Growth from Solutions and Surface Properties of Anthracene Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The influence of different solvents on the growth of anthracene crystals from solutions and on their morphological quality has been investigated. The dependence of the...     

Dual action of Impurities in Crystal Growth from Solutions

A dual action of impurities becomes evidently in growth kinetic of prismatic faces of KDP. At higher supersaturation two-dimensional nucleation mechanism due to impurities prevails. At smaller supersaturation the blocking effect of the steps created by the dislocation mechanism of growth become efficient. The limit of the “dead” growth zone depending on the impurity's concentration and the solution pH is a result of this last effect and agrees with the Cabrera-Vermilyea mechanism.     

Kinetics of Scale Growth from Quiescent Solutions of Soluble Substances

The kinetics of scale growth on a cooling surface from quiescent aqueous solutions of oxalic acid, Na₂HPO₄ × 12 H₂O, KNO₃, Na₂SO₄ × 10 H₂O, and Na₃PO₄ × 12 H₂O saturated at 65, 32, 48.2, 31, and 39.2 °C, resp., was studied. The incurstations formed during 2 min of growth consist of loosely packed dendrites or needle-like crystals (the former 3 substances), or of tightly packed crystals forming a scale with a “smooth surface” (the latter 2 salts). The kinetic order of growth, g, assessed on the basis of experimental data was smaller than unity in all the studied cases; the g values of smooth incrustations were higher than those of the dendritic ones. It follows from the considerations concerning the possible mechanism of scale growth that the growth is controlled by a mononuculear mechanism. The experimental values of g compare reasonably well with the expected theoretical values.     

晶体生长溶液、熔体结构与生长基元

根据喇曼光谱、红外光谱测试了晶体生长的水溶液、溶剂和熔体的结构,并且在水热条件下进行了外加直流电场的实验,证实了晶体生长基元为负离子配位多面体,在不同的温度和溶液浓度条件下,负离子配位多面体相互联结成不同结构形式和不同维度的生长基元(聚集体),不同维度的生长基元往晶体各个面族上的叠合速率是各不相同的,表现在同一种晶体在不同的生长条件下,其结晶形态可以各不相同,由此进一步阐述了负离子配位多面体生长基元理论模型的合理性.     

Cluster Control System in Crystallization Setups for Crystal Growth from Low-Temperature Solutions

Crystallography Reports - A new automated system for controlling crystallization setups, providing their reliable operation and remote control, has been developed. The principles of constructing a...     

Study of the Growth Morphology of Ammonium Oxalate Monohydrate Crystals Obtained from Aqueous Solutions

The experimental results of the growth morphology of ammonium oxalate monohydrate [(NH₄)₂C₂O₄ · H₂O; AO] single crystals obtained from aqueous solutions at 30 and 40 °C and supersaturation up to 9% are presented. The observations are compared with the theoretical morphology predicted by PBC analysis and Braivais-Donnay-Harker law.     

Growth from Solutions,Structure, and Photoluminescence of Single-Crystal Plates of p-Terphenyl and Its Trimethylsilyl Derivative

Crystallography Reports - Samples of single-crystal plates of p-terphenyl (3Р) and its derivative with terminal substituents–Si(CH3)3 (TMS-3P-TMS), up to 25–30 mm in size and 400...     

Effect of an External Electric Field on Polytypic Growth of CdI2 Crystals from Solutions

The effect of an external steady electric field on polytypic growth of CdI₂ crystals was investigated. Crystals were grown at four temperatures: 5, 25, 35, and 50°C with the use of four solvents: H₂O, C₂H₅OH, 3 H₂O + 1 C₂H₅OH and 1 H₂O + 1 C₂H₅OH. The electric field of the intensity 500 to 2500 V/cm was oriented in two directions: perpendicular or parallel to the c-axis of hexagonal plates of CdI₂ crystals. The analysis of the effect of the field on polytypism of CdI₂ was based on the analysis of the structure of about 800 crystals grown in the presence of electric field and of about 1000 crystals grown in neutral conditions. It was established that the weak electric field used for crystallization of CdI₂ does not influence noticeably the relative stability of basic polytypes (2H, 4H) and of complex polytypic structures (ordered and disordered). The electric field may influence the structure of CdI₂ crystals in two ways: (i) the polytypes formed in the presence of the field have on average two times larger cells than the polytypes formed in neutral conditions, (ii) the polytypes formed in neutral conditions have usually hexagonal cells; only 6 to 30% of polytypes are of rhombohedral type. When the electric field was used the percentage of rhombohedral polytypes increased to about 65%.     

Influence of Enhanced Gravitation on the Growth of Ammonium Oxalate Monohydrate Crystals from Aqueous Solutions

The growth behaviour of ammonium oxalate monohydrate crystals on seeds from aqueous solutions under terrestrial and enhanced gravity conditions has been investigated. It was found that all types of faces on the crystals revealed growth layers on them. The faces of the crystals obtained under both terrestrial and enhanced gravity conditions on seeds hung on nylon threads show cracks, trapped inclusions and macrospirals, while the faces of the crystals grown on seeds in fixed holders under enhanced gravity conditions are devoid of cracks, inclusions and macrospirals.     

