氨的制造的教学法

苏联共产党第十九次代表大会的决议指示出化学教师应该提高关于综合技术教育的教学质量,更密切地联系学习与生活,使学生认识重要化学生产的科学原理。氨的制造是属于重要化学生产之列的。研究氨的制造是具有重要的教育教养意义。这课题的材料,可以提供作复习和更深入地去认识以前所熟悉的物质的性质和扩大瞭解关于反应进行的条件,以及在工业上的管理方法.在八年级末学期已经学过硫酸的制造,从而熟悉了一些化学工业制造原理,如阶段的划分和流水作业的装置,扩大反应物质的表面,逆流原理,温度和压力的影响,热的交换等等,在研究氨的制造中巩固了这些原理,并且增加了关于适当的压力和循环作业的利用等概念。     

伟大的门捷列夫的预见

今年2月8日是俄罗斯天才的化学家门捷列夫(1834—1907)诞生125周年纪念。特选此译文刊出以为纪念。     

一氧化氮的合成的演示及其方法的讨论

一、反应原理在放电条件下,N2和O2能直接化合生成无色的一氧化氮。放电N2+O2（?）2NO一氧化氮在常温下很容易和O2化合,生成棕色并有刺激性气味的NO2。二、仪器及药品打气球、贮气瓶2个（一个标出刻度）、两口玻璃球（容积140ml）、铁架台、铁丝电。     

对公认的Clapeyron方程的推导的不同意见

对公认的Ｃｌａｐｅｙｒｏｎ方程的推导的不同意见郭余年，赵凤云（吉林工学院轻化工程系长春１３００１２）Ｃｌａｐｅｙｒｏｎ方程问世干热力学第二定律成立之前。第二定律建立以后，赋予了它以新的内容，使其成为描述单元系任意温度（压力）、任意两相平衡的普遍公式。...     

有机试剂的结构与性质的关系的研究

前言有机试剂是用于化学元素和化合物的测定、分离与浓集、掩蔽的有机化合物。这类化合物数量很多,在分析化学中得到极其广泛的应用。有机试剂结构及其与反应性能之间关系的研究是有机试剂理论研究的基本问题。早在本世纪二十年代Feigl就提出了分析功能团的概念。这个概念广泛地应用于有机试剂的研究中,并不断得到丰富和发展。这一概念的出现,为人们研究有机试剂结构与反应性能的关系奠定了基础。随着现代科学技术的不断发展,X射线衍射、红外光谱、拉曼光谱等现代技术也相继用于有机试剂的研究,使人们对有机试剂的认识进一步加深。此外近代迅速发展起来的络合物结构理论、量子化学方法以及计算技术也被用于有机试剂的研究中,从而使得从理论上     

基于Matlab的二元共聚合反应的竞聚率的求解

以直线交叉法为依据,根据最小二乘原理,采用Matlab GUI工具设计了一款用于计算二元共聚合反应竞聚率的图形用户程序。与传统的求解竞聚率方法相比,该图形用户程序具有设计原理简单、计算快捷的特点;同时程序提供界面简洁、交互友好的数据输入平台,实用性强。实际应用表明:采用该款图形用户程序所测得的数据与微机动态搜索法、Tidwell-Mortimer法相近,而比采用斜率截距法计算竞聚率的最小差方和更小,并且也避免了采用斜率截距法由于所用方程的非对称性造成的计算结果的不一致性。     

紫精的负离子对耐水的紫精－聚合物膜的光致变色性能的影响

将合不同负离子的苄基紫精分散在混合有ＰＶＰ的ＭＭＡ－ＨＥＭＡ共聚物基质中可制成耐水的光致变色膜。它们的光致变色速度的大小随紫精负离子的不同而有如下序列：这与这些紫精在ＤＭＦ中的溶解度以及在共聚物基质中的溶解性大小的序列相一致．负离子对这些光致变色膜在空气中的氧化退色速度没有很大影响，对这些膜的光疲劳性能的影响也不大。将Ｖ３～Ｖ６分散在不很有ＰＶＰ的ＭＭＡ－ＨＥＭＡ共聚物基质中制成的膜也表现出光致变色的特性，表明它们的多原子负离子本身在聚合物膜中也能充当电子给体的角色．     

