Lifetime measurements of the excited states of N2 AND N2 by laser-induced fluorescence

Absorption and fluorescent scattering of nitrogen laser radiation by a low-pressure RF laboratory plasma (n_e = 10¹² cm⁻³) has been observed for the first negative system of N₂⁺. A 67±1 ns lifetime of N₂⁺ (B ²Σ_u⁺) was experimentally measured from the laser-induced fluorescence. In addition, enough collisionally excited N₂ (B ³Π_g) was produced to observe laser-induced fluorescence for the second positive system of N₂. The lifetime of N₂ (C ³Π_u) was found to be 41±2 ns. The measured lifetimes are in good agreement with published values calculated from theory.     

The chemical production of electronically excited states in the H/NF2 system

A mixture of NF₃ and Ar is passed through an rf discharge in a flow-system to produce, among other species, F and NF₂. When H₂, D₂, or CH₄ are added downstream, reactions with F atoms produce vibrationally excited HF or DF together with H, D, or CH₃. The latter free radicals can react with NF₂, probably by an elimination reaction to produce electronically excited NF: NF₂(²B₁) + H(D, CH₃) → HF^*(DF^* + NF(a¹Δ). A vibrational-to-electronic energy transfer process between the products of this reaction then produces the next higher state of NF: HF(ν 2) + NF(a¹Δ) → HF(ν−2) + NF(b¹Σ⁺). A similar transfer process has also been found between the electronically excited a¹Δ states of O₂ and NF: O₂(a¹Δ) + NF(a¹Δ) → O₂(X³Σ⁻) + NF(b¹Σ⁺). The H or D atoms but not the CH₃ radicals are then found to react with either NF(a¹Δ) or NF(X³Σ⁻) to produce electronically excited N(₂D) atoms, which in turn react with the NF(a¹Δ) molecules to produce N₂(B³Π_g). The observed nitrogen first positive radiation has been demonstrated to be produced entirely by this reaction mechanism rather than by the N(⁴S) recombination that accounts for the Rayleigh afterglow. In addition, the occurrence of the reaction N(₂D) + N₂O → NO(B²Π_r) + N₂ (X¹Σ⁺_g) has been verified. Finally we have observed emission at 3344 Å, which we attribute to the NF(A³Π), which has not been previously reported.     

A CASSCF/icMRCI study of the electric field gradient in low-lying electronic states of N2/N2

The electric field gradients (EFG’s) at the nucleus are calculated as a function of internuclear separation in the X²Σ_g⁺ and B²Σ_u⁺ electronic states of the nitrogen molecule cation using the internally contracted multireference configuration interaction (icMRCI) method. The EFG’s and potential energy functions (PEF’s) are used to estimate the ¹⁴N nuclear quadrupole coupling constants (NQCC’s) in the two electronic states as functions of vibrational and end-over-end rotational quantum numbers. The dependences of the computed constants on the basis set and reference configuration space are investigated. Since no counterpart for comparison of the calculated NQCC’s exists, the N₂⁺ results are supported by analogous calculations on the X¹Σ_g⁺ and A³Σ_u⁺ states of N₂, for which established data are available. The overall good quality of the icMRCI wave functions is further corroborated by a favorable agreement of spectroscopic constants derived from the corresponding PEF’s and experimental data. Variations of the EFG with internuclear separation are explained in terms of wave function composition, and used for gaining specific insight into the chemical bonding in N₂⁺ and N₂.     

The A Πu-X Πg emission spectrum of I2

The A ²Π_u-X ²Π_g electronic emission spectrum of I₂⁺ has been recorded at a low rotational temperature in a crossed molecular beam/electron beam apparatus. Six vibrational sequences with five or more members have been assigned to progressions in ν′, giving ω′_e = 122±8 cm⁻¹, but a full vibrational analysis has not been possible. It is not known whether this is due to the relatively poor resolution (≈5 cm⁻¹) at which the spectrum has been recorded or because the A ²Π_u state is perturbed in one or both spin-orbit components. Existing data on the A state of I₂⁺ are reviewed.     

Vibrational relaxation and electronic mutation of metastable nitrogen molecules generated by nitrogen atom recombination on cobalt and nickel

The recombination of nitrogen atoms on polycrystalline samples of cobalt and nickel produces metastable electronically excited nitrogen molecules, probably N₂(W³Δ_u), which are collisionally transferred to the N₂(B³Πg) state. Information about vibrational relaxation of the metastable state by N₂(X¹Σ⁺_g) is inferred from composition dependent changes in the observed first positive emission spectrum [N₂9A³Σ⁺_g)−N₂(B³Π_g] with the aid of multilevel, steady-state, kinetic model.     

