旋转光纤圆起偏器的特性分析

基于旋转光纤耦合模理论,对窄带和宽带旋转光纤圆起偏器的特性进行了计算分析.研究了注入光的偏振态、光纤固有线双折射和旋转速率对窄带圆起偏器最小工作长度的影响,并借助多包层光纤的分析方法,分析了旋转光纤各参量变化对宽带圆起偏器工作带宽的影响.结果表明:窄带圆起偏器的最小工作长度与光纤固有线双折射和光纤旋转速率有关,而与注入光的偏振态无关|改变光纤旋转速率可调节宽带圆起偏器的工作带宽,改变应力区到纤芯的距离可改变宽带圆起偏器的中心波长.     

Mathematical modeling of random coupling between polarization modes in single-mode optical fibers: VII. Zero drift in a fiber ring interferometer with a circuit formed by a twisted optical fiber with weak natural linear birefringence

Zero drift and fading of the interference signal determined by polarization nonreciprocity at the exit from a fiber ring interferometer (FRI) of great length designed for recording a number of general relativity (GR) effects and made on the basis of a uniformly twisted single-mode optical fiber (SMF) with weak natural birefringence are considered. The calculations are carried out by numerical simulation using the model of random coupling between orthogonal polarization modes in an SMF, which was proposed in the first part of this work. The so-called minimum arrangement of an FRI with a nonmonochromatic radiation source, including a linear polarizer located between two beam splitters, is considered. Numerical estimates are made. It is shown that the FRI with a circuit on the basis of a twisted SMF has a significantly smaller zero drift and significantly smaller fading of the interference signal than the FRI with a circuit formed by an untwisted SMF. It is shown that the FRI produced on the basis of a twisted SMF provides the polarization sensitivity necessary for detecting the GR effects under study.     

Influence of radiation coherence on the effects of polarization nonreciprocity of fiber ring interferometers

In this paper, we consider the effects of polarization nonreciprocity taking into account coherence or partial coherence of radiation at the output of a fiber ring interferometer (FRI) and discuss the possibility of occurrence of additional effects of polarization nonreciprocity at the output of an FRI with a broadband radiation source due to the coherent component of radiation resulting from the coupling of orthogonal modes at the output segments of the fiber. Allowing for the coherence, we estimate the temperature instability of the interferometer signal related to the polarization nonreciprocity. The features of the polarization nonreciprocity effects for a fiber ring interferometer with polarizer or dichroism are considered. It is shown that if the conditions of conventional reciprocity theorem (no rotation) are satisfied for the interferometer, then the polarization nonreciprocity effects become hidden and cannot be detected in the interference signal without a priori information on the character of birefringence and on the orientation of anisotropic elements of the fiber loop of the interferometer and polarizer.     

液晶磁控偏光特性的研究

利用偏光干涉理论,通过对BL-009型向列相液晶透射比的测试,分析了液晶透射比随磁场的变化情况,并对液晶的磁控双折射效应进行了研究.实验在室温20℃下用JG-3型连续可调磁场仪对液晶盒施加垂直于其表面的磁场,用CT5A型特斯拉计准确读出磁场强度数值,使液晶盒光轴方向与起偏镜和检偏镜偏振方向成45°,分别测出了起偏镜和检偏镜偏振方向平行和垂直时的透射光强度.通过数学函数拟合,得出了液晶的双折射率随磁场的变化规律,即：当磁场强度大于液晶的阈值磁场时,拟合函数能很好地描述液晶磁控双折射率的变化规律.     

Influence of the irregularity of twisting of the birefringence axes of single-mode optical fibers on the polarization nonreciprocity of fiber ring interferometers

A particular example of the so-called minimum-configuration fiber ring interferometer whose loop comprises two different-length segments of a single-mode optical fiber with the same linear birefringence but different twisting is used to show that even in the case where the birefringence axes at the loop input coincide with the polarizer transmission direction, the phenomenon of polarization nonreciprocity of the fiber ring interferometer can emerge. It is shown that polarization nonreciprocity can be eliminated by the proper adjustment of the axes of a single-mode optical fiber, but the above adjustment should be changed if the waveguide temperature is changed. It is also shown that polarization nonreciprocity is a function of the light wavelength and the polarization nonreciprocity value in a fiber ring interferometer varies quasiperiodically in response to the temperature change in an optical fiber with random irregularities.     

