The interaction of CO and O2 with thin islands of Pd

The adsorption and coadsorption of CO and O₂ on islands of Pd about 7 monolayers thin was investigated by TPD and AES. It was found that CO decomposes much less on the Pd islands grown on W(110)-c(14 × 7)-0 than on small particles of Pd on bulk oxide substrates (mica, sapphire). Also, oxygen interacts unusually strong with the island surfaces at temperatures as low as about 600 K. These new results are attributed mainly to SMSI (strong metal/support interaction). Detailed studies of Pd island growth on W(110)-c(14 × 7)-O show that the island thickness can be varied systematically from ～ 3 to ～ 8 monolayers.     

The temperature dependence of the interaction of NO + CO on Pt{1 0 0}

Infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy together with mass spectrometry has been used to investigate the interaction of NO and CO on Pt{1 0 0}, initially prepared in the reconstructed ‘hex’ phase, under ambient pressures of these gases, in the temperature range 300-500 K. The results allow the local and total coverages of adsorbed CO and NO to be related to the rate of reaction to produce gas phase CO₂, and provide insight into the species present on the surface during the so-called low temperature oscillatory reaction regime of this process. At temperatures below that at which NO dissociation occurs (approximately 390-400 K) adsorption is controlled by the non-reactive displacement of NO by CO and results in a CO-poisoned surface. Above 400 K when significant CO₂ production occurs, the NO coverage increases to produce a surface with NO and CO fully intermixed; the increase in NO coverage is attributed to the higher rate of NO arrival from the gas phase (with a partial pressure ratio of P_NO:P_CO>1) at free surface sites created by NO dissociation and subsequent reaction with CO. The competition between these two processes of non-reactive NO displacement by CO and reactive displacement of CO by NO is proposed to determine the parameter space of the low temperature oscillatory regime. Rapid equilibration between bridged and atop CO species leads to them appearing to exhibit identical reaction behaviour. Particularly at the lowest reaction temperatures (around 400 K), islands of pure CO may coexist on the surface but not participate in the reaction. Under conditions corresponding to the high temperature oscillatory regime, small quantities of absorbed CO, but no NO, are seen on the surface.     

Interaction of NO with CO on Pd(100): ordered coadsorption structures and explosive reaction

An ordered mixed structure of c(3 × 2) is formed for a (NO + CO) coadsorption layer. The c(3 × 2) islands are considered to consist of equimolar NO and CO. The local fractional coverage (θ_NO + θ_CO) in the domain is estimated to be 0.33. Explosive production of CO₂ takes place in the c(3 × 2) islands. The vacancy requirement model is considered to be valid for the autocatalytic reaction. Since the reaction is not accompanied with any substrate reconstruction, the autocatalytic behaviour is attributed only to the formation of mixed islands. The desorption of N₂ follows, however, the second-order kinetics on Pd(100). As a result of the competition between NO and CO for the surface electrons, the CO-metal bond is weakened by the coadsorbed NO, which influences the explosive reaction. On the other hand, strengthening of the NO-metal bond is observed. When NO is in excess of CO, a p(3 × 2) structure coexists with the c(3 × 2) structure. The local coverage in the p(3 × 2) islands is estimated to be 0.33. In this coverage region, another path for the CO₂ production is available.     

The structure and mobility of carbon on Ru(001)

Interaction of ethylene with Ru(001) at temperatures above 300 K causes carbon to be deposited on the surface. Thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) of CO adsorbed on the precarburized surface shows that at carbon coverages below 0.5 ML the CO bond to the surface is weakened, but the adsorption capacity is only slightly diminished. At carbon coverages above 0.5 ML, CO adsorption sites are blocked. Temperature programmed oxidation (TPO) of the carbon layer shows a first-order peak at 570 K which indicates carbon-oxygen neighbors and a peak at ≈ 650K that requires mobility in the surface layer. CO TDS, TPO, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and SIMS all show that annealing the carbon layer causes growth of graphitic islands that starts at ≈ 600 K and is complete at ≈ 900 K. Temperatures above 1145 K cause dissolution of carbon into the bulk. The island formation, which requires a minimum carbon coverage, is indicated by increased CO uptake, a high-temperature TPO peak, loss of the AES carbidic feature, and restricted isotope mixing in the C₂⁻ ions in SIMS of ¹³C deposited on an annealed ¹²C surface. The SIMS experiments demonstrate the use of this technique for the study of proximity and structure in surface layers.     