A comprehensive computational study of N2H–XH, N2H–X2, and N2H–XY(YX) (X=Y=F, Cl, and Br) proton bound complexes

The results of theoretical studies on structures and energetics are presented for proton-bound complexes N₂H⁺–XH, N₂H⁺–X₂, and N₂H⁺–XY(YX) (X=Y=F, Cl, and Br). In all the monocations complexes, the halogen atom shares a proton with N₂. The calculated energetic results show that the stability decreases when descending in the corresponding periodic table column. The possible proton transfer dissociation processes of N₂H⁺+XH, N₂H⁺+X₂, and N₂H⁺+XY systems into XH₂⁺, X₂H⁺, XYH⁺, and YXH⁺ and molecular N₂ are calculated to be endothermic for share of the processes. The NBO results show that the largest intermolecular charge transfer is found in the Br bonded complexes.     

Study of the N2 bΠu state via 1 + 1 multiphoton ionization

Medium-resolution spectra of the N₂ b¹Π_u-X¹Σ_g⁺ band system were recorded by 1 + 1 multiphoton ionization. In the spectra we found different linewidths for transitions to different vibrational levels in the b ¹Π_u state: Δν₀ = 0.50 ± 0.05 cm⁻¹, Δν₁ = 0.28 ± 0.02 cm⁻¹, Δν₂ = 0.65 ± 0.06 cm⁻¹, Δν₃ = 3.2 ± 0.5 cm⁻¹, Δν₄ = 0.60 ± 0.07 cm⁻¹, and Δν₅ = 0.28 ± 0.02 cm⁻¹. From these linewidths, predissociation lifetimes τ_ν were obtained: τ₀ = 16 ± 3 ps, τ₁ > 150 ps, τ₂ = 10 ± 2 ps, τ₃ = 1.6 ± 0.3 ps, τ₄ = 9 ± 2 ps, and τ₅ > 150 ps. Band origins and rotational constants for the b ¹Π_uν = 0 and 1 levels were determined for the ¹⁴N₂ and ¹⁴N¹⁵N molecules.     

Rotational excitation of ions produced by the He(2 S) Penning ionization of CO and N2

Rotational-state distributions of the CO⁺ (A–X, B–X) and N₂⁺(B–X) emissions produced by the collisions of He(2 ³S) with CO and N₂ were studied in the collision energy (E_R range 100–200 meV. The rotational populations of the emitting states can be fitte by single Boltzmann temperatures (T_R. The T_R (320 ± 30 K) for the ν′ = 3 and 4 levels of the CO⁺ (A²Π) state are nearly independent of, or slightly increase with, E_R, while T_R for the CO⁺(B²Σ⁺, ν′ = 0) state increases rapidly with E_R.The T_R (430 ± 20 K) for the N₂⁺(B²Σ⁺, ν′ = 0) state is nearly independent or slightly decreases with increasing E_R. Interactions providing these trends are discussed.     

Fraction of excited-state oxygen formed as b Σg in solution-phase-photosensitized reactions II. Effects of sensitizer substituent

The fraction F_Σ of excited-state oxygen formed as b ¹Σ_g⁺ was determined for a series of triplet-state photosensitizers in CCl₄ solutions. F_Σ was determined by monitoring the intensities of (a) O₂(b ¹Σ_g⁺) fluorescence at 1926 nm (O₂(b ¹Σ_g⁺)→O₂(a ¹Δ_g) and (b) O₂(a ¹ Δ_g) phosphorescence at 1270 nm (O₂(a ¹Δ_g) → O₂(X³Σ_g⁻)). Oxygen excited states were formed by energy transfer from substituted benzophenones and acetophenones. The data indicate that F_Σ depends on several variables including the orbital configuration of the lowest triplet state and the triplet-state energy. The available data indicate that the sensitizer-oxygen charge transfer (CT) state is not likely to influence F_Σ strongly by CT-mediated mixing of various sensitizer-oxygen states.     