Optical Microwave and Millimeter Generation by Using Birefringent Fiber FP Cavity with Pulse Laser Injection

A novel optical microwave and millimeter generation by using single mode fiber FP cavity (SMFFPC) with pulse laser injection is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The frequency of output signal is determined by the birefringence degree of the SMFFPC, a general relationship between output signal frequency of SMFFPC and birefringence degree of single mode fiber is derived. The proof of concept device consists of a light source, a polarizer controller, a modulator, a RF generator, a single mode fiber Fabry-Perot cavity, a strain inspector, an erbium doped fiber amplifier, a filter, a polarizer, and a digital communication analyzer. The results demonstrate the new concept of optical microwave and millimeter generation and the technical feasibility.     

Mathematical modeling of random coupling between polarization modes in single-mode optical fibers: XII. Dependence of the zero drift in fiber ring interferometers in orthogonal polarization modes on the range of temperature variation in an optical fiber

Temperature dependences of the zero drift in a fiber ring interferometer (FRI) without a polarizer in the presence of random inhomogeneities in a single-mode optical fiber in the FRI loop are obtained by numerical simulation. The results are compared with known experimental data. It is shown that FRIs using a superluminescent diode as a source of nonmonochromatic radiation and a loop made of a single-mode optical fiber with weak linear birefringence can find application as low-accuracy fiber-optic gyroscopes and FRIs with a loop made of a single-mode optical fiber with strong linear birefringence can be used as medium-accuracy fiber-optic gyroscopes.     

Interference of white light in tandem configuration of birefringent crystal and sensing birefringent fiber

Spectral interference of white-light beams propagating through a tandem configuration of birefringent crystal and sensing birefringent fiber is analyzed theoretically and experimentally. The spectral interference law is expressed analytically under the condition of a Gaussian response function of a spectrometer taking into account the dispersion of birefringence in the crystal and in the fiber. Two types of spectral interferograms are modeled knowing dispersion characteristics of the sensing fiber and using a quartz crystal of the positive or a calcite crystal of the negative birefringence. The theoretical analysis is accompanied by two experiments employing a highly birefringent fiber and a birefringent quartz crystal of two suitable thicknesses. Within both experiments the spectral interference fringes are resolved in accordance with the theory with phases dependent on the fiber length.     

高数值孔径双芯光纤的双折射研究

具体分析了具有高数值孔径的双芯光纤的双折射特性。首先利用超格子正交函数法和耦合模理论分析了双芯光纤的几何双折射,并将两种方法计算的几何双折射进行了比较分析。数值计算结果表明双芯光纤在两纤芯非常接近的情况下,几何双折射仍较小,只能到10-5量级。利用超格子正交函数法计算了双椭圆芯光纤的双折射,改变结构参量可使几何双折射达到10-4量级。高的数值孔径需要高的掺锗量,理论上分析了高数值孔径时双芯光纤功率集中区域的应力双折射,应力双折射接近10-4量级。设计制作出了具有良好保偏性能的双芯掺铒光纤,测试、分析了它的几何参量和折射率分布;双芯光纤双折射系数达到了8.4×10-5。双芯掺铒光纤可以作为保偏掺铒光纤,应用到制作具有稳定的单一偏振态输出的光纤激光器。     

隔行分层填充的太赫兹超高双折射多孔光纤

本文提出了一种对普通三角晶格多孔光纤隔行分层填充匹配材料, 实现超高模式双折射的方法. 首先, 采用全矢量有限元法对多孔度为43.08%的三角晶格多孔光纤的传输特性进行了详细研究. 随后, 为增强结构非对称性对纤芯空气孔隔行填充折射率为1.4的液体, 发现光纤的模式双折射显著提高, 在峰值处(1.1 THz)由填充前的1.05×10^-3增大到1.36×10^-2; x, y两偏振模式基模的吸收损耗系数分别由0.16 dB/cm增大到0.25 dB/cm和0.28 dB/cm; 光纤的工作带宽由1.1 THz增大到1.9 THz. 研究发现通过增大填充材料的折射率能够显著提高光纤的模式双折射; 当n=2, f=2.2 THz时, 光纤能够达到8.03×10^-2的超高模式双折射. 进一步, 采用隔行分层填充的方式, 在不同层填充不同折射率的液体, 实现折射率的梯度分布, 从而增强光纤对导模的限制能力. 结果显示, 采用该填充方法, 光纤的模式双折射在工作频段内没有峰值, 呈现单调递增的趋势. 当f=2.2 THz时, 模式双折射达到7.19×10^-2. 该设计不仅实现了超高的模式双折射, 同时还具备可调谐的特性, 对实际应用具有重要意义.     