Nitric oxide reduction by CO ON Rh(111): Temperature programmed reaction

The reaction of NO with CO on Rh(111) has been studied with temperature programmed reaction (TPR). Comparisons are made with the reaction of O₂ with CO and the reaction of NO with H₂. The rate-determining step for both CO oxidation reactions is CO(a) + O(a) → CO₂(g). Repulsive interactions between adsorbed CO and adsorbed nitrogen atoms lead to desorption of CO in a peak at 415 K which is in the temperature range where the reaction between CO(a) and O(a) produces CO₂(g). Thus the extent of reaction of CO(a) with NO(a) is less than that between CO(a) and O(a) due to the lower coverage of CO caused by adsorbed N atoms and NO. A similar repulsive interaction between NO(a) and H(a) suppresses the NO + H₂ reaction. CO + NO reaction behavior on Rh(111) is compared to that observed on Pt(111).     

薄膜生长中的表面动力学(Ⅰ)

本文较全面地从理论上研究了薄膜生长过程中原子在表面上的和种动力学表现，涉及的内容包括亚单层生长时，原子在表面上的扩散，粘接，成核，以及已经形成的原子岛之间的相互作用，兼并，失稳，退化等一系列过程，作为研究的基础。在本文的第一部分（即0-6章）中，我们首先介绍了目前这方面理论研究中所主要使用的各种方法。例如，第一性原理计算，分子动力学模拟。蒙特卡罗模拟。速率方程和过渡态（TST）理论等。基于这些研究。我们介绍给读者为什么原子成岛时在低温下选择分形状，而在高温时则选择紧致状。这一过程可以用经典的扩散子限制集聚理论（Diffusion-Limited Aggregation,DLA)。然而当有表面活性剂存在时形核的规律安全相反，由此提出了一个反应限制集聚理论（Reaction-Limited Aggregation,RLA)，这两个理论目前可以很好的解释亚单层生长时的一般形核规律。接下来我们讨论了长程相互作用对生长初期原子形核的影响。并进一步得出了相应的标度理论。在第6章我们系统地研究了分了吸附对二维原子岛形状的控制性，从而提出了边-角原子扩散的对称破缺模型。     

薄膜生长中的表面动力学(Ⅰ)

本文较全面地从理论上研究了薄膜生长过程中原子在表面上的各种动力学表现 ,涉及的内容包括亚单层生长时 ,原子在表面上的扩散 ,粘接 ,成核 ,以及已经形成的原子岛之间的相互作用 ,兼并 ,失稳 ,退化等一系列过程。作为研究的基础 ,在本文的第一部分 (即0～ 6章 )中 ,我们首先介绍了目前这方面理论研究中所主要使用的各种方法。例如 ,第一性原理计算 ,分子动力学模拟 ,蒙特卡罗模拟 ,速率方程和过渡态 (TST)理论等。基于这些研究 ,我们介绍给读者为什么原子成岛时在低温下选择分形状 ,而在高温时则选择紧致状。这一过程可以用经典的扩散子限制集聚理论 (Diffusion_LimitedAggregation ,DLA)。然而当有表面活性剂存在时形核的规律完全相反 ,由此提出了一个反应限制集聚理论 (Reaction_LimitedAggregation,RLA)。这两个理论目前可以很好地解释亚单层生长时的一般形核规律。接下来我们讨论了长程相互作用对生长初期原子形核的影响 ,并进一步得出了相应的标度理论。在第 6章我们系统地研究了分了吸附对二维原子岛形状的控制性 ,从而提出了边 角原子扩散的对称破缺模型。     

Adsorption and interaction of CO and NO on Pt(410): I. TPD studies

NO and CO adsorption and the NO/CO reaction on Pt(410) are studied by TPD. NO is found to dissociate on Pt(410) at 120 K, but it reacts to form N₂O at higher exposures. The N₂O desorbs in two peaks at 135 and 150 K. CO adsorbs molecularly, and desorbs in 5 peaks at 550, 500, 450, 380 and about 130 K. CO is also found to dissociate upon heating, leaving a carbon residue on the surface which changes the TPD spectra. The NO/CO reaction shows a surface explosion at 360 K. These results provide additional evidence that Pt(410) has unusual reactivity, as predicted by Banholzer, Park, Mak and Masel, Surface Sci. 128 (1983) 176.     

