanism of monocrystal-thick b-oriented pure silica zeolite MFI film

The first direct transmission electron microscopic (TEM) observation has been carried out on the continuous monocrystal-thick b-oriented pure silica zeolite MFI films produced by in situ crystallization. The self-supporting film samples for TEM study were fabricated by dissolving the steel substrate with acid. This TEM study is free of those artifacts that are typically associated with TEM sample preparations, and allows us to investigate the "true" structure and texture of a very large area of the film and at the same time to focus at will on each individual zeolite crystal in the film. Abundant TEM information including crystallographic orientation relationships among crystals in the film (both out-of-plane and in-plane), grain boundaries, and each crystal grain was obtained. This TEM investigation provides direct unambiguous new evidence to support the homogeneous nucleation mechanism, by which the films form through homogeneous nucleation and crystal growth in the bulk to form equal-sized disk-shape crystals, followed by self-assembly of these crystals onto the substrate to produce a two-dimensional close-packed structure. The last stage of the film formation involves simultaneous space-limited growth and rotation of the individual crystals to realize the in-plane crystallographic control within the film.     

Assembly of oriented zeolite monolayers and thin films on polymeric surfaces via hydrogen bonding

The b-oriented monolayers of microsized silicalite-1 crystals have been manually assembled on glass plate supported poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), chitosan, and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) thin films via hydrogen bonding with much enhanced binding strength and satisfactory degrees of coverage and close packing. The exerted pressure and rubbing time in the manual assembly do not affect the binding strength of the silicalite-1 monolayer on the glass plate supported polymeric film. This manual assembly has been further applied to fabricate zeolite monolayers on commercially available Plexiglas surfaces and b-oriented multilayered films of silicalite-1 crystals on glass plates. The assembly method established in this study provides a feasible way to produce zeolite monolayers on polymer-modified solid substrates and Plexiglas and to fabricate zeolite-polymer composite membranes by means of the layer-by-layer technique.     

高度b取向Silicalite-1分子筛膜的制备

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源, 四丙基氢氧化铵(TPAOH)为模板剂, 通过调变合成silicalite-1分子筛溶胶组成及反应时间等合成参数, 用原位水热晶化法在玻璃基底上制备了表面平整、连续性好且高度b取向的silicalite-1分子筛膜. 研究了溶胶组成及基底表面粗糙度与分子筛膜中晶体取向的关系, 讨论了晶化条件对分子筛膜厚度及膜中微晶尺寸及分布的影响, 实现了silicalite-1 沸石分子筛在基底表面的高度取向生长和膜中晶体大小及膜层微结构的调控. 本文描述的制备方法简单且重复性好. 此外, 还利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等分析方法对样品进行了表征.     

Fabrication of b‐Oriented MFI Zeolite Films under Neutral Conditions without the Use of Hydrogen Fluoride

The fabrication of MFI zeolite films with particular b‐axis orientation is especially fascinating. Unlike the conventional alkaline or hydrofluoric acid (HF) assisted neutral synthesis route, here we develop a novel neutral synthesis solution system of TPABr/fumed silica/H₂O without the use of HF and successfully synthesize highly b‐oriented MFI zeolite films on glass‐plate substrates by secondary growth. The localized weak alkaline environment created by the dissolved Na₂O species from the substrate is identified as the key factor for the depolymerization of fumed silica and subsequently the in‐plane growth of zeolite seed layers. Continuous b‐oriented MFI films can also be synthesized on other substrates in the presence of a glass plate or a trace amount of NaOH, which making our neutral synthesis route promising for the direct synthesis of MFI zeolite films and membranes on various substrates.     

2D Zeolite Coatings: Langmuir–Schaefer Deposition of 3 nm Thick MFI Zeolite Nanosheets

Stable suspensions of zeolite nanosheets (3 nm thick MFI layers) were prepared in ethanol following acid treatment, which partially removed the associated organic structure‐directing agent. Nanosheets from these suspensions could then be dispersed at the air–water interface and transferred to silicon wafers using Langmuir–Schaefer deposition. Using layer‐by‐layer deposition, control on coating thickness was demonstrated. In‐plane X‐ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the deposited nanosheets contract upon calcination similar to bulk MFI crystals. Different methods for secondary growth resulted in preferentially oriented thin films of MFI, which had sub‐12‐nm thickness in certain cases. Upon calcination, there was no contraction detectable by in‐plane XRD, indicating well‐intergrown MFI films that are strongly attached to the substrate.     

