固体绝缘子的真空沿面闪络研究

针对在高压设备中因沿面闪络现象而发生绝缘失效的问题,对沿面闪络现象中的基础特性测量手段、影响因素及其发生机制等关键问题进行了归纳总结,介绍了目前关于沿面闪络观测手段及其影响因素研究的主要进展,并对沿面闪络过程的具体机制以及表面电荷在沿面闪络过程中扮演的作用进行讨论。其中,外在因素、电极-介质界面层因素以及真空-介质表面层因素等三大类因素在影响沿面闪络的同时也对表面电荷积聚消散造成影响,其具体机制各不相同。在沿面闪络的主流机制中,SEEA理论较完整地阐述了沿面闪络的起始过程,ETPR理论则对沿面闪络的发展过程有着更好的解释。此外,表面电荷为沿面闪络发生提供了必要电荷,其积累与消散行为对沿面闪络发展起着决定性作用。开发能够实现低二次电子发射系数与高表面电导的绝缘材料及表面改性技术将是该领域未来重点研究方向。     

Simulation of elastic displacement of surface during laser short pulse heating of gold

The laser short pulse heating initiates nonequilibrium heating of the substrate material, which in turn results in the thermal stresses developing in the region below the surface. The surface temperature can be measured possibly through the monitoring of the resulting surface displacement. This requires in detail investigation into the surface displacement and surface temperature rises across the heated spot during the laser short pulse heating process. In the present study, the laser short pulse heating of gold surface is considered and the temperature rise at the surface and elastic displacement of the surface are investigated. The spatial and temporal distributions of surface displacement and surface temperature are predicted and the elastic response of the substrate material due to temperature rise is explored. It is found that the temporal and spatial distributions of the surface displacement do not follow the temperature rise at the surface. Consequently, care should be taken when measuring the temperature rise at the surface by means of monitoring the surface displacement during a laser short pulse heating process.     

Dispersion and damping of a surface plasmon polariton on a one-dimensional randomly rough metal surface

Abstract

By the use of the reduced Rayleigh equation for the amplitude of a surface plasmon polariton on a one-dimensional randomly rough metal surface that is in contact with vacuum, we calculate the dispersion and damping of the surface electromagnetic wave to the lowest nonzero order in the rms height of the surface. It is found that the frequency of the surface plasmon polariton is depressed by the surface roughness. The attenuation of the surface plasmon polariton in the long wavelength limit is due primarily to its scattering into other surface plasmon polaritons, while in the short wavelength limit it is due primarily to its roughness-induced scattering into volume electromagnetic waves in the vacuum. The energy mean free path of the surface plasmon polariton is shorter on a randomly rough metal surface than it is on a lossy planar metal surface, and the surface plasmon polariton is more tightly bound to a rough surface than to a planar one.     

通过形变势弱耦合表面极化子的性质

采用Huybrechts线性组合算符和幺正变换法,导出了晶体中电子与表面光学声子和表面声学声子均为弱耦合极化子的有效哈密顿量,并对两种极限情况进行了讨论。     

Surface waves at the interface between a metal and a photovoltaic-photorefractive crystal

We investigate surface waves at the interface between a metal and a photovoltaic-photorefractive (PP) crystal. These surface waves appear in several forms: delocalized surface waves, shock surface waves, and localized surface waves. Only localized surface waves have limited energy. We demonstrate that the transverse sizes of localized surface waves decrease with an increase in the propagation constant and the amplitudes of localized surface waves increase with the propagation constant. The stability of localized surface waves is investigated numerically and it is found that they are stable.     