Magnetization reversal of individual Co nanoislands

We investigate the magnetization reversal of individual Co islands on Cu(111) in the size range of N=700 to 18,000 atoms by spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy at 8 K. The switching field H(sw) changes with island size in a nonmonotonic manner: it increases with island size and reaches a maximum value of 2.4 T at N=5500 atoms, and it decreases for larger islands. We extract the energy barrier for magnetization reversal as a function of island size. The maximum H(sw) corresponds to an energy barrier of 1 eV. Our results elucidate a crossover of the magnetization reversal from an exchange-spring behavior to domain wall formation with increasing size at around 7500 atoms.     

Long-range electronic interactions at a high temperature: bromine adatom islands on Cu(111)

Long-range electronic interactions between Br adatom islands, which are formed at approximately 600 K, on Cu(111) are mediated by substrate surface-state electrons at that elevated temperature. Using scanning tunneling microscopy at 4 K, we have quantified nearest neighbor island separations and found favored spacings to be half-multiples of the Fermi wavelength of Cu(111). The strong interaction potential and decay length of the interisland interactions are discussed in terms of the interaction of Br with the substrate surface state.     

Interactions between NO and CO on Pt(111)

Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of coadsorbed NO and CO on Pt(111) shows that no reaction occurs (less than 2%) up to the desorption temperature of NO. At 100 K, adsorption is competitive, but neither gas displaces the other from the surface. Coadsorbed CO causes the NO desorption temperature to be lowered by as much as 100 K, but NO does not affect the CO desorption temperature. TPD spectra for NO depend on which gas is adsorbed first, indicating that equilibrium between species is not established on the surface during desorption. Electron energy loss spectra show that the vibrational spectrum of each gas is only weakly affected by the other. When NO is adsorbed first, CO does not affect the ratio of bridged and terminal NO but lowers the frequencies of the bridged NO by approximately 50 cm^?1 and lowers the intensities of vibrational peaks of both species by a factor of about four. When CO is adsorbed first, the ratio of terminal to bridged NO increases for given coverage of NO, and the frequency of the bridged NO remains at the pure NO value. These results are explained in terms of CO island formation, repulsive interactions between NO and CO, and low adsorbate mobilities.     

Photoluminescence of self-assembled GeSi/Si(001) nanoislands of different shapes

The dependence of the photoluminescence spectra of structures with self-assembled GeSi/Si(001) islands on Ge deposition temperature was studied. The position of the island photoluminescence peak maximum was found to shift nonmonotonically with decreasing Ge deposition temperature. The blue shift of the island photoluminescence peak with the growth temperature decreasing from 600 to 550°C is assigned to the change in the island shape occurring in this temperature interval accompanied by a strong decrease in the average island height.     

Island models and the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide and carbon monoxide-olefin mixtures

Simple kinetic models which take account of the formation of islands of adsorbate on a catalyst surface are proposed, and are compared with an elementary step model for CO oxidation and oxidation of a CO-butene or CO-propylene mixture. The island models give fits to data from step change transient experiments which are comparable with the elementary step model, and give better fits to steady-state and continuously oscillating data (the latter with hydrocarbon present). Theoretical predictions of chaotic behaviour in CO oxidation can be obtained with the island models. Comparisons between island models suggest that islands of CO have the most significant effect on simulations at the experimental conditions.     

