An experimental method for eliminating effect of rigid out-of-plane motion on 2D-DIC

The out-of-plane motion is one of the most important factors that affect the precision of two-dimensional digital image correlation (2D-DIC). In this paper, a novel solution is presented to improve conventional 2D-DIC by eliminating the effect of out-of-plane motion, including translation and rotation. Firstly, an experimental technique using two projected laser strips is proposed to measure the out-of-plane motion of a planar specimen. A theoretical model is then established to predict the pseudostrains caused by out-of-plane motion based on the pin-hole imaging model. Using the measured out-of-plane displacement, the captured deformed images used in 2D-DIC are amended to eliminate the effect of out-of-plane motion by the theoretical model. Finally, two experiments were conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Results indicate that application of the proposed method can effectively eliminate the errors caused by out-of-plane motion.     

Beam delivery characteristics of optical fibres for carbon monoxide lasers

An experimental investigation has been conducted of the propagation characteristics of several types of optical fibres which are candidates for use in optical beam delivery systems for carbon monoxide lasers. Both solid core (chalcogenide) fibres and hollow core (with dielectric or dielectric coated metal) waveguides have been investigated. Such experiments have included an assessment of both the power transmission characteristics, and the effects of waveguide transmission on the optical quality of the beam at the exit of the fibre. The experiments indicated lowest loss for the chalcogenide solid core fibre with a value of 0.4 dB m⁻¹.     

Laser-induced photodissociation of oxyhemoglobin: Optical method of elimination of hypoxia (oxygen deficiency in biotissue)

We consider the effect of laser-induced in vivo photodissociation of blood oxyhemoglobin on gas exchange in biological tissues. An optical method of laser-induced oxygenation of biotissues is developed and proposed. We show that, in the region of the action of the laser radiation, the degree of oxygenation of a tissue increases. We experimentally confirm that the phenomenon of laser-induced in vivo photodissociation of oxyhemoglobin opens up a new possibility of controlling the local concentration of free molecular oxygen in tissues, eliminating tissue hypoxia, and stimulating aerobic metabolism of cells. We show that the efficiency of the proposed method of laser-induced oxygenation of biotissues proves to be comparable with the efficiency of the hyperbaric oxygenation, but has the advantage of the locality of the action. The proposed optical method of local oxygenation of biotissues will make it possible to eliminate the problem of hypoxia in cancerous tumor tissue and to considerably increase the efficiency of photodynamic, radiation, and chemotherapy in modern oncology.     

Laser-induced defects in optical multilayer coatings by the spatial resolved method

The spatial resolved method, which measures the laser-induced damage fluence by identifying the location of the damage point in the Gaussian beam three-dimensional direction, is demonstrated. The advantages and practicality of this method have been explained. Taking a triple frequency beam splitter as an example, the defect damage fluence can be accurately calculated by the spatial resolved method. The different defect damage performance of the triple frequency splitter is distinguished under irradiations of only the 355 and 532 nm lasers. The spatial resolved method provides a way to obtain precise information of optical film defect information.     

Anisotropic Stark effect of carbon monoxide: emergent orbital cooperativity

ABSTRACT

Applying external electric fields to molecules gives rise to spectral shifting and splitting, a phenomenon known as the Stark effect. However, a fundamental question of how electronic structures of molecules are modified by electric fields is still not well understood. By applying electric fields to a carbon monoxide molecule, herein we have successfully addressed the fundamental question at orbital scales and discovered that the Stark effect exhibits anisotropic characters depending on the direction of the electric fields with respect to the molecular axis. Based on the fact that applying electric fields along the molecular axis always preserved the orthogonality between the sigma and pi electrons, we found that orbital resemblance-based cooperativity can only operate within either the sigma system in which sigma electrons somehow prefer to resemble each other or the pi electron system in which the 1π electrons experience polarization-based self-resemblance. However, switching the electric field vertical to the molecular axis breaks down the orthogonality between the sigma system and pi electron systems, opening up electronic channels that allow σ electron systems to resemble π electrons. Such orbital cooperativity represents a new physical effect beyond the conventional Stark effect. Moreover, we have found that applying electric fields to the molecule would modify its molecular orbital diagram, depending on the directions of the electric fields; the electric field along the carbon-to-oxygen direction basically retains the MO diagram of the free CO molecule, with noticeable intra-orbital electron redistributions, whereas the oxygen-to-carbon electric field does create new states of molecular orbital contributions.     