氮离子注入对聚四氟乙烯表面电荷积聚和消散特性的影响北大核心CSCD

为了抑制聚四氟乙烯材料表面电荷积聚,采用射频产生氮等离子体对其表面进行等离子体浸没离子注入以改善其表面性能。对注入前后的聚四氟乙烯材料样品进行了X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)、傅里叶红外光谱测试(FTIR)、水接触角测量、表面电阻率测量以及表面电位衰减测量,并基于等温表面电位衰减理论对其表面陷阱能级和密度分布进行了计算,以分析聚四氟乙烯样品经离子注入处理后其表面成分和物理性能的变化,并研究了这些变化对聚四氟乙烯样品表面电荷积聚和消散特性的影响。结果表明:氮离子注入后,聚四氟乙烯材料表面化学成分的主要变化是自身分子结构的破坏和转化,部分CF2结构转变为CF和CF3结构,导致样品表面陷阱能级变浅;水接触角升至140°左右,比未处理样品上升了约27°,表面电阻率降至3×10^15Ω,比未处理样品下降了两个数量级;表面电晕放电1 min后,经氮离子注入处理的聚四氟乙烯材料表面积聚电荷量减少,消散速度加快,这是因为表面陷阱能级变浅有利于表面电荷脱陷,同时表面电阻率降低也促进了表面电荷沿面传导的消散过程,聚四氟乙烯样品表面陷阱能级分布曲线也证实了这一论点。     

黄土高原地表能量不闭合度与垂直感热平流的关系

地表能量不平衡问题一直是陆面过程研究的一个重要科学难题.本文利用在陇中黄土高原观测的陆面过程资料,分析了气候地表能量不闭合度和短期地表能量不闭合度的分布特征,研究了地表能量不闭合度与垂直速度之间的关系,发现地表能量不闭合与垂直速度具有很好的相关性.并且,估算了近地层垂直感热平流通量,分析了考虑垂直感热平流后的地表能量平衡的特征,发现引入垂直感热平流输送对地表能量不闭合度有明显的改进. 关键词： 黄土高原 非均匀性 垂直感热平流 能量不闭合度     

Surface excitation probabilities in surface electron spectroscopies

The phenomenon of surface excitation is competitive in nature for elastic and other inelastic scattering processes in surface electron spectroscopies; the knowledge of influence of surface excitations in electron energy loss spectra is then essential for quantitative surface analysis with these spectroscopies. The inelastic scattering of an electron moving in the vicinity of a surface is considered in a self-energy formalism to estimate the contribution of surface excitation in electron-solid interactions via the total surface excitation probability. The formulation uses the optical bulk dielectric function and provides the spatial and angular dependence of the differential and total inelastic cross-sections. The kinetic energy range of probing electrons considered is 100-5000 eV and the numerical evaluation of total surface excitation probabilities are performed for several metals, Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Fe and Ti; empirical formulae for the surface excitation probability are given for each of these materials and compared with experimental results for the surface excitation parameter. The total surface excitation probability is higher in Ag as compared to other metals under consideration, for identical conditions of electron-solid interactions.     

三维随机粗糙面与目标复合电磁散射的FDTD方法

用时域有限差分方法(FDTD)研究三维周期性延拓的随机粗糙面与上方目标复合电磁散射.用周期性延拓消除数值计算中截取有限大小粗糙面产生的边缘效应,讨论一个周期单元粗糙面的边长与其相关长度之间的关系.给出在FDTD方法中向粗糙面加载入射波的方法,建立了粗糙面上单个三维目标的复合散射FDTD计算模型.数值结果给出粗糙面与目标散射的近场分布,应用近远场变换得到全方位散射角的双站散射系数.比较了三维与二维散射模型的区别.结果显示当粗糙面上放置目标时,其后向散射显著增强.     

采用非均匀有理B样条曲面延展光学元件面形误差

在离子束抛光工艺中,为了提高驻留时间求解算法在工件边缘处的求解精度,通常需要对原始面形误差数据进行边缘虚拟延展。要求原始面形误差数据与虚拟延展面光滑拼接,并在延展区域具有可控的不确定性。非均匀有理B样条(NURBS)曲面常用在机械制造领域对复杂形状物体进行三维建模。引入非均匀有理B样条曲面并结合泽尼克(Zernike)多项式拟合对一典型的圆形光学元件面形误差自由曲面数据进行延展。通过对典型面形误差曲面延展前后的等效功率谱密度曲线分析可以看出,延展后在面形误差频率大于0.05mm-1时其面形误差改善量均大于70%;将该典型延展面应用于特定驻留时间求解算法中,使得预测加工精度的均方根值由1.18nm改善至0.19nm。这表明,采用非均匀有理B样条曲面延展光学元件面形误差能够获得光滑拼接的虚拟延展曲面,并能大大改善离子束抛光工艺中驻留时间算法的求解精度。     