Pure-silica-zeolite MEL low-k films from nanoparticle suspensions

Following our previous works on pure-silica-zeolite (PSZ) MFI, in this study we explore PSZ MEL as a new option for low-k dielectric films. Our motivation has been to increase the microporosity of the spin-on films by moving to structures with a framework density (FD) lower than MFI. Nanoparticle PSZ MEL suspensions were synthesized by a two-stage method that allowed the yield of nanocrystals to be significantly enhanced, while the zeolite nanocrystals remain small. For the first time zeolite nanocrystals of about 50 nm were synthesized with a yield as high as 57%. Nanoparticle suspensions with different particle sizes and crystallinities were spun on silicon wafers to prepare continuous thin films. An ultralow-k value as low as 1.5 was obtained with MEL nanoparticle suspension of high relative crystallinity. The surface roughness of the PSZ MEL film with high relative crystallinity is greatly improved (R(rms) approximately 5.6 nm) compared to MFI films with high relative crystallinity (R(rms) approximately 12 nm).     

Butane isomer transport properties of 6FDA–DAM and MFI–6FDA–DAM mixed matrix membranes

For the first time, we report the C4s’ transport properties: solubility, diffusivity, permeability in 6FDA–DAM polymer, one of most permeable glassy polymers with significant nC4 vs. iC4 selectivity. An nC4 permeability of 3.7 Barrer, and nC4/iC4 ideal selectivity of 21 was found in pure 6FDA–DAM polymer membrane. Mixed matrix films were successfully fabricated using a 6FDA–DAM as the matrix, with up to 35 wt% loading of MFI, modified by a two-step Grignard treatment (GT) that produced Mg(OH)₂ whiskers on the surface of the MFI particles. The permeability of nC4 more than doubled; however, the selectivity for the C4s remained the same. Permeation of mixed matrix films with impermeable GT-uncalcined-MFI agree with Maxwell modeling of films with an impermeable solid loading, thereby supporting the existence of a defect-free interface between MFI particles and the polymer matrix. This indicates that the MFI is too permeable to optimally match the properties of the 6FDA–DAM, which is one of the most permeable selective matrix polymers available. It appears unlikely that any currently known, adequately selective glassy polymer can match the high permeability of nC4 in MFI to enable development of promising composite membrane for the C4s separation based on MFI. Therefore a smaller pore size zeolite is required for a better match.     

Crack formation in α-alumina supported MFI zeolite membranes studied by in situ high temperature synchrotron powder diffraction

Cracks are frequently formed in α-alumina supported MFI membranes during calcination. To better understand crack formation, in situ powder diffraction data were collected during calcination of a type of MFI membrane (ca. 1800 nm thick) which is known to crack reproducibly. In addition, data for MFI powder and a blank support were also collected. Both a synchrotron radiation facility and an in-house instrument were used. The unit cell parameters were determined with the Rietveld method, and the strain in the direction perpendicular to the film surface was calculated for the film as well as for the support. The microstrain in the support was also estimated. Based on the results obtained here, a model for crack formation in this type of MFI membrane was proposed. The lack of cracks in other types of MFI membranes (ca. 500 nm) prepared in our laboratory is also explained by the model. In thicker MFI films, the crystals are well intergrown. During heating, the MFI crystals contract and the α-alumina support expands. Consequently, a thermal stress develops in the composite which eventually leads to formation of cracks in the film and structural defects in the support. In thinner films, the crystals are less well intergrown and the thermal expansion mismatch leads to opening of grain boundaries rather than cracks.     

Texture of MFI films grown from seeds

This review describes how the texture of MFI films grown from seed crystal is developed during film preparation. Reports published during the last 5 years are in focus. Relative growth rates in various crystallographic directions, competitive growth, properties of the seed layer, defects, grain boundaries and other parameters influencing the film properties are discussed. Mathematical models describing competitive growth are also discussed. Suitable characterization methods for defects are described. The last part of the review is devoted to diffusion. Diffusion models accounting for texture in MFI films and the influence of texture on diffussion are discussed.     

MFI zeolite membranes from a- and randomly oriented monolayers

c-Oriented columnar MFI films made by secondary growth of randomly oriented seed monolayers, deposited using sonication-assisted covalent attachment, exhibit n-hexane/2,2-dimethylbutane separation factor of up to 10⁴, n-/i-butane separation factor of up to 50, and p-/o-xylene separation factor of up to 2. A MFI film from a-oriented seed layer shows lower separation factors for the linear vs. branched isomers but higher separation factor for p-/o-xylene.     

Single‐Mode Microwave Heating‐Induced Concurrent Out‐of‐Plane Twin Growth Suppression and In‐Plane Epitaxial Growth Promotion of b‐Oriented MFI Film under Mild Reaction Conditions

In this study, single‐mode microwave heating was applied in epitaxial growth of b‐oriented MFI seed monolayer prepared by facile manual assembly, resulting in the formation of well‐intergrown and highly b‐oriented MFI film with few twins. It exhibited a precise molecular sieving property at a reaction temperature no higher than 100 °C within 2 hours, therefore making it possible for easy operation in an open environment. The capability for concurrent suppression of undesired out‐of‐plane twin growth and promotion of in‐plane epitaxial growth rate under mild reaction conditions was attributed to the obvious superiority of single‐mode microwave heating in comparison with conventional multi‐mode microwave heating in aspects of microwave field uniformity and intensity. Our research indicated that the single‐mode microwave heating technique could potentially be a useful tool for improving the microstructure and therefore the performance of diverse zeolite films.     