近场影响消除法测量声吸收系数

本文采用数值模拟方法理论研究了活塞式辐射器的辐射近场和采用“大”尺寸接收器接收对声场的平滑作用以及近场(及其过渡区域)对测量声吸收系数的影响.计算表明,在近场及其附近,用通常的方法测量声吸收系数将产生很大的误差.通过分析误差产生的原因,本文提出了近场影响消除法测量声吸收系数,并对a/λ=3、9,b=0、0.5a、a(a,b分别是辐射器和接收器半径)几种情况进行了数值模拟计算,结果表明,采用这种方法不仅能在近场区域进行测量,而且具有较高的测量精度。     

The method eliminating nearfield effect for measurement sound absorption coefficient

The numerical simulation is used in this work to study the nearfieldradiation pressure of a piston projector,the smooth effect on the pressure fieldby using a“big”receiver and the influence of the nearfield and in the transitionregion on measurement of sound absorption coefficient.The result indicatesthat the big error would appear when using usual absorption coefficientmeasurement method.According to the reason causing the error,the methodeliminating nearfield effect (MENE) is proposed and some digital results aregiven for a/λ=3,9 and b=0,0.5a,a(a and b are the transducer and re-ceiver radii respectively).The calculation results show that the method not onlywidens measurement range in nearfield,but also gives accurate results.     

An optical method for wavelength fine-selection in optical spectrum analysers

This letter describes a novel optical method for wavelength fine-selection in the optical spectrum analysers(OSAs) for dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) applications. The proposed new method employs a 'refractive optical lever'system consisting of a rotating optical wedge prism.A new OSA system based on Littman-type monochromator is proposed and the wavelength selection accuracy and resolution of OSA that has included such an optical lever system have been improved by a factor of 20 to100 depending on the wedge angle and offset orientation angle of the optical wedge prism. This proposed 'refractive optical lever' may also simplify the rotation mechanism of the mirror in the commercially available OSAs.     

An optical method for simulating nonuniform systems

Model experiments of a new type in the physics of nonuniform systems are proposed. The method is based on the production of a randomly nonuniform distribution of charge carriers in a uniform semiconductor by means of photoexcitation with a nonuniform radiation flux. The method makes it possible to vary easily the character of the nonuniformities over wide limits. It has been used to investigate the effective transverse conductivity of nonuniform p-Si plates in a magnetic field (H). An anomalous transverse conductivity, previously predicted in a number of theoretical works, has been observed. As the electric field (E) increases, the anomalous conductivity decreases as a result of smoothing of the nonuniformities. The nonuniformities have virtually no effect on the conductivity in an open Hall circuit regime. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 65, No. 2, 207–211 (25 January 1997)     

An optical method for measuring nanoparticle size

We describe a method for determining the size of nanoparticles and their optical constants that is based on analysis of the spectrum of extinction of light by these particles. We show that the results of our mathematical modeling agree well with the experimental data.     

基于卫星平台的全球大气一氧化碳柱浓度反演方法及结果分析

温室效应是全球气候变化的主要原因之一, 除温室气体外, 有毒气体一氧化碳(CO)作为一种非直接温室气体加剧了这种变化. 由于地基观测台站数量有限, 而大气化学模型的模拟又很大程度上依赖于模型假定, 因此, 卫星观测成为实时获取大气CO浓度分布信息的有效途径. Sciamachy是第一台搭载在卫星上, 利用观测到的近红外波段太阳反射光谱反演大气一氧化碳的仪器. 由于在近红外波段, 大气散射效应可以忽略, 所以Sciamachy观测数据能够很好地反演与人类活动息息相关的大气底层一氧化碳的时空变化信息. 本文基于迭代最大后验概率算法, 对Sciamachy的观测数据进行反演分析, 同时应用云效应校正与仪器本身问题校正方法, 得到了全球一氧化碳柱浓度时空分布结果; 通过与Atsr全球火点数据的比较, 分析了全球CO排放源的种类与时空分布; 最后选取中国地区CO柱浓度分布图, 并结合人口密度与煤田/煤矿分布, 对其排放源进行了初步推断.     

