Three-component synthesis of cyclic enaminones via ketene cyclization

Cyclic six-membered enaminones were synthesized from three components (bromodiazoacetone, primary amine, and alkyne) in high yields via aza-Michael addition, Wolff rearrangement, and nucleophilic ketene cyclization.     

Cationic polymerization of cyclic ketene acetals via zwitterion formation with cyanoallene

This article deals with the polymerization of the cyclic ketene acetals (CKAs) 2‐methylene‐4‐phenyl‐1,3‐dioxolane (2), 2‐methylene‐4‐phenyl‐1,3‐dioxane (3), 4,7‐dimethyl‐2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxepane (4), 2‐ethylidene‐4‐phenyl‐1,3‐dioxolane (5), 2‐phenylmethylene‐1,3‐dioxolane (6), and 2‐isopropylidene‐4‐phenyl‐1,3‐dioxolane (7) in the presence of cyanoallene (1). For 2 and 3, the homopolymerization of the CKAs proceeded without ring opening, and the number‐average molecular weights of the obtained polymers depended on the feed ratio of 1. However, the reactions of 1 with 4–7 afforded no polymers but did afford spirocyclic 1 : 1 adducts possessing cyclobutane rings. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 2075–2081, 2000     

TiCl4促进的N,N-及N,O-缩醛和酚类化合物的傅-克反应

芳香甘氨酸是一类非常重要的非蛋白氨基酸。本文首次实现了易于制备和保存的N,N-及N,O-缩醛在TiCl4的促进下与酚类化合物发生傅-克反应,高产率和高区域选择性合成了一系列邻羟基取代的芳香甘氨酸衍生物。     

Ring-opening reactions of N-methyl cyclic ketene-N,O-acetals with carboxylic acids, nitrophenol, and arylthiols

Ring-opening reactions of N-methyl cyclic ketene-N,O-acetals with carboxylic acids, 4-nitrophenol, and arylthiols afforded amidoesters, amidoaryl ether, and amidothioethers, respectively, in good yields via an acid-catalyzed S(N)2 mechanism.     

Reaction of iminopropadienones with amines--formation of zwitterionic intermediates, ketenes, and ketenimines

Five aryliminopropadienones 4a- d have been synthesized by flash vacuum thermolysis (FVT) by using two different precursors in each case. These compounds were deposited at 50 K at a pressure of ca. 10(-6) mbar together with three different nucleophiles, namely, trimethylamine (TMA), dimethylamine (DMA), and diethylamine (DEA), in order to study their reactions as neat solids during warm-up by FTIR spectroscopy. The reaction with TMA showed that a zwitterionic species (5 and/or 6) was formed in all the cases. With DMA and DEA, an alpha-oxoketenimine and/or an imidoylketene (7 and 8 or 9 and 10) was formed as the final product. In addition, several bands were observed, which can be assigned to zwitterionic intermediates (11 or 12). Optimized structures and vibrational spectra for all products were calculated at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory by using the polarizable continuum model (epsilon = 5).     

Photochemical eliminations involving zwitterionic intermediates generated via electrocyclic ring closure of benzothiophene carboxanilides

Leaving groups such as carboxylate, thiolate, and phenolate are expelled via zwitterionic intermediates produced upon photochemical electrocyclic ring closure of benzothiophene carboxanilides in the triplet excited state. Chemical yields generally exceed 90%, while quantum yields vary with basicity of the released leaving group.     

A highly diastereoselective synthesis of chroman derivatives bearing spirocyclic N,O-acetals skeleton via a one-pot tandem reaction

A tandem reaction for the synthesis of chroman framework via a one-pot reaction of phenol, paraformaldehyde, and 5-benzylimidazolidin-4-one mediated by p-nitrobenzoic acid is described. The chroman derivatives containing spirocyclic N,O-acetal skeleton can be obtained in moderate to good yields (up to 89%) with good to excellent diastereoselectivities (up to >20:1 dr).     

Reaction of iminopropadienones with amines: mechanistic explanations of zwitterionic intermediate, ketene and ketenimine formation

The complex reaction of thermally generated iminopropadienones with amines in the gas phase and upon matrix deposition and its varying product composition is investigated using density functional theory. In the high energy gas phase addition a single amine molecule reacts readily with iminopropadienone with the decisive step being a 1,3-hydrogen shift and activation barriers of at least 100 kJ/mol. In accordance with the experiment, the formation of ketenes is favored. In the condensed phase of an amine matrix, the utilization of amine dimers both as reagents and as explicit solvents lowers the activation energy required to a feasible 20-30 kJ/mol and predicts ketenimines as the main products, as observed experimentally.     