Effect of Supersaturation and Temperature on the Growth Morphology of Ammonium Oxalate Monohydrate Crystals Obtained from Aqueous Solutions

The experimental results of a study of the effect of supersaturation and temperature on the growth morphology of ammonium oxalate monohydrate [(NH₄)₂C₂O₄H₂O; AO] single crystals obtained from aqueous solutions at 30 and 40 °C and supersaturation up to 9% are presented. The observations are analysed in terms of theoretical morphology, growth models and attachment energy for growth units in steps of growing faces.     

The Effect of Nonelectrolyte Additives with Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Hydration on the Growth of KDP Crystals from Aqueous Solutions

Crystallography Reports - The effect of nonelectrolyte additives with hydrophilic and hydrophobic hydration on the growth of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO) crystals in the kinetic mode at...     

Inhibition of Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Crystal Growth in High and Low Ionic Strength Solutions

The effect of additives on the kinetics of growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals has been studied. Conductivity and potentiometry measurements have been compared. Growth rates were calculated from precipitate curves by a cubic spline method. An approach consisting on the calculation of rate constants and orders of reaction from logarithmic plots of growth rate versus supersaturation has been followed to study crystal growth kinetics. This method revealed that the presence of additives is causing not only a decrease on the rate constant but an increase on the order of reaction as well. The effect of additives (EDTA, citrate and phytate) was considerably weaker in high ionic strength media. Phytate produced a complete blockage of crystal growth in concentrations as low as 2 × 10^—6 mole/L in both methods.     

Synthesis of Fine-grained NaA-type Zeolites from Superalkaline Solutions

The synthesis of NaA-type zeolite from superalkaline reaction mixtures by influence on the formation- and transformation rate of the polymorphous phases according to the Ostwald step rule is discussed. The appearence time of NaA as a single crystallization product is described in dependence on the reaction conditions. The kinetics of the zeolite crystallization and the property alterations of the reaction products in dependence on the time are investigated in the pilot scale.     

常压混合碱液条件下ZnO单晶生长习性的研究

采用常压混合碱液法,以NaOH、LiOH和H2O的混合碱液作助熔剂,重复生长了无色透明的六方片状、六方柱状和带六方双锥的完整单晶.经X射线衍射确认所生长的晶体均为六方纤锌矿型ZnO.实验表明,生长体系中NaOH与LiOH的物质的量比及ZnO的物质的量分数都对晶体的形貌有明显影响.NaOH与LiOH物质的量比为10:1、ZnO物质的量分数为0.077时,获得ZnO晶体的尺寸、透明度为最佳.     

高温溶液中ZnO的析晶行为与晶体生长研究

采用MoO3、V2O5和PbF2为助熔剂,在坩埚下降法生长炉中研究了ZnO的析晶行为和晶体生长.结果表明,对于M0O3-ZnO高温溶液体系,下降或降温过程中首先析出ZnO,但随着温度继续下降,析出了ZnMoO4晶体;对于V2O5-ZnO体系,通气速率为1.5 L/min时底部出现5mm厚的绿色ZnO多晶,无法获得单晶;对于PbF2-ZnO体系,自发成核获得了10 mm × 10 mm×0.7 mm的ZnO晶体薄片,在2 L/rain通气速率下诱导成核生长出φ25mm×5 mm的ZnO单晶.     

Crystallization of Calcium and Magnesium Phosphates from Solutions of Medium and Low Concentrations

Calcium phosphates are precipitated at 25 °C from solutions of medium (Ca = P = 50 mM) and low (Ca = P = 10 mM) concentrations in the presence of magnesium. Experiments are also performed with solutions in which Ca + Mg = P = 50 mM and Ca + Mg = P = 10 mM. An amorphous calcium phosphate, Ca₃ (PO₄)₂ · nH₂O, and brushite, CaHPO₄ · 2 H₂O, are the phases first nucleated. The phases occurring one year later are brushite in the more concentrated solutions, hydroxyapatite (Ca₅OH(PO₄)₃) and whitlockite (Ca₉MgH(PO₄)₇) in the others. Octacalciumphosphate, Ca₈H₂ (PO₄)₆ · 5H₂O, occurs as transitory phase. The effects of concentration, pH, supersaturation and magnesium on the precipitation and evolution of calcium phosphates, and the conditions for phase stability are discussed.     

固相晶体生长技术的发展 ——从籽晶诱导到无籽晶生长

文章综合概述了固相法晶体生长技术的发展过程与研究进展.首先,回顾了在陶瓷烧结与冶金工艺中经常出现的晶粒异常长大现象,以及由此发展起来的固相法晶体生长技术.对固相法晶体生长工艺和应用领域等进行了简要介绍,对固相法晶体生长技术的典型应用案例和发展历程进行了叙述.然后,着重介绍了一种新的固相晶体生长技术——无籽晶固相晶体生长技术.对无籽晶固相晶体生长技术在无铅铁电压电晶体—铌酸钾钠基晶体中的应用进行详细介绍,并将该方法与常规的高温熔体法和籽晶诱导固相法晶体生长技术的特点进行了比较.最后,在介绍当前关于固相法晶体生长机理讨论的基础上,针对无籽晶固相晶体生长技术,提出了一种新的综合机制模型,力图解释无籽晶固相晶体生长的机理.对无籽晶固相晶体生长技术当前存在的问题以及未来的发展,分别进行了简要的说明与展望.