Stereoselectivity in the TiCl4-Catalyzed [4+2] Cycloaddition of Cyclopentadiene to (2R)-Bornane-10,2-sultam Derivatives of Fumaric Acid Monoesters

The [4+2] cycloaddition of cyclopentadiene to the (2R)-bornane-10,2-sultam derivative (−)- 1b of fumaric monomethyl ester proceeds with high endo and π-facial diastereoselectivity in the presence of 0.5 mol-equiv. of TiCl₄. The major diastereoisomer endo-(2R,3R)- 2b , isolated in 87% yield by crystallization, was subjected to X-ray crystal-structure analysis. Steric influence of ethyl- and benzyl-ester analogues (−)- 1c and (−)- 1d , respectively, is also reported.     

Complete π-Facial Stereoselectivity in the TiCl4-Mediated [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of Cyclopentadiene to N,N′-fumaroyldi[(2R)-bornane-10,2-sultam]

Under the co-operative influence of two prosthetic groups, and independent of the TiCl₄ concentration, complete and constant diastereofacial π-selection was achieved during the [4 + 2] cycloaddition of cyclopentadiene to N,N′-fumaroyl-di[(2R)-bornane-10,2-sultam] ((?)- 1c ); reactive conformations are discussed.     

Asymmetric Diels-Alder Reaction of 1-Methoxybuta-1,3-diene with (2R)-N-Glyoxyloylbornane-10,2-sultam

Starting from sultam 1 , the chiral dienophile (2R)-N-glyoxyloylbornane-10,2-sultam ( 4 ) was readily prepared. Non-catalyzed atmospheric- and high-pressure as well as [Eu(fod)₃]-promoted [4 + 2] cycloadditions of 1-methoxy-buta-1,3-diene ( 5 ) to chiral dienophile 4 , leading with high asymmetric induction to 6-methoxy-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl derivatives 6 – 9 , are described. The extent and direction of asymmetric induction in these reactions were established by ¹H-NMR analysis and chemical correlation, respectively. Stereochemical models for both non-catalyzed and [Eu(fod)₃]-promoted reactions are proposed.     

Asymmetric reduction of N-methylglyoxyloyl- and N-phenylglyoxyloyl-(2R)-bornane-10,2-sultam

N-Methylglyoxyloyl- (1a) and N-phenylglyoxyloyl-(2R)-bornane-10,2-sultam (1b), when reduced under various conditions, afford mixtures of two diastereoisomeric alcohols. In both cases, the reaction conditions lead to excess of both (S) and (R) configuration at the newly created stereogenic center of diastereomeric products have been found.     

Influence of Lewis Acids on the [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of N,N′-Fumaroylbis[(2R)-bornane-10,2-sultam] to Cyclopentadiene and application to various dienes

Among seventeen different Lewis acids, TiCl₄ was found to be the best catalyst for the [4 + 2] cycloaddition of cyclopentadiene to N,N′-fumaroylbis[(2R)-bornane-10,2-sultam] ((?)- 1 ). Independently of the TiCl₄ molar concentration, almost constant and complete (98–89% d.e.) diastereofacial π-selection was achieved in the Diels-Alder addition of (?)- 1 to cyclopentadiene, cyclohexadiene, isoprene, and 2,3-dimethylbuta-1,3-diene.     

The asymmetric hetero-Diels–Alder reaction and addition of allylic organometallics to 10-N,N-dicyclohexylsulphamoyl-(2R)-isobornyl glyoxylate

The recent development of very effective chiral auxiliaries has led to the design of 10-N,N-dicyclohexylsulphamoyl-(R)-isoborneol, which is similar to Oppolzer's (2R)-bornane-10,2-sultam but less effective on account of a less rigid structure. 10-N,N-Dicyclohexylsulphamoyl-(R)-isobornyl glyoxylate was examined in Diels–Alder and organometallic addition reactions. The results obtained were compared with those achieved by application of N-glyoxyloyl-(2R)-bornane-10,2-sultam.     

Efficient Preparation and X-Ray Structure Analyses of (2R)-N-pyruvoyl- and (2R)-N-(phenylglyoxyloyl)bornane-10,2-sultam

An efficient synthesis of the two title compounds is reported, as well as their X-ray crystal-structure analyses. A discussion based on stereoelectronic considerations rationalizes the first example of a crystalline SO₂/C(O) syn-periplanar conformer of a N-acylbornane-10,2-sultam.     

Highly diastereoselective Henry reaction of nitro compounds with chiral derivatives of glyoxylic acid

N-Glyoxyloyl-(2R)-bornane-10,2-sultam and (1R)-8-phenylmenthyl glyoxylate react stereoselectively with simple nitro compounds giving diastereoisomeric nitroalcohols with high asymmetric induction. N-Glyoxyloyl-(2R)-bornane-10,2-sultam 1a is shown to be a highly efficient chiral inducer, superior to (1R)-8-phenylmenthyl glyoxylate 1b. In all cases, the absolute (2S) configuration at the center bearing the hydroxy group and the relative syn configuration for the major diastereoisomers were determined.     

Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of (1R,2R)-N1-(2-butyl)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine platinum(II) complexes with malonate derivatives

Three new platinum(II) complexes of (1R,2R)-N¹-(2-butyl)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine with malonate derivatives as leaving groups have been synthesized and spectrally characterized. They were tested in vitro against four human cancer cell lines. [(1R,2R)-N¹-(2-butyl)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine-N,N′](2-ethylmalonato-O,O′)platinum(II) turned out to be more active (IC₅₀ = 4.65 μM) than oxaliplatin (IC₅₀ = 6.55 μM) against the MCF-7 cell line and is superior to its parent complex, [(1R,2R)-N¹-(2-butyl)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine-N,N′](malonato-O,O′)platinum(II). In addition, agarose gel electrophoresis study revealed that the interaction of the complex with pET22b plasmid DNA had a different behavior from that of cisplatin or oxaliplatin.     

Asymmetric syn-dihydroxylation of γ-substituted (2R)-N-(β,γ-enoyl)bornane-10,2-sultams

Various γ-substituted (2R)-N-(β,γ-enoyl)bornane-10,2-sultams have been examined in diastereoselective OsO₄ syn-dihydroxylation. In contrast to the C(α)-atom, the bornane-10,2-sultam auxiliary exerts a very poor influence on the C(β)-carbon. Spontaneous stereoselective hydrolysis of the minor diastereoisomer (3S,4S)-5c opens the way to enantiomerically pure building blocks.     

Practical Synthesis of (+)-Alloisoleucine

Subsequent treatment of N-crotoyl-(1S,2R)-bornane-10,2-sultam with EtMgCl, recrystallization of the product and saponification, afforded R-(-)-3-methylpenthanoic acid which was used for acylation of (1R,2S)-bornane-10,2-sultam. The product was converted into N-[(2S,3R)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoyl]-(1R,2S)-bornane-10,2-sultam by hydroxyamination with 1-chloro-1-nitrosocyclohexane, followed by reduction of the hydroxylamine grouping. Saponification of the sultam imide provided (+)-alloisoleucine.     

Influence of the Solvent Polarity on the Stereoselectivity of the Uncatalyzed [4+2] Cycloaddition of Cyclopentadiene to N,N′-Fumaroyldi[(2R)-borane-10,2-sultam]

A correlation between the solvent polarity and the logarithm of the diastereoisomer ratio (dr) was found for the uncatalyzed [4+2] cycloaddition of cyclopentadiene to N,N′-fumaroyldi[(2R)-bornane-10,2-sultam]. Using the Abboud-Abraham-Kamlet-Taft parameters, predictive values for this method, allowed an optimum diastereoisomeric excess (de) of 96% (EtOH, −78°). A similar diastereoselectivity was achieved using 5M LiClO₄/Et₂O or H₂O/β-cyclodextrin, and the influence of supercritical CO₂ is also reported. Selective cycloadditions of apolar diene in polar solvents are entropically favored by the greater dipole moment of the N-enoylcamphorsultam syn-s-cis conformers and of the C(α)-re transition states. Implications on the stereochemical course of the reaction are discussed.     

An Efficient Synthesis of Optically Pure (R)- and (S)-2-(aminomethyl)alanine ((R)- and (S)-ama) and (R)- and (S)-2-(aminomethyl)leucine ((R)- and (S)-aml)

An efficient synthesis of enantiomerically pure (R)- and (S)-2-(aminomethyl)alanine ((R)- and (S)-Ama) 1a and (R)- and (S)-2-(aminomethyl)leucine ((R)- and (S)-Aml) 1b is described (Schemes 1 and 2). Resolution of the racemic amino acids was achieved using L -phenylalanine cyclohexylamide ( 2 ) as chiral auxiliary. The free amino acids 1a, b were converted to the N^α-Boc,N^γ-Z-protected derivatives 11a, b (Scheme 3) ready for incorporation into peptides. Based on the three crystal structures of the diastereoisomeric peptides 8a, 8b , and 9b , the absolute configurations in both series were determined. β-Turn type-I geometries were observed for structures 8b and 9b , whereas 8a crystallized in an extended backbone conformation.     

Synthesis of (3′R,5′S)-3′-hydroxycotinine using 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of a nitrone

To synthesize (3′R,5′S)-3′-hydroxycotinine [(+)-1], the main metabolite of nicotine (2), cycloaddition of C-(3-pyridyl)nitrones 3a, 3c, and 15 with (2R)- and (2S)-N-(acryloyl)bornane-10,2-sultam [(2R)- and (2S)-8] was examined. Among them, l-gulose-derived nitrone 15 underwent stereoselective cycloaddition with (2S)-8 to afford cycloadduct 16, which was elaborated to (+)-1.     