Relative reactivities of cyclic ketene acetals via cationic 1,2-vinyl addition copolymerization1

The relationship between the relative reactivities of ten cyclic ketene acetals and their structures was determined via cationic copolymerizations of eight different monomer pairs. Thus, 2-methylene-1,3-dioxolane (1) was copolymerized with 2-methylene-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane (2), 2-methylene-4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane (3), 2-methylene-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3-dioxolane (4), 2-methylene-4-phenyl-1,3-dioxolane (5), and 2-methylene-4-(t-butyl)-1,3-dioxolane (6). Also 2-methylene-1,3-dioxane (7) was copolymerized with 2-methylene-4-methyl-1,3-dioxane (8), 2-methylene-4,4,6-trimethyl-1,3-dioxane (9), and 2-methylene-4-isopropyl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane (10). The relative reactivities of these monomers are: 3 > 5 > 4 > 2 > 1 > 6; and 10 > 9 > 8 > 7. In spite of steric demands, substituents at the 4- or 5-positions in 2-methylene-1,3-dioxolane and substituents at the 4- or 6-positions in 2-methylene-1,3-dioxane serve to increase the copolymerization reactivity. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 2841–2852, 1999     

Photochemical elimination of leaving groups from zwitterionic intermediates generated via electrocyclic ring closure of alpha,beta-unsaturated anilides

Methacrylanilides, ArN(CH3)COC(CH2LG)=CH2, with allylic leaving groups (LG(-) = BocAla, PhCO2(-), PhCH2CO2(-), PhO(-)) undergo photochemical electrocyclic ring closure to produce a zwitterionic intermediate. Further reaction of the intermediate results in expulsion of the leaving group to give an alpha-methylene lactam as the major product. In addition, a lactam product that retains the leaving group is formed via a 1,5-H shift in the intermediate. Elimination of the leaving group is generally preferred, even for LG(-) = PhO(-), although in benzene as the solvent the lactam retaining the phenolate group becomes the sole photoproduct. The electrocyclic ring closure occurs in the singlet excited-state for the para-COPh-substituted anilide derivative and is not quenched by 0.15 M piperylene or 0.01 M sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate (2-NPS) as triplet quenchers. Comparable concentrations of 2-NPS strongly quench the transient absorption of the triplet excited state observed at 450-700 nm according to laser flash photolysis experiments. In aqueous media, quantum yields for total products are insensitive to leaving group ability, and Phi(tot)(para-CO2CH3) = 0.04-0.06 at 310 nm and Phi(tot)(para-COPh) = 0.08-0.1 at 365 nm, for which Phi(isc) = 0.15.     

经由α-羰基烯酮环二硫代缩醛的取代-环合芳构化及分解反应

本文报道了芳香族α-羰基烯酮环二硫代缩醛与 2-甲基烯丙基Grignard试剂的1,2-加成产物在酸催化下的取代-环合芳构化反应及分解反应. 探讨了亲核试剂体积, 缩醛基结构对取代-环合芳构化反应活性的影响.     

Copolymerization of 3,4-dimethyltetrahydrofuran with cyclic ethers

The copolymerization of 3,4-dimethyltetrahydrofuran with selected cyclic ethers was studied. Although 3,4-dimethyltetrahydrofuran did not homopolymerize, it readily copolymerized with propylene oxide and epichlorohydrin in an alternating fashion using the cationic initiator PF₅. The reactivity ratios r₁ and r₂ for the copolymerization of 3, 4-dimethyltetrahydrofuran and epichlorohydrin were r₁ = 0.22 ± 0.05 and r₂ = 0.11 ± 0.01, respectively.     

Copolymerization of N-vinylpyrrolidone with N,N-dimethyl-N,N-diallylammonium chloride

The possibility of synthesizing copolymers of N,N-dimethyl-N,N-diallylammonium chloride (DMDAAC) and N- vinylpyrrolidone (VP) was demonstrated and the features of radical copolymerization of these monomers in aqueous and alcohol media were investigated. The optimum conditions of conducting the reaction were determined and the kinetic features of the copolymerization reaction in the region of low degrees of conversion, for which the usual order mechanisms for radical polymerization are preserved, were investigated. The dependence of the initial rate of co polymerization on the composition of the starting mixture of comonomers is nonlinear, and the rate of copolymerization decreases significantly as the concentration of DMDAAC in the starting mixture increases. The composition of copolymers formed was studied and the copolymerization constants r₁ ^ef=r₂ ^ef=1 were calculated, i.e., the system is azeotropic, which is also detected for significant degrees of conversion.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 1969–1973, September, 1990.     