Laser controlled melting of pre-treated zirconia surface

Laser treatment of pre-prepared zirconia surface is carried out. The pre-prepared surface, prior to laser treatment, consists of 50 μm carbon film and 7% titanium carbide particles, which are imbedded in the carbon film. The microstructural and morphological changes in the laser treated surface layer are examined using optical and scanning electron microscopes, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The fracture toughness of the laser treated surface is measured and the residual stress formed at the surface vicinity is determined from the X-ray diffraction technique. It is found that the microhardness of the laser treated surface increased slightly due to the dense layer formed at the surface vicinity. However, the laser treatment process reduces the fracture toughness of the surface due to improved surface hardness and the residual stress formed in the surface vicinity.     

Size-dependent dispersion characteristics in piezoelectric nanoplates with surface effects

In this paper, surface effects on the dispersion characteristics of elastic waves propagating in an infinite piezoelectric nanoplate are investigated by using the surface piezoelectricity model. Based on the surface piezoelectric constitutive theory, the presence of surface stresses and surface electric displacements exerting on the boundary conditions of the piezoelectric nanoplate is taken into account in the modified mechanical and electric equilibrium relations. The partial wave technique is employed to obtain the general solutions of governing equations, and the dispersion relations with surface effects are expressed in an explicit closed form. The impacts of surface piezoelectricity, residual surface stress and plate thickness on the propagation properties of elastic waves are analyzed in detail. Numerical results show that the dispersion behaviors in piezoelectric nanoplates are size-dependent, and there exists a critical plate thickness above which the surface effects may vanish.     

Modification of rubber surface by UV surface grafting

Rubber surface is subjected to ultraviolet radiation (UV) in the presence of allylamine and radiation sensitizer benzophenone (BP). Fourier transform infrared spectral studies reveal the presence of allylamine on the surface. The presence of irregular needle shapes on the surface as observed in scanning electron micrographs also confirms the polymerized allylamine on the surface. Allylamine coatings have been further confirmed from atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) reveals that allylamine coating on the rubber surface lowers the thermal degradation rate. The contact angle between the water and rubber surface decreases for the modified rubber surface confirming the surface modification due to UV surface grafting.     

UO2 晶体中低密勒指数晶面表面能的分子动力学模拟

采用基于刚性离子势的分子动力学模拟方法初步计算了UO₂晶体中(100), (110)和(111) 3种低密勒指数晶面在300–1500 K范围内的表面能大小. 结果表明, 3种晶面的表面能大小随温度的升高而降低, 与实验结果趋势一致; 原子排列最紧密的(111)晶面具有最低的表面能, 3种晶面的表面能大小从高到低依次为(100), (110)和(111)晶面; 达到平衡状态下的表面层原子相对于体内原子层在表面的法线方向上发生了明显的压缩并且表面层原子的对称性也降低了, 表面原子的弛豫效应一直影响到了第5层. 计算研究结果将有助于深入认识UO₂燃料中裂变气体气泡的聚集长大以及燃料的辐照肿胀开裂行为. 关键词： 分子动力学 2')" href="#">UO₂ 低密勒指数晶面 表面能     