一种消除角度响应影响的多波束声强数据自适应改正方法

针对多波束反向散射强度(Backscatter Strength,BS)数据在采集过程中受到声学散射机理而产生的角度响应(Angular Response,AR)影响,而目前声学硬件方面尚未完美解决且现有后处理改正方法在复杂海底底质环境下适应性较差,尤其在高入射角区域的改正效果甚为不理想的问题,为此,给出了一种基于散射强度的自适应角度响应改正模型。首先获取连续脉冲(Ping)平均散射强度数据的角度响应曲线;其次使用高斯拟合方法对角度响应曲线进行平滑拟合处理,进而对其解算二阶导数提取角度响应模型改正参数;最后给出顾及高入射角区域的单Ping反向散射强度数据的分段处理改正模型。实验结果表明,该方法与传统方法相比,整个发射扇区散射强度平均偏差精度约提高30V,尤其在影响较大的高入射角区域,平均偏差精度约提高40V,并且该区域的标准差精度也提高了近30%。该模型较好地解决了多波束在非正射情况下获取海底精准散射声强的问题,削弱了声波散射机理的影响;同时也解决了散射强度过渡不均衡、中央波束区域改正异常等问题。因此,提高了多波束反向散射强度的可靠性,可以真实地呈现出海底实际的地貌。     

An investigation of the high-frequency form of carbon monoxide chemisorbed on nickel oxide

Semi-empirical calculations have been carried out with the aim of achieving a better understanding of the CO-NiO interaction which results in an absorption band at a frequency higher than that of gaseous CO. It was concluded that the adsorbed form responsible for this band bonds through the carbon to a nickel ion of the oxide. Rearrangements of both σ and π electronic charge occur which strengthen the C-O bond and increase its vibration frequency (as measured by the C-O overlap population). Charge transfer takes place between the CO and the nickel ion, σ charge shifting to the ion and π charge to the CO. In the cases of Ni (II) and Ni (III), the σ shift considerably outweighs the π, resulting in net transfers of approximately 0.3 electrons from the CO to the Ni (II) and 0.6 electrons from the CO to the Ni(III).     

An analytical method for the calculation of the aberrations of optical systems

Based on the exact expression for the angular eikonal of a second-order surface, an analytical method for the analysis of the aberrations of an optical system is constructed and the principles for the optimization of such a system are formulated. Examples of the analysis and optimization of a single surface are given. The theoretical method developed is supported by the results of modeling of the caustic and the focal set in the image space of a point of a spherical refracting surface. The method constructed is exact and does not require using programs for tracing rays through the system.     

Measurement of the optical Stark effect in semiconducting carbon nanotubes

A strong optical Stark effect has been observed in (6,5) semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes by femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy. The response is characterized by an instantaneous blueshift of the excitonic resonance upon application of pump radiation at photon energy well below the band gap. The large Stark effect is attributed to the enhanced Coulomb interactions present in these one-dimensional materials.     

A method for assessing the coverage dependence of kinetic parameters: Application to carbon monoxide desorption from iridium (110)

A method for analyzing thermal desorption mass spectra has been developed for determining the coverage dependence of the pre-exponential factor and the desorption energy in the Arrhenius equation for a one-step desorption process. The method, which involves variable heating schedules, is applicable to spectra in which several features appear. However, if the desorption process involves multiple steps, or if substantial desorption from multiple sites occurs for any one coverage, this method cannot be used. The method is applied to CO desorption from the (110) surface of Ir. Three features can be resolved in the desorption spectrum. Both the preexponential factor and the desorption energy vary strongly with coverage, and a compensation effect occurs.     

一种可实现薄膜厚度在线测量的方法

介绍了一种测量固体薄膜厚度的光学方法。该方法具有测量速度快、可实现在线测量等特点。为解决薄膜生产过程中厚度在线检测问题,构造了一套软硬件实验系统,利用该系统进行实验的结果表明:在10~100μm厚度范围,测量误差小于10%,满足实际生产需要。     

An efficient Jacobian scaling method for time-domain optical mammography

<正>Time-domain diffuse optical tomography can efficiently reconstruct optical parameters which can be further applied in diagnosing early breast cancer.Nevertheless,the performances of reconstructed imaging are badly influenced by different Jacobian magnitudes of absorption coefficient and reduced scattering coefficient.With the introudction of a relative data type based on generalized pulse spectrum technique, an efficient Jacobian scaling method is proposed.The interrelated simulated validation is also revealed for the enhancing performances.     

Backscattering in the picosecond range: An optical triggered switching effect

In a new picosecond phase conjugation experiment, an optical triggered switching effect has been observed in backscattering. Comparison with an almost similar configuration used in a nanosecond experiment shows significant differences, which can be explained by the small duration of the pulse.