Synthesis of degradable poly(methyl methacrylate) star polymers via RAFT copolymerization with cyclic ketene acetals

Copolymerization of the cyclic ketene acetal 5,6‐benzo‐2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxepane (BMDO) with methyl methacrylate (MMA) is studied with respect to its copolymerization parameters and the suitability to control BMDO/MMA copolymerizations via the reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) technique to obtain linear and 4‐arm star polymers. BMDO shows disparate copolymerization behavior with MMA and r₁ = 0.33 ± 0.06 and r₂ = 6.0 ± 0.8 have been determined for polymerization at 110 °C in anisole from fitting copolymer composition vs. comonomer feed data to the Lewis–Mayo equation. Copolymerization of the two monomers is successful in RAFT polymerization employing a trithiocarbonate control agent. As desired, polymers contain only little amount of polyester units stemming from BMDO units and preliminary degradation experiment show that the polymer degrades slowly, but steadily in aqueous 1 M NaOH dispersion. Within ten days, the polymers are broken down to low molecular weight segments from an initial molecular weight of M_n = 6000 g mol^?1. Star (co)polymerization with an erythritol‐based tetra‐functional RAFT agent following the Z‐group approach proceeds efficiently and polymers with a number‐average molecular weight of 10,000 g mol^?1 are readily obtained that degrade in similar manner as the linear copolymer counterparts. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014 , 52, 1633–1641     

Ruthenium-catalyzed cyclization of epoxide with a tethered alkyne: formation of ketene intermediates via oxygen transfer from epoxides to terminal alkynes

Treatment of (o-ethynyl)phenyl epoxides with TpRuPPh(3)(CH(3)CN)(2)PF(6) (10 mol %) in hot toluene (100 degrees C, 3-6 h) gave 2-naphthols or 1-alkylidene-2-indanones very selectively with isolated yields exceeding 72%, depending on the nature of the epoxide substituents. Surprisingly, the reaction intermediate proved to be a ruthenium-pi-ketene species that can be trapped efficiently by alcohol to give an ester compound. This phenomenon indicates a novel oxygen transfer from epoxide to its terminal alkyne catalyzed by a ruthenium complex. A plausible mechanism is proposed on the basis of reaction products and the deuterium-labeling experiment. The 2-naphthol products are thought to derive from 6-endo-dig cyclization of (o-alkenyl)phenyl ketene intermediates, whereas 1-alkylidene-2-indanones are given from the 5-endo-dig cyclization pathway.     

Reactions of some cyclic ketene acetals with maleic anhydride and acrylonitrile

The reactions of 9-methyl-4-methylidene-3,5-dioxabicyclo[5.4.0]undecane with maleic anhydride and acrylonitrile were studied by NMR spectroscopy and were found to give 1:1 molecular complexes with equilibrium constants of 0.24±0.06 and 0.14±0.04 l mol^?1, respectively. Analysis of the calculated (AM1) heats of formation ΔH, differences in the dipole moments Δμ, frequencies and intensities of stretching vibrations of the donor and acceptors, and charge distribution showed formation of π-π, mixed π-π-H, and H complexes with partial charge transfer. These complexes can be used in copolymerization of the above monomers.     

Synthesis of zwitterionic salts via three component reactions of nitrogen-containing heterocycles, acetylenedicarboxylate and cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds

A practical synthetic procedure for the preparation of the charge-separated pyridinium-Meldrum acid zwitterionic salts was developed through a unique one-pot three component reaction of pyridine, acetylenedicarboxylate and Meldrum acid. Other nitrogen-containing heterocycles such as N-methylimidazole, 2-picoline, quinoline, isoquinoline and other cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds such as 1,3-cyclopentanedione, 1,3-cyclohexanedione, barbituric acid also took part in the reaction to give corresponding zwitterionic salts in moderate yields, respectively. In one case an unusual isoquinolinium 1,3-cyclopentanedionate was obtained. A feasible explanation is given for this novel one-pot tandem reaction and the formation of different kinds of products.     

Synthesis of polysubstituted 2-azetidinones via in situ generation of a vanillinyl ketene and electrocyclic reaction of the corresponding zwitterionic intermediate

Research on Chemical Intermediates - Highly stereoselective synthesis of polyfunctionalized 2-azetidinones was achieved starting from vanillin as an available natural product. Our approach to these...