Preparation of (R)-11-hydroxyaporphine directly from (R)-10,11-dihydroxyaporphine ((R)-apomorphine)

A Regioselective synthesis of (R)-11-hydroxyaporphine 2 directly from (R)-10,11-dihydroxyaporphine ((R)-apomorphine, 1 ) is described for the first time. The isopropylidene ketal ring of 10,11-(isopropyl-idenyldioxy)aporphine 5 obtained by the isopropylidenation of apomorphine was regioselectively opened by ten equivalents of trimethylaluminum to give (R)-10-hydroxy-11-tert-butyloxyaporphine 6 . The free 10-hydioxyl position of 6 was triflated with N-pbenyltrifluoromethanesulfonimide and potassium carbonate under reflux to give (R)-10-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyloxy]-11-tert-butyloxyaporphine 7 . The reduced product, 11-tert-butyloxyaporphine 8 was prepared from 7 by a palladium-catalyzed hydrogenolysis. The ether cleavage of (R)-11-tert-butyloxyaporphine with 48% hydrobromic acid afforded the desired (R)-11-hydroxyaporphine 2 in good yield.     

Oxidative ring-opening of rel-(2R,3R,5S)-5-aryl-2-benzoylamino-6,7-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-3-phenyl-1H,5H-pyrazolo[1,2-a]-pyrazoles. Synthesis of rel-(2R,3R)-3-phenyl-3-[5-aryl-3,4-bis(methoxycarbonyl)pyrazolyl-1]alanine esters

rel-(2R,3R)-N-Benzoylamino-6,7-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1H,5H-pyrazolot[1,2-a]-pyrazoles 5 , accesible by cycloaddition of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate ( 3 ) to (1Z)-rel-(4R,5R)-1-aryl-methylidene-4-benzoylamino-5-phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone-1-azomethine imines 4 , undergo oxidative ring cleavage with methanolic bromine giving rel-(2R,3R)-N-benzoyl-3-phenyl-3-[5-aryl-3,4-bis(methoxy-carbonyl)pyrazolyl-1]alanine methyl esters 6 as products.     

Synthetic modifications of bifunctional homoallylamines: Synthesis of 2-arylpiperidines, (R)-anatabine and (R)-anabasine

The chiral homoallylamines with orthogonal bifunctional handle, an amine, and a pendant allyl unit are available to be easily converted into N-heterocycles. The N-allylation and Ru-catalyzed ring-closing metathesis delivered the bioactive 2-arylpiperidines, Nicotiana tabacum alkaloids (R)-anatabine and (R)-anabasine in three steps. A formal synthesis of (R)-N-methylanatabine and (R)-N-methylanabasine is also completed.     

New chiral phosphine-phosphonites derived from (2R,3R)-dimethyl tartrate, (S)-binaphthol and (1R,2S)-ephedrine

The reaction of 2-lithiophenyldiphenylphosphine with phosphorus trichloride afforded the new unsymmetric phosphine, dichloro(2-diphenylphosphinophenyl)phosphine (4). Condensation of 4 with (a) (2R,3R)-dimethyl tartrate or (b) (S)-binaphthol in the presence of triethylamine gave new chiral phosphine-phosphonite ligands, (2R,3R)-[2-(2′-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl)-4,5-bis(carbomethoxy)-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane] ((2R,3R)-5) and (S)-[2-(diphenylphosphino)benzene][1,1′-binaphthalen-2,2′-diyl]phosphonite] ((S)-6). The analogous reaction of 4 with (1R,2S)-ephedrine using N-methylmorpholine as the base, gave [2-(2′-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-1,3,2-oxazaphospholidine] (7) as a 95:5 mixture of diastereoisomers.     

Asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of chiral carboxyloyl nitrile oxides to cycloalkenes

Asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of chiral carboxyloyl nitrile oxides derived from (2R)-bornane-10,2-sultam, (1R)-8-phenylmenthol, N,N-dicyclohexyl-10-sulfamoyl-(2R)-isoborneol, and 7,7-dimethylnorbornane-(1S,2R)-oxazolidinone to four cycloalkenes, leading to the corresponding 2-isoxazolines in both moderate yields and diastereoselectivities, are presented. All cycloadducts were converted into the corresponding alcohols, which were used for the determination of enantiomeric purity via chiral gas chromatography. In the case of the six-membered ring cycloadduct, the absolute configuration was determined by X-ray analysis.     

Synthesis of a Six‐Membered‐Ring (2R)‐10a‐Homobornane‐10a,2‐sultam and Structural Comparison with Oppolzer's,Lang's,and King's Sultams

The new six‐membered‐ring (2R)‐10a‐homobornane‐10a,2‐sultam (−)‐ 3a was synthesized and its X‐ray structural analysis was compared with that of the novel structure of the five‐membered‐ring (2R)‐bornane‐10,2‐sultam analogues (−)‐ 1a , b as well as with that already published for the six‐membered‐ring trans‐decalin‐like sultam 4a . Based on DN** density‐function calculations and X‐ray crystallographic studies of the N‐methylated analogues (−)‐ 1e and 4b and by comparing with the conformation of the N‐fluoro derivatives (−)‐ 1c and (+)‐ 1d , the anomeric stabilization was estimated to be smaller than the 2.0–2.5 kcal/mol earlier suggested. The direction of pyramidalization is rationalized in terms of H‐bond and steric and electronic interactions and extended to the known toluenesultam derivatives 10a – c .