Designed synthesis of TS-1 crystals with controllable b-oriented length

TS-1 crystals with controllable b-oriented length (sheet-like morphology, TS-1-S; chain-like morphology, TS-1-C) have been rationally synthesized from addition of organic additives (urea and fluorinated surfactant of FC-4) in the starting titanosilicate gels, and catalytic and adsorptive measurements show that TS-1-S samples are very active in Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime, whereas TS-1-C samples are selective in adsorption for para-xylene.     

Accelerated aging of LDPE films containing cobalt complexes as prooxidants

This paper deals with the synthesis and characterization of two cobalt complexes, namely cobalt styrene maleate copolymer (CSMA) and cobalt stearate (CS) and studying the effect of these complexes on the degradation behavior of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) films. Seventy micron films containing these additives were prepared by sheeting process and were subsequently exposed to two different degradative environments, i.e. UV-B irradiation and heat. The degradation was monitored by measuring the changes in tensile strength, elongation at break, Carbonyl Index (CI), Melt Flow Index (MFI) and density. It was observed that although both the additives contained the same metal and similar type of bonding, CSMA was incapable of initiating thermal/photodegradation of LDPE while the analogous CS at the same concentration range significantly accelerated degradation. Films were also subjected to soil burial tests for a period of 1 year and the degradation was monitored by weight loss measurements. Multiple extrusions of LDPE were performed in the presence of the two additives to investigate their practicability for reprocessing. Overall migration of constituents from these films was determined in food simulants to evaluate the application of these films as food packaging material.     

An Electrochemical Sensor Based on Gold Nanoparticles Incorporated in Mesoporous MFI Zeolite for Determination of Purine Bases in DNA

An electrochemical sensor was developed based on gold nanoparticles incorporated in mesoporous MFI zeolite for the determination of purine bases. Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) were incorporated into the mesoporous MFI zeolite (AuNPs/m‐MFI) by post‐grafting reaction. The composite materials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical methods. Au nanoparticles with a size of 5‐20 nm are uniformly dispersed in the pores of mesoporous MFI zeolite. And the morphology of MFI zeolite can be perfectly kept after pore expansion and Au nanoparticles incorporation. The electrocatalytic oxidation of purine bases (guanine and adenine in DNA) is investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The surface‐confined Au nanoparticles provide the good catalytic activity for oxidation of purine bases. The simultaneous detection of guanine and adenine can be achieved at AuNPs/m‐MFI composites modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electrochemical sensor based on AuNPs/m‐MFI exhibits wide linear range of 0.5–500 μM and 0.8–500 μM with detection limit of 0.25 and 0.29 μM for guanine and adenine, respectively. Moreover, the electrochemical sensor is applied to evaluation of guanine and adenine in herring sperm DNA samples with satisfactory results.     

Facile Preparation of Hydrophobic Colloidal MFI and CHA Crystals and Oriented Ultrathin Films

We report novel routes for synthesis of defect‐free, hydrophobic and monodispersed 10 nm (5 unit cells) thick MFI crystals and 100 nm CHA crystals. The crystals are obtained in high yield and display very high 1‐butanol adsorption from aqueous solution. These crystals are assembled in monolayers for the growth of ultrathin and uniformly oriented films with thicknesses of 36 nm and 330 nm, respectively, using a synthesis gel in the form of a powder. This method is very simple and may open up for industrial preparation of materials with improved performances.     

MFI分子筛前驱体对Y型沸石分子筛表面的修饰及其催化性质

间、对-甲基异丙苯是生产间、对-苯酚的反应中间体,因此其制备受到国内外广泛关注．ZSM-5,Y型,betn等沸石分子筛和掺杂zn的Al-MCM-41介孔分子筛在此反应中表现出不同的择形性．近年来利用沸石分子筛前驱体自组装技术合成的新型介孔材料已显示出优异的催化性能,     

Studies on the photo-oxidative degradation of LDPE films in the presence of oxidised polyethylene

This paper reports the results of photo-oxidative degradation studies of LDPE in the presence of varying amounts of oxidised polyethylene (OPE), which was prepared by heating LDPE films containing 0.1% cobalt stearate in oxygen atmosphere at 100 °C. OPE, with a CI of 12 was used as an additive for LDPE. Varying amounts of OPE (0.5-5%) were blended with polyethylene in an extruder and films of 70 μm thickness were prepared by film blowing process. The physico-chemical properties of the films were evaluated and these were found to be proportional to the amount of OPE. The films thus obtained were subjected to UV-B exposure at 30 °C for extended time periods. The chemical and physical changes induced by UV exposure were followed by monitoring the changes in mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break), carbonyl index (CI), morphology, molecular weight, MFI and DSC crystallinity. Incorporation of OPE was found to be effective in initiating the photo-degradation of LDPE in relatively short span of time and the degradation was found to be proportional to the amount of OPE in the formulation.