MICROMECHANICS OF MACROELECTRONICS

The advent of flat-panel displays has opened the era of macroelectronics. Enthusiasm is gathering to develop macroelectronics as a platform for many technologies, ranging from paper-like displays to thin-film solar cells, technologies that aim to address the essential societal needs for easily accessible information, renewable energy, and sustainable environment. The widespread use of these large structures will depend on their ruggedness, portability and low cost, attributes that will come from new material choices and new manufacturing processes. For example, thin-film devices on thin polymer substrates lend themselves to roll-to-roll fabrication, and impart flexibility to the products. These large structures will have diverse architectures, hybrid materials, and small features; their mechanical behavior during manufacturing and use poses significant challenges to the creation of the new technologies. This paper describes ongoing work in the emerging field of research - the mechanics of macroelectronics, with emphasis on the mechanical behavior at the scale of individual features, and over a long time.     

疲劳热像法研究综述

能量方法是疲劳研究的重要方法,新兴的红外热像技术则是实现这一方法的重要手段.红外热像法作为一种无损、实时及非接触的测试技术,已被广泛地应用于疲劳研究中. 近年来,提出了一些用于快速确定材料及构件疲劳极限的热像法,并得到了很好地开发与推广.文中介绍了疲劳热像法的兴起、发展与深入研究,讨论了该领域出现的主要问题及当前的研究热点,并展望了疲劳热像法的研究前景.      

The role of mechanics in biological and biologically inspired materials

In the development of new materials, researchers have recently turned to nature for inspiration and assistance. A special emphasis has been placed on understanding the development of biological materials from the traditional correlation of structure to property, as well as correlating structure to functionality. The natural evolution of structure in biological materials is guided by the interaction between these materials and their environment. What is most notable about natural materials is the way in which the structure is able to adapt at a wide range of length scales. Much of the interaction that biological materials experience occurs through mechanical contact. Therefore, to develop biologically inspired materials it is necessary to quantify the mechanical behavior of and mechanical influences on biological structures with the intention of defining the natural structure-property-functionality relationship for these materials. In particular, the role mechanics has assumed in understanding biological materials, and the biologically inspired materials developed from this knowledge, will be clarified. The following will serve to elucidate on this role: the helical structure of fibrous tissue, the multi-scale structure of wood, and the biologically inspired optimal structure of functionally graded materials.     

二维材料实验力学综述

以石墨烯为代表的二维材料因其原子级厚度、独特物理性质,成为近年来物理、化学、材料交叉学科的研究热点,在合成制备、结构表征、应用开发等方面的研究工作表明其在微纳机电系统、光电器件与功能复合材料领域有广泛且重要的应用前景。然而,由于二维材料结构与尺度的独特性,在其基本物性的理解方面仍存在许多未解决的问题,尤其是力学性能的表征,面临着诸多挑战。本文综述了二维材料本征力学性质和界面力学行为的微纳测试与表征技术的最新进展,例如纳米压痕技术、微孔鼓泡法等,并详细探讨了影响二维材料力学性能及行为的主要因素,分析了其微观尺度下的作用机制,以期通过物理或化学手段实现力学性能的调控。     

从栋梁之才到分类卓越--漫谈梁截面的合理设计

本文针对梁的截面设计,展示了随时代变迁其发展历程,并结合工艺与材料讨论了梁截面设计思路,可为材料力学教师与学生全面认识与理解弯曲梁的合理设计提供课堂教学补充材料。     

THE REASONABLE DESIGN OF BEAM SECTION

本文针对梁的截面设计,展示了随时代变迁其发展历程,并结合工艺与材料讨论了梁截面设计思路,可为材料力学教师与学生全面认识与理解弯曲梁的合理设计提供课堂教学补充材料。     

数据驱动梯度结构材料弹塑性本构

梯度结构材料因其优异的力学性能被广泛应用于工程结构中.论文整合塑性理论和人工神经网络技术,发展了一种构建梯度结构材料弹塑性本构模型的新方法.该方法基于梯度结构材料不同位置的微结构,构建不同代表性体积单元,进而生成应力应变数据,应用生成的数据训练人工神经网络,建立基于神经网络的材料本构模型.应用该方法,论文开展了针对实际...     