Modeling and simulation of polarization errors in Sagnac fiber optic current sensor

Sagnac fiber optic current sensor (S-FOCS) is a kind of optical interferometer based on Sagnac structure, optical polarization states of sensing light wave in Sagnac fiber optic current sensor are limited. However, several factors induce optical polarization error, and non-ideal polarized light waves cause the interference signal crosstalk in sensor, including polarizer, quarter-wave retarder, splice angular, birefringence and so on. With these errors, linearly polarized light wave in PM fiber and circularly polarized light wave in sensing fiber become elliptically polarized light wave, then, nonreciprocal phase shift induced by magnetic field of the current is interrupted by wrong polarization state. To clarify characteristics of optical polarization error in fiber optic current sensor, we analyze the evolution process of random optical polarization state, linear optical polarization state and circular optical polarization state in Sagnac fiber optic current sensor by using Poincare sphere, then, build optical polarization error models by using Jones matrix. Based on models of polarization state in Sagnac fiber optic current sensor, we investigate the influence of several main error factors on optical polarization error characteristics theoretically, including extinction ratio in polarizer, phase delay in quarter-wave retarder, splice angular between quarter-wave retarder and polarization maintaining fiber. Finally, we simulate and quantify nonreciprocal phase shift to be detected in fiber optic current sensor related with optical polarization errors. In the end, we demonstrate S-FOCS in test. The results show that transfer matrix errors are induced by inaccurate polarization properties during polarization state conversion, then, the stability and accuracy of the S-FOCS are affected, and it is important to control the polarization properties at each step of the polarization state conversion precisely.     

Determination of stress-induced intrinsic birefringence in a single-mode fiber by measurement of the two-dimensional stress profile

The two-dimensional (2-D) axial stress profile of a single-mode fiber is obtained with an optical tomographic measurement technique. All stress components of the fiber are calculated from a measured axial stress profile. We demonstrate that the differential group delay induced by intrinsic nonsymmetric stress as well as the induced linear birefringence between two orthogonal polarization modes can be determined with an analytic technique based on a vector perturbation method from a measured asymmetric 2-D stress distribution.     

White light interferometry test and analysis of LiNbO3 polarizer

White light interferometer can be used to measure the amplitude extinction ratio (ER) of polarizer and coupling distribution in fiber. A LiNbO₃ polarizer coupled with a polarization maintaining fiber and a silica planar waveguide at the two ends was measured using white light interferometer. According to the principles of optical coherence domain polarimeter (OCDP) technique, the test scheme is analyzed and presented to measure the ER of LiNbO₃ polarizer with its apparatus proposed correspondingly. By analyzing the interference intensity, both the ER of LiNbO₃ polarizer and its coupling crosstalk with optical fiber and waveguide are obtained. The results illustrate that the ER of a 5 mm-long LiNbO₃ polarizer is 71 dB and the crosstalk of the coupling points are around 40 dB. The results have good agreement with analysis.     

Linear Transformation of the Polarization Modes in Coiled Optical Spun-Fibers with Strong Unperturbed Linear Birefringence. I. Nonresonant Transformation

A linear transformation of orthogonal polarization modes in coiled optical spun-fibers with strong unperturbed linear birefringence, which causes the emergence of the dependences of the integrated elliptical birefringence and the ellipticity and azimuth of the major axis of the ellipse, as well as the polarization state of radiation (PSR), on the length of optical fiber has been considered. Optical spun-fibers are subjected to a strong mechanical twisting, which is frozen into the structure of the optical fiber upon cooling, in the process of being drawn out from the workpiece. Since the values of the local polarization parameters of coiled spunwaveguides vary according to a rather complex law, the calculations were carried out by numerical modeling of the parameters of the Jones matrices. Since the rotation speed of the axes of the birefringence is constant on a relatively short segment of a coiled optical spun-fiber in the accompanying torsion (helical) coordinate system, the so-called “Ginzburg helical polarization modes” (GHPMs)—two mutually orthogonal ellipses with the opposite directions of traversal, the axis of which rotate relative to the fixed coordinate system uniformly and unidirectionally—are approximately the local normal polarization modes of such optical fiber. It has been shown that, despite the fact that the unperturbed linear birefringence of the spun-fibers significantly exceeds the linear birefringence, which is caused by the winding on a coil, the integral birefringence of an extended segment of such a fiber coincides in order of magnitude with the linear birefringence, which is caused by the winding on the coil, and the integral polarization modes tend asymptotically to circular ones. It has been also shown that the values of the circular birefringence of twisted single-mode fibers, which were calculated in a nonrotating and torsion helical coordinate systems, differ significantly. It has been shown that the polarization phenomena occur in the process of linear transformation of local polarization modes, which lead to small quasi-harmonic oscillations of the birefringence integral parameters of the optical spun-fibers, which depend on their length, and the period of these oscillations is approximately equal to half of the effective period of polarization beating.     