Ultrasonic approach for surface nanostructuring

The review is about solid surface modifications by cavitation induced in strong ultrasonic fields. The topic is worth to be discussed in a special issue of surface cleaning by cavitation induced processes since it is important question if we always find surface cleaning when surface modifications occur, or vice versa. While these aspects are extremely interesting it is important for applications to follow possible pathways during ultrasonic treatment of the surface: (i) solely cleaning; (ii) cleaning with following surface nanostructuring; and (iii) topic of this particular review, surface modification with controllably changing its characteristics for advanced applications. It is important to know what can happen and which parameters should be taking into account in the case of surface modification when actually the aim is solely cleaning or aim is surface nanostructuring. Nanostructuring should be taking into account since is often accidentally applied in cleaning. Surface hydrophilicity, stability to Red/Ox reactions, adhesion of surface layers to substrate, stiffness and melting temperature are important to predict the ultrasonic influence on a surface and discussed from these points for various materials and intermetallics, silicon, hybrid materials. Important solid surface characteristics which determine resistivity and kinetics of surface response to ultrasonic treatment are discussed. It is also discussed treatment in different solvents and presents in solution of metal ions.     

Study of a surface critical phenomenon associated with surface segregation in Cu---Ag alloys

This paper presents a modified regular solution formalism for surface segregation in substitutional alloys which distinguishes between bond energies at the surface and in the bulk of a solid solution. The differences between surface and bulk energies are ascribed to strain energy effects associated with misfitting solutes. Experimental measurements of surface composition on (111) surfaces of Cu---Ag alloys dilute in Ag are reported and show the existence of a surface phase transition, which manifests itself as an abrupt surface composition change at temperatures below 788 K. Similar measurements on (100) surfaces show no comparable critical phenomena down to temperatures as low as 523 K, indicating a strong anisotropic behavior of the surface phase transition. The data are compared with the model to obtain model-based estimates of the surface critical temperatures and the surface regular solution constants for both surface orientations.     

混合电解质溶液中考虑介电饱和度的表面电位评估原理

基于非线性泊松-玻尔兹曼方程，推导了混合电解质溶液中考虑介电饱和度的表面电位的解析表达式. 近似解析解和精确数值解计算出的表面电位在很大范围的电荷密度和离子强度条件下均具有很好的一致性. 当表面电荷密度大于0.30 C/m^{2 时，介电饱和度对表面电位的影响变得尤为重要；当表面电荷密度小于0.30 C/m2时，可忽略介电饱和度的影响，即基于经典泊松-玻尔兹曼方程可获得有效的表面电位解析模型. 因此，0.3 C/m2可作为是否考虑介电饱和度的颗粒临界表面电荷密度值. 在低表面电荷密度时，考虑介质饱和度的表面电位解析模型可自然回归到经典泊松-玻尔兹曼理论的结果，得到的表面电位可以正确地预测一价和二价反离子之间的吸附选择性.}     

Silicon surface passivation by static charge

A properly passivated silicon surface is chemically stable, and all interface properties are constant. The silicon dioxide layers fulfil the chemical stability requirements; however, their surface and interface charges have effect on the silicon surface potential barrier. Positive charge is usually assumed at the oxide-silicon interface, thus depletion or inversion layer develops in the case of p and accumulation in the case of n-type silicon.The surface of silicon dioxide can be charged macroscopically by corona charger or by conductive rubber stamp, microscopically by a tip of some scanning probe microscope (STM or AFM). The oxide surface usually retains the charges for a long time, however in the case of ultra-thin or other leaky oxide continuous charging it is necessary to keep the constant surface potential.The main purpose of this work is to summarize the possibilities of charging up the surface, the effect of the surface and interface charge on the surface properties of the silicon. The rearrangement of the surface charges will also be discussed.     

Surface photovoltage in semiconductors under sub-band-gap illumination: continuous distribution of surface states

Surface photovoltage spectra in semiconductors are analyzed when the sub-band-gap illumination induces the electron transitions from surface states to the conduction band under the assumption that distribution of surface states is continuous. From analysis performed it follows that the fictitious densities of surface states can be induced due to the wavelength dependence of the photoionization capture cross-section of surface states for electrons and by the electron recombination capture cross-section of surface states which depends on the energy position of surface states in the energy gap. The high illumination intensity (laser illumination), which makes completely empty the surface states, can eliminate the fictious surface states when the density of surface states is not very large, the temperature of measurements is low, and the surface potential barrier is high. Received: 24 June 1998 / Accepted: 29 March 1999 / Published online: 14 June 1999