Nanowedge island formation on Mo(1 1 0)

The deposition of ultrathin Fe films on the Mo(1 1 0) surface at elevated temperatures results in the formation of distinctive nanowedge islands. The model of island formation presented in this work is based on both experiment and DFT calculations of Fe adatom hopping barriers. Also, a number of classical molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to illustrate fragments of the model. The islands are formed during a transition from a nanostripe morphology at around 2 ML coverage through a Bales-Zangwill type instability. Islands nucleate when the meandering step fronts are sufficiently roughened to produce a substantial overlap between adjacent steps. The islands propagate along the substrate [0 0 1] direction due to anisotropic diffusion/capture processes along the island edges. It was found that the substrate steps limit adatom diffusion and provide heterogeneous nucleation sites, resulting in a higher density of islands on a vicinal surface. As the islands can be several layers thick at their thinnest end, we propose that adatoms entering the islands undertake a so-called “vertical climb” along the sides of the island. This is facilitated by the presence of mismatch-induced dislocations that thread to the sides of the islands and produce local maxima of compressive strain. Dislocation lines also trigger initial nucleation on the surface with 2-3 ML Fe coverage. The sides of the nanowedge islands typically form along low-index crystallographic directions but can also form along dislocation lines or the substrate miscut direction.     

An XPS study of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide adsorption on platinum (410): Unusual dissociation activity

The adsorption of NO and CO on platinum (410) is studied by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). It is found that the (410) surface shows unusual activity for NO and CO bond breaking. CO is found to adsorb molecularly on Pt (410) at 300 K, but it partially dissociates upon heating to 500 K. NO is found to adsorb dissociatively under all conditions studied. By comparison, the low index faces of platinum and stepped surfaces considered previously give negligible dissociation of CO and negligible dissociation of NO up to 450 K. The (410) surface is also unusual from an orbital symmetry standpoint; in fact, it was predicted to be unusually active for NO and CO bond breaking based on Woodward-Hoffman ideas. The present results show, then, that Woodward-Hoffman (i.e., orbital symmetry conservation) methods could yield valuable insights into the nature of active sites on single crystal catalysts.     

Self-assembly of three-dimensional metal islands: nonstrained versus strained islands

A theoretical model for the Volmer-Weber growth of three-dimensional metal islands is proposed, with a dipolar island edge-edge interaction. The existence of such an island edge effect makes the island shape dependent on island size. Furthermore, it induces a stable island size against coarsening, leading to self-assembled islands of uniform size. The dependence of the stable island size on total film coverage is shown to be different for nonstrained versus strained islands, in the regime of strong island-island interaction.     

Formation of nanoislands in the course of copper deposition on a Cu(111)-(9 × 9)-Ag surface

The process of copper deposition on a structured Cu(111)-(9 × 9)-Ag surface, which represents a (9 × 9) loop dislocation network, is studied by scanning tunneling microscopy. It is found that, when the substrate temperature is 100 K and the copper coverage is 0.1–0.4 of a monolayer, islands of a size no greater than 50 Å are formed at the Ag/Cu(111) interface. The islands remain stable as the sample is heated to room temperature. The shape and boundaries of the nanoislands follow the initial surface superstructure and are determined by the nonuniformity of the interaction of the upper silver layer with the copper substrate. The mechanism of island formation and the origin of their stability are explained in terms of the atom exchange between the adsorbate and substrate.     

原位漫反射红外光谱研究SAPO-34分子筛的吸附性能

采用漫反射红外光谱原位考察了298－773K范围H2O，NH3和NO在SAPO－34分子筛上的吸附行为结果表明，SAPO－34对水的吸附是可逆的，对NH3和NO的吸附则是不可逆的。吸附水在623K完全脱附，脱水后的分子筛在3625－3600cm^-1出现表征桥式羟基（Si-OH-Al）的特征峰。发现SAPO－34对NH3和NO均有良好的吸附－催化活性。吸附NH3后，桥式羟基消失，位于3135，3032和1399cm^-1处在423K时出现三个吸收峰，在673K达最大，且峰高分别是SAPO－34骨架峰高的3.9,1.7和6.7倍；吸附NO后，在室温下位于1364cm^-1也观测到一强而尖锐的峰，其强度与骨架峰强度相当。对这些峰进行归属表明，吸附NH3和NO后产生了新的物种NO3^-。     

Kinetics of facile bilayer island formation at low temperature: Ag/NiAl(110)

Facile nucleation and growth of bilayer Ag(110) islands on NiAl(110) is observed by STM for Ag deposition at temperatures as low as 127 K. Density functional theory analysis for supported Ag films determines adatom adsorption energies (which favor bilayer islands), interaction energies, and diffusion barriers. Analysis of an atomistic lattice-gas model incorporating these energies elucidates the role of strongly anisotropic interactions in enabling the upward mass transport needed for bilayer island formation.