石墨烯力学性能研究进展

石墨烯是近年来发现的由单层碳原子通过共价键结合而成的具有规则六方对称的理想二维晶体, 是继富勒烯和碳纳米管之后的又一种新型低维碳材料. 由于具有非凡的电学、热学和力学性能以及广阔的应用前景, 石墨烯被认为是具有战略意义的新材料, 近年来迅速成为材料科学和凝聚态物理等领域最为活跃的研究前沿. 本文简要介绍了研究石墨烯力学性能的实验测试、数值模拟和理论分析方法, 重点综述了石墨烯力学性能的最新研究进展, 主要包括二维石墨烯的不平整性和稳定性, 石墨烯的杨氏模量、强度等基本力学性能参数的预测, 石墨烯力学性能的温度相关性和应变率相关性、原子尺度缺陷和掺杂等对力学性能的影响以及石墨烯在纳米增强复合材料和微纳电子器件等领域的应用, 最后对石墨烯材料与结构的力学研究进行了展望.      

颗粒介质结构与力学特征研究综述

颗粒介质由大量离散的粗颗粒聚集而成,如自然界中的粗砂和碎屑堆积体等. 在工程实践中,人们依据经验和实验数据建立了许多模型,虽然可以满意地描述某些力学现象,但是对颗粒介质力学性质全貌的认识以及颗粒介质物理本质的理解仍远远不够. 颗粒介质长程无序、短程有序的结构和复杂的能量转化过程,注定了其独特的力学性质. 该文综述了颗粒介质结构探测和表征技术、热力学理论和固态-流态转变方面的新进展,特别介绍了清华大学近5 年来开展的颗粒介质结构模型化方法和双颗粒温度热力学理论. 最后,提出了开展结构分析-热力学理论的联合研究思路,以期更加深入认识颗粒介质的力学特性,探究颗粒介质的热力学根源,改善现有唯象研究现状.     

利用摩擦纳米发电机的流体能量俘获研究新进展

环境中的流体 (包括气体和液体) 动能是十分丰富且重要的清洁能源之一, 流体能量可通过不同的能量俘获技术 (电磁发电技术、压电能量俘获技术) 被转化为电能并供人们使用. 自2012年王中林研究团队发明摩擦纳米发电机 (triboelectric nanogenerator, TENG) 以来, TENG已成为了最重要的能量, 俘获技术之一, 并应用于流体能量俘获研究中. 论文综述了当前用于流体能量俘获的摩擦纳米发电机 (fluidic energy harvesting TENG, FEH-TENG) 的研究现状. 介绍了 FEH-TENG 中摩擦电材料之间的电荷转移原理以及基本的工作模式. 在气流动能俘获方面, 流致振动 (如涡激振动、驰振、颤振和尾流驰振等)是一种有效的将流体动力转化为机械能的物理机制, 基于该机制, 总结了FEH-TENG在风能和流致振动能量俘获中的研究进展以及各类能量俘获结构. 液体动能俘获方面总结了 FEH-TENG 在波浪和雨滴能量俘获中的研究进展. 介绍了基于 FEH-TENG的混合能量俘获系统和摩擦电材料优化在提升FEH-TENG流体能量俘获效率方面的研究. 接着介绍了FEH-TENG在不同领域中的应用. 最后讨论了目前 FEH-TENG 在流体能量俘获中存在的问题并提出了一些展望. 论文工作有助于推动FEH-TENG在流体能量俘获领域的发展以及促进相关研究人员对该领域的认识.      