A stable and tunable linear polarization single longitudinal mode fiber ring laser

A stable and tunable linear polarization single longitudinal mode fiber ring laser is proposed and demonstrated. A high extinction ratio spatial mode interference filter utilizing two-mode graded-index fiber supresses irregular side modes effectively, the combination of fiber polarizer and polarization maintaining fiber act as a polarization dependent comb filter, and tunable bandpass filter is adopted to select proper lasing wavelength. The power fluctuation and wavelength fluctuation at 1549.88 nm are less than 0.05 dB and 0.02 nm in 1 h, respectively. Only one longitudinal mode appears within a free spectral range of 7.5 GHz, and the degree of polarization in percentage is approximately as high as 99.07%.     

单块偏振片反射式向列相液晶显示器的理论设计与实验制造研究

反射式液晶显示器(RLCDs)具有亮度高、无视差等优点,并且结构简单,适合于现行的制造工艺和驱动方式.本文利用我们提出的参数空间法(偏振片角度、扭曲角及双折射率的函数)研究了适用于反射式液晶显示器,这种研究表明所有的反射式液晶显示模式都可以在这个参数空间里得以表述,如扭曲向列型的电控双折射模式(TN-ECB),混合场效应模式(HFE),混合向列型模式(MTN),以及自补偿向列型模式(SCTN).在此基础上我们提出几种新的反射模式,如反射向列型及反射超扭曲向列型(通过搜索参数空间得到),二者均适用于直视型和投影型显示方式.我们已制成反射向列型及反射超扭曲向列型样品,实验结果和理论设计符合一致.     

Near-field imaging of the interference pattern of counterpropagating evanescent waves

It is generally accepted that measurement of the contrast of the intensity interference pattern formed by two counterpropagating evanescent waves can be used to characterize the resolving power of a collection near-field microscope. We argue that, if the light collected by a fiber probe propagates toward a detector in the form of guided fiber modes, then this perception is wrong. Using symmetry arguments and simple calculations, we show that, if an extended fiber probe is axially symmetric and oriented perpendicular to the propagation direction, then the measured contrast should always be equal to the contrast of the interference pattern.     

Operating regimes and performance optimization in mode-locked fiber lasers

We derive a theoretical model to characterize the mode-locking dynamics in a single-mode fiber laser cavity with a combination of waveplates and a passive polarizer. The averaging process results in the cubic-quintic Ginzburg-Landau equation (CQGLE) where all the coefficients depend explicitly on the setting of the waveplates as well as the fiber birefringence. A comparison between full numerical simulations and the CQGLE shows a good agreement that allows for characterizing the stability and operating regimes of the laser cavity. A low-dimensional model is developed via the method of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to study the multi-pulsing transition of the CQGLE, and the results agree qulitatively with the CQGLE model. The theory allows one to develop guidelines for engineering and optimizing high-energy, high peak-power pulses in the laser cavity.     

Effect on zero drift of accuracy of reciprocal tuning of elements of fiber-optic interferometer

The effect of the accuracy of reciprocal tuning of the elements of a fiber-optic interferometer (FOI) — laser, polarizer, and eigenaxes of single-mode-fiber (SMF) birefringence — is examined. It is shown that zero drift in the FOI consists of two parts — a constant part and a temperature-related variable part. Both of these parts are functions of the polarization state of the radiation at the entrance to the polarizer, the extinction coefficient of the polarized, and the orientation of the SMF eigenaxes with respect to the polarizer. The variable part of the zero drift is also a function of the birefringence and h-parameter of the SMF and the width of the radiation-source spectrum. Numerical estimates of FOI zero drift are made.Institute of Applied Physics, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 34, No. 7, pp. 817–824, July, 1991.     

Interferometry based on Lau effect with a grating registered in a photorefractive crystal

The use of a grating in the form of modulation of birefringence in a BSO crystal in a novel Lau interferometer set-up is proposed. The system behaves as a conventional Lau interferometer implemented by using two amplitude gratings. Moreover, it permits control of the visibility and provides a contrast inversion of the interferometric fringes by rotating a polarizer. Two alternative experimental arrangements with similar performance are presented. A theoretical approach is outlined and the predicted behavior is confirmed by results obtained under different experimental conditions.