古老的分子 新颖的化学

已有十多年临床使用历史的抗癌络合物cis-DDP,是早在一百四十多年以前就被合成的古老分子。七十年代特别是近年以来,人们围绕它作为一种抗癌药物的作用机理开展了大量的研究工作,从而发现了许多有关它的新颖化学。本文拟介绍其中若干重要方面,主要包括cis-DDP的水解反应、“铂兰”、Pt(Ⅲ)氧化态和金属—金属键、以及cis-DDP与DNA的作用等问题。     

学习化学元素的电负性的体会

在学习化学元素电负性的概念、化合物的键型和元素的化学活泼性等问题中,我有一些学习心得,现归纳如下: 1.电负性的定义和计算方法L.Pauling在1932年首先提出电负性的概念.元素的电负性就是“元素的原子在化合物分子中把电子吸引向自己的能力”.计算电负性的方法有下列四种: (1)Pauling的热化学方法Pauling     

新发现的危害健康的化学物质

德意志联邦研究协会(DFG)每年公布一次危害健康的物质清单,称为车间空气中有害物质最高容许浓度值表(MAK-Werte-Liste)。在1979年的该表中,     

Addition of methyldichlorogermane to unsaturated compounds

Conclusions Some new organogermanium compounds with different functional groups were obtained by the addition of methyldichlorogermane to unsaturated compounds in the absence of a catalyst, which addition, as a rule, proceeds contrary to the Markovnikov rule.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 1154–1156, May, 1973.     

Über den Verteilungssatz der Auxochrome bei Azokörpern,II Dihydroxy-azobenzole

The validity of the rule of repartition of the auxochromes is examined for dihydroxy-azo and dihydroxy-4′-nitro-azo compounds with hydroxy groups in 2,4-, 3,4- and 2,5-position. In conformity with the rule the absorption maximum of the 2, 5-dihydroxy-azobenzene is situated at a considerably longer wave length than the maximum of 2,4-dihydroxy-azobenzene. The 3, 4-isomer with its absorption maximum at a relatively short wave-length seems to contradict the rule. On the other hand all alkali salts of both series conform to the rule of repartition in an impressive way.     

Chemistry of pentacoordinated anti-apicophilic phosphorus compounds

Since the synthesis of the first pentacoordinated organophosphorus compound, Ph₅P, by Wittig, the chemistry of pentacoordinated phosphorus compounds has been extensively expanded. Pentacoordinated phosphorus compounds usually take a trigonal bipyramidal structure with two distinctive sites; apical and equatorial positions. In the trigonal bipyramidal structure, electronegative and small substituents prefer the apical positions. Such properties are widely recognized as the apicophilicity rule. However, several examples breaking the apicophilicity rule have been reported in the past few decades and novel properties and reactivities of these new classes of compounds have been found. In this review, the synthesis of novel pentacoordinated phosphoranes with anti-apicophilic arrangement will be introduced, as well as their structures, spectroscopic properties, and reactivities.     

Phospha-alkenes and Phospha-alkynes,Genesis and Properties of the (p-p)π-Multiple Bond

Just as the octet rule had prevented the discovery of the inert-gas compounds, the systematic search for phosphorus-carbon- and phosphorus-nitrogen-compounds having (p-p)π-multiple bonds was hindered by the double bond rule. The first successful synthesis of mesomeric-stabilized phosphorus-carbon compounds with coordination number 2, seventeen years ago, was followed nine years later by the preparation of the imino-phosphanes whose intensive investigation has continued to the present day. A dramatic development has now begun in the phospha-alkene and -alkyne fields, and a large variety of preparative methods have been found. Several compounds of this type are amazingly stable, however they do not participate in typical ylide reactions such as the Wittig reaction. In contrast, the PC double bond is more comparable to that of olefins, which has been confirmed by the occurrence of E,Z-isomers and pericyclic reactions of phospha-l,5-hexadienes.     