电流变液和电流变效应

电流变液是一种极有发展前景的新颖材料,通常由不导电的母液和均匀散布在其中的电介质微粒组成。对于外加电场的变化,它的力学性能可以作出迅速的响应,因而在工业上极具应用前景。本文将就电流变液的研究进行综述,涉及的内容有:电流变效应的机理、电流变液材料及其力学性能、应用和展望．      

聚脲弹性体力学性能与本构关系研究进展

聚脲是一种由异氰酸酯组分和氨基组分反应生成的新型弹性体高聚物.由于聚脲具有断裂伸长率高、应变率强化、高耗能等一系列优异的力学性能,其在国防、能源、交通等领域显示出广阔的应用前景.目前,国内外学者针对聚脲在不同温度、不同应变率下的静动态力学性能开展了大量研究,在此基础上提出了多种本构模型,对温度、应变率等因素相关的力学行为进行了描述和预测.这些工作为深刻理解聚脲抗冲击机理及材料的进一步应用奠定了基础.文章首先简要介绍了聚脲弹性体的微相分离结构及特点;然后从小变形线性黏弹性和大变形非线性黏弹性两个方面概述了关于聚脲力学性能的研究,包括相应测试技术的发展和聚脲黏弹性影响因素的研究;进一步从变形梯度乘法分解法、遗传积分法、应变-时间解耦法等不同建模方法出发对已建立的聚脲本构模型进行综述,并从应变率范围、温度范围、压力相关性、软化行为表征及模型参数数量的角度对比了不同类型模型的区别;最后针对聚脲力学性能与本构关系下一步研究值得重点关注的问题提出了几点建议.     

上随体流体驻点附近滑移流动的同伦解析解

从理论上研究了上随体Maxwell流体在滑移流区的动量传输问题.通过一系列相似变换把控制方程组转化为常微分方程组,利用同伦分析法首次求得了问题的近似解析解. 获得的同伦解析解与文献中的数值解吻合较好. 利用同伦解分析讨论了滑移参数、磁场强度、速度比例参数、吸入喷住参数和流体黏弹性参数对流动的影响.      

含孔隙变厚度FG圆板的湿热力学响应

功能梯度材料(functionally graded materials, FGM)是组份含量按特定方向连续变化的非均匀复合材料,可有效解决传统复合材料组份之间结合能力弱和不同组份性能难以协调等问题,达到诸如缓和应力集中和优化应力分布等效果,使整体材料在保持细观结构完整性的同时充分发挥各组份材料的性能优势.由于制备技术等原因或出于特殊功能的需要,微孔或孔隙是各类型FGM中的常见缺陷.从细观结构上看,多孔FGM中的孔隙包含了单一组份内的材料孔隙和组份微粒间的结构间隙,这些孔隙将对FGM的力学性能,尤其是在湿热环境下的力学行为产生影响.本文考虑FGM中的两类细观孔隙(材料孔隙和结构孔隙),提出了令各类孔隙依赖于各自组份变化,再线性叠加得到的整体孔隙计算式.考虑组份材料和孔隙填充物(液相水和水蒸气)性质的温度相关性,建立了湿热相关FGM材料模型.针对厚度沿径向变化的旋转圆板结构,应用该FGM材料模型,推导了圆板的非线性稳态湿热控制方程及考虑湿热弹性本构的位移控制方程,采用微分求积法(differential quadrature method,DQM),获得了圆板的湿热场、位移场和应力分布.在数值算例中,利用退化模型的解析解对本文的数值计算方法进行了验证,继而通过改变各关键参数,讨论了两类孔隙率、梯度指数和圆板厚度变化对含孔隙FGM变厚度旋转圆板湿热力学响应的影响规律.      

Extreme mechanics

With the development of cutting-edge sciences and new technologies, we have to consider the size, the density, the hardness, the stiffness and other properties of engineering materials and structures beyond the conventional ranges, as well as their mechanical behavior in extreme environments, such as ultra-conventional temperature, speed, physical and chemical fields, and severe weather, and more effective theories and methods of mechanics are required. This paper first gives the fundamental definition and the scientific connotation of extreme mechanics, then reviews the studies of extreme mechanics from three aspects: the extreme properties, the extreme loads, and the discipline development, as well as major engineering and scientific challenges. The characteristics of extreme mechanics and major challenges in the aspects of mechanical theory,computational methods and experimental techniques are discussed. Prospectivei developments of extreme mechanics are suggested.     