A Gaussian-2 ab initio study of [C2H5S] ions: III. H2 and CH4 eliminations from CH3CHSH and CH3SCH2

Gaussian-2 ab initio calculations were performed to examine the six modes of unimolecular dissociation of cis-CH₃CHSH⁺ (1⁺), trans-CH₃CHSH⁺ (2⁺), and CH₃SCH₂⁺ (3⁺): 1⁺→CH₃⁺+trans-HCSH (1); 1⁺→CH₃+trans-HCSH⁺ (2); 1⁺→CH₄+HCS⁺ (3); 1⁺→H₂+c-CH₂CHS⁺ (4); 2⁺→H₂+CH₃CS⁺ (5); and 3⁺→H₂+c-CH₂CHS⁺ (6). Reactions (1) and (2) have endothermicities of 584 and 496 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. Loss of CH₄ from 1⁺ (reaction (3)) proceeds through proton transfer from the S atom to the methyl group, followed by cleavage of the C–C bond. The reaction pathway has an energy barrier of 292 kJ mol⁻¹ and a transition state with a wide spectrum of nonclassical structures. Reaction (4) has a critical energy of 296 kJ mol⁻¹ and it also proceeds through the same proton transfer step as reaction (3), followed by elimination of H_2. Formation of CH₃CS⁺ from 2⁺ (reaction (5)) by loss of H₂ proceeds through protonation of the methine (CH) group, followed by dissociation of the H₂ moiety. Its energy barrier is 276 kJ mol⁻¹. On both the MP2/6-31G* and QCISD/6-31G* potential-energy surfaces, the H₂ 1,1-elimination from 3⁺ (reaction (6)) proceeds via a nonclassical intermediate resembling c-CH₃SCH₂⁺ and has a critical energy of 269 kJ mol⁻¹.     

Lifetime measurements of electronically excited C3(Πu) radicals in different vibrational states

The radiative lifetimes of nine vibrational levels of the C₃(¹Π_u) radical were obtained from decay time studies of the C₃(¹Π_u → ¹Σ⁺_g) fluorescence induced by a tunable dye laser. The lifetimes of the different vibronic levels were found to be constant within the experimental error limits, namely, τ_o = (200 ± 10) ns. The collisional deactivation of the C₃(¹Π_u) states by helium gives rate constants between 2.5 and 4 in 10⁻¹¹ cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹ units.     

Two-centre model potential energy calculations for the Σ and Π states of Li2, Na2, K2, Rb2 and Cs2

Two-centre model potential calculations have been carried out for the ²Σ⁺_g,u and ²Π_g,u states of Li⁺₂, Na⁺₂, K⁺₂, Rb⁺₂ and Cs⁺₂. Comparison with other model potential calculations suggests that reliable potential curves have been obtained. The results indicate the usefulness of calculating diatomic energies by the method proposed.     

Ab initio molecular orbital study of potential energy surface for the H2NO(B1)→NO(Π)+H2 reaction

The mechanism of the H₂NO(²B₁)→NO(²Π)+H₂ reaction has been examined using ab initio molecular orbital methods. Ground-state and first-excited-state potential surfaces were plotted at the FOCI/cc-pVTZ level of theory as functions of two appropriate internal degrees of freedom. A conical intersection was found on the C_s pathway that is symmetric with respect to the plane perpendicular to the molecular plane of C_2v H₂NO(²B₁). It is therefore considered that trajectories that start from H₂NO(²B₁) towards the product region detour around the conical intersection, pass through the neighborhood of the transition state that is located at the saddle point on the C_s pathway, and finally reach the products, NO(²Π)+H₂. Thus we can explain the mechanism of the H₂NO(²B₁)→NO(²Π)+H₂ reaction, which has remained unclear to date.     

Ionization and protonation of NaC3: a theoretical study

A theoretical study of the NaC₃⁺ and NaC₃H⁺ systems has been carried out. Predictions have been made for some of the molecular properties, which could help in their possible experimental detection. The predicted global minimum for NaC₃⁺ is the linear isomer 1s (¹Σ). The lowest-lying triplet state is a three-membered ring 3t (³B₂), lying about 27.1 kcal/mol higher in energy than the predicted global minimum at the G2(P) level. In the case of NaC₃H⁺, there are two isomers that lie close in energy: a linear species, 1d (²Π), and a three-membered ring, 4d (²A′). The most reliable levels of theory employed predict that 1d (²Π) is the global minimum, whereas 4d (²A′) is predicted to lie 5.3 kcal/mol higher in energy at the G2(P) level. In any case it seems that both structures could be accessible to experimental detection. Low ionization potential and high proton affinities are obtained for the most stable NaC₃ isomers. Therefore, if present in the interstellar medium, NaC₃ should be easily ionized and would react quite easily to give the protonated species.     