New quinoxaline-piperazine-oxazole conjugates: Synthesis,in vitro anticancer,in silico ADMET,and molecular docking studies

In this paper, we describe the synthesis of some new quinoxaline-piperazine-oxazole amide conjugates 6a-n from 3-chloroquinoxaline-2-carbonitrile using well-known reaction sequences. The synthesized compounds were characterized by ¹H NMR,¹³C NMR, and mass spectral analysis. The compounds were tested for their in vitro antiproliferative activity toward four different cancer cell lines such as PC-3, MCF-7, DU-145, and A-549 by MTT method. The compounds, 6c, 6h, 6i , and 6n were found to be more potent than the standard Erlotinib. In vitro tyrosine kinase EGFR inhibition studies using four potent compounds revealed that 6n has double inhibiting tendency with value IC₅₀ of 0.22 μM and 6h with value of IC₅₀ 0.27 μM compared to reference compound. Molecular docking studies of active compounds, 6c , 6h , 6i , and 6n on EGFR receptor suggested that all the compounds have more binding energies than that of Erlotinib. Furthermore, the in silico pharmacokinetic profile was accomplished for the active compounds, 6c , 6h , 6i , and 6n using SWISS/ADME and pk CSM, whereas compounds, 6h , 6i , and 6c followed Lipinski rule, Veber rule, Egan rule and Muegge rule. The remaining compound 6n did not follow Lipinski rule, Ghose rule because one common violation, that is, because of high molecular weight (MW > 350).     

硼烷簇合物的结构规则

从超额电子数出发，提出了1种稠合型硼烷的结构规则，讨论了各种规则间的关系。     

Crystal Structure and Absolute Configuration of (+)-(1S, 2R)-5, 6-Dimethylidene-2exo-norbornyl-exo-irontricarbonyl p-Bromobenzoate

The title complex (+)- 13x has been prepared in an enantiomerically pure form. Its absolute configuration has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and has been correlated chemically to that of the 5, 6-dimethylidene-2-norbornyl derivatives (—)- 1 , (—)- 2 , (—)- 3 and to (—)-(1S, 2R)-benzonorborn-5-en-2-yl acetate (s. Scheme 1), whose configuration was deduced by indirect techniques. A critical analysis of the chiroptical properties of the exocyclic dienes 1–3 is now possible. These compounds are limiting systems for the application of the allylic axial chirality rule, the generalized octant rule and the symmetry rule for βγ-unsaturated ketones.     

自旋标记鬼桕类化合物圆二色谱的研究

给已知抗癌药物分子中引入稳定氮氧自由基,合成较母体药物高效低毒的抗癌药物已引起国内外学者的重视.我们在具有抗癌活性的鬼桕毒分子中引入稳定氮氧自由基,药理试验表明其活性保持或增加,而毒性却显著地降低.     

Higher Coordination Numbers of the Typical Elements

The bonding in electron-deficient molecules, e.g. the boron hydrides and certain metal alkyls, and in molecules which appear to violate the rare gas rule, e.g. hydrogen bonded complexes, interhalogen compounds and compounds of the typical elements with high coordination numbers such as PCI₅ and SF₆ can be described by a simple molecular orbital treatment involving delocalized α-bonds. The contribution of d-orbitals to the bonding in the interhalogen compounds and rare gas fluorides is very small. The stereochemistry and physical properties of the PX₅ system are explained readily by the delocalization treatment and it is likely that here also the importance of spd hybridization has been overemphasized in the past.     

基于GC/Q-TOF MS技术鉴定S-zorb汽油中噻吩类化合物

结合气相色谱分离技术和MS/MS串联质谱筛查技术,通过选定目标母离子进行碰撞诱导解离,获取精确质量子离子信息,实现汽油馏分中噻吩类化合物的痕量筛查分析.选取5种不同碳数取代噻吩类化合物作为标准物绘制定量标准曲线,建立了基于气相色谱-四极杆串联飞行时间质谱(GC/Q-TOF MS)直接测定汽油中噻吩类化合物的方法.利用该...