岩土类颗粒物质宏-细观力学研究进展

岩土类颗粒物质在自然界、工程建设以及日常生活中普遍存在,其运动特性的研究在力学界已经开展了几十年.在近20年开展的一系列小尺寸物理实验中,颗粒物质表现出许多新奇现象,人们从物理角度开展了系统研究,在统计力学中,颗粒固体的流体动力学等理论研究以及实验检测技术等方面都取得突破性进展,深刻地揭示了颗粒材料的物理机制,促使力学...     

Thermomechanical modelling of a NiTi SMA sample submitted to displacement-controlled tensile test

Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) undergo an austenite–martensite solid–solid phase transformation which confers its pseudo-elastic and shape memory behaviours. Phase transformation can be induced either by stress or temperature changes. That indicates a strong thermo-mechanical coupling. Tensile test is one of the most popular mechanical test, allowing an easy observation of this coupling: transformation bands appear and enlarge giving rise to a large amount of heat and strain localisation. We demonstrate that the number of transformation bands is strongly associated with the strain rate. Recent progress in full field measurement techniques have provided accurate observations and consequently a better understanding of strain and heat generation and diffusion in SMAs. These experiments bring us to suggest the creation of a new one-dimensional thermomechanical modelling of the pseudo-elastic behaviour. It is used to simulate the heat rise, strain localisation and thermal evolution of the NiTi SMA sample submitted to tensile loading.     

BIOMECHANICAL MODELING OF SURFACE WRINKLING OF SOFT TISSUES WITH GROWTH-DEPENDENT MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

This paper explores growth induced morphological instabilities in biological soft materials.In view of that the growth of a living tissue not only changes its geometry but also can alter its mechanical properties,we suggest a refined volumetric growth model incorporating the effects of growth on the mechanical properties of materials.Analogy between this volumetric growth model and the conventional thermal stress model is addressed for both small and finite deformation problems,which brings great ease for the finite element analysis based on the suggested model.Examples of growth induced surface wrinkling behavior in soft composites,including coreshell soft cylinders and three-layered soft tissues,are explored.The results and discussions foresee possible applications of the model in understanding the correlation between the morphogenesis and growth of soft biological tissues(e.g.skins and tumors),as well as in evaluating the deformation and surface instability behavior of soft artificial materials induced by swelling/shrinkage.     

Investigation of Relationships between Grain Structure and Inhomogeneous Deformation by Means of Laboratory-Based Multimodal X-Ray Tomography: Strain Accuracy Analysis

Experimental Mechanics - The internal strain distribution developing during plastic deformation is important for understanding the mechanical properties of polycrystalline materials. Such...     

Constitutive computational modelling foundation of piezoelectronic microstructures and application to high-frequency microchip DSAW resonators

This paper establishes a piezoelectric constitutive computational approach based on generalized eigenvalue and multivariable finite element solutions with potential applications to accurate and effective analysis of layered piezoelectric microstructures of arbitrary geometries and different anisotropic materials, to ease the limitation of current computer capacity in analyzing large-scale high-frequency disturbed surface acoustic waves (DSAW) by mounted electrodes in piezoelectric devices such as microchip SAW resonators. A new incompatible generalized hybrid/mixed element GQM5 is also proposed for improving predictions of the piezoelectric surface mount thermal stresses that are shear-dominated. The (generalized) plane strain constitutive model is numerically verified for piezoelectric finite element computation. With the help of computational piezoelectricity (electro-mechanics) for general layered structures with metal electrodes and anisotropic piezoelectric substrates, some new interesting, reliable and fundamental constitutive finite element results are obtained for high-frequency piezoelectric and mechanical SAW propagations and can be used for further applications. The ST-cut FEA results agree quite well with available exact and lab solutions for free surface case. The project supported by SRF for ROCS, SEM of China, the past Rutgers Univer-Seiko Epson Joint Fund and Zhejiang Provincial NSF