Reaction dynamics of the Ca(D2, PJ) + CH3I → CaI + CH3 system: chemiluminescence, energy disposal and product polarization

The Ca(¹D₂, ³P_J) + CH₃ → CaI(A,B) + CH₃ reactions system has been studied by measuring its chemiluminescence under beam-gas conditions. Absolute values of the state-to-state reaction cross-sections were determined at low collision energy . In addition, the electronic branching ratio and product energy disposal have been determined for each metastable reaction. The major changed observed in the chemiluminescence when comparing the Ca(¹D₂) reaction versus that of Ca(³P_J) is the total yield associated with the former reaction. To the best of our spectral resolution neither the electronic branching ratio e.g. CaI(A)/CaI(B) nor the internal CaI energy disposal change significantly as the metastable Ca(¹D₂)/Ca(³P_J) ratio is varied. In spite of the fact that the Ca(³P_J) reaction is less exoergic, the CaI product appears with a higher fraction of internal energy than that of Ca(¹D₂) reaction. Thus, the fraction of the total energy appearing in CaI internal energy amounts to 57.5% in the Ca(³P_J) reaction while it is 19.3% only for the Ca(¹D₂) reaction. This difference is discussed in the light of a distinct mechanism associated with the attack of the excited Ca atom into the C---I bond. No significant chemiluminescence yield was found for the energetically open CaCH^*₃ channels.

The product chemiluminescence polarization was also measured as a function of the metastable concentration. A significant degree of polarization was found depending upon the specific electronic excitation. The analysis of the polarization emission associated to the parallel CaI(X ²Σ⁺ ← B ²Σ⁺) emission led into a strong polarization of the product rotational angular momentum. The comparison of the product rotational alignment for the kinematically identical Ca(¹D₂, ³P_J, ¹P₁) + CH₃ → CaI^* (B₂Σ⁺) + CH₃ reaction system showed that the CaI rotational polarization diminishes in the ³P_J → ¹D₂ → ¹P₁ sequence, e.g. as the reaction exothermicity increases. In addition the degree of polarization associated with other emission bands as for example CaI(X ²Σ⁺ ← A ²Π_1/2) indicates the presence of a parallel transition which was been interpreted as mixing of Hund's case (a) and (c) appropriate for this heavy CaI diatom produced with a high rotational excitation.     

193 nm Laser dissociation of CS2: prompt emission from CS and internal energy distribution of CS(XΣ)

Single and multiple photon processes are identified in the 193 nm excimer laser photolysis of CS₂. CS(X¹Σ⁺, υ = 1 to 5, J = 5 to 45) is observed by dye laser induced fluorescence of the A¹Π ↔ ; X¹Σ⁺ transition, following the single photon 193 nm photolysis of CS₂. Multiple photon 193 nm generation of CS fragment emission from 620 to 170 nm is also reported. A partial assignment of the emission spectrum identifies fluorescence from the CS A′¹Σ⁺ and A¹Π states.     

The vibrational state distributions in both products of the reaction: O(P) + NO2 → O2 + NO

A laser pulse-and-probe method has been used to determine the nascent vibrational populations in NO(v=0–4) and O₂(v=6–11) formed in the thermal reaction: O(³P) + NO₂ → O₂(v) + NO(v). A frequency-tripled Nd: YAG laser is used to photolyse NO₂, diluted tenfold in Ar, and laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy in the NO A ²Σ⁺-X ²Π and O₂ B ³Σ⁻_u -X ³Σ⁻_g electronic band system is used both to follow the kinetics of individual vibrational states and to determine the nascent vibrational distributions. The majority of the NO product is formed in v = 0 and the average vibrational yield is ≈ 4.6%. The O₂ populations fall monotonically from v = 6 to 11 in a distribution close to what is expected on prior grounds. Based on a surprisal analysis, the average vibrational energy yield in O₂ is ≈ 26%. The nature of the reaction dynamics is discussed.     

WO3的引入对MnOx-Fe2O3催化剂上NH3-SCR反应中N2选择性的促进作用

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同含量钨修饰的MnO_x-Fe₂O₃催化剂,重点考察WO₃的引入对NH₃-SCR反应中N₂选择性的影响,通过XRD、BET、XPS、H₂-TPR、Raman和In situ DRIFTS等手段对催化剂的物理化学性质进行表征。结果表明,钨的引入显著提高NH₃-SCR的N₂选择性,当WO₃质量分数为15%时,具有最佳的NH₃-SCR催化性能,且在50-250℃条件下N₂O浓度始终低于0.003%。这主要是由于适量WO₃的引入,导致催化剂物相由α-Fe₂O₃向γ-Fe₂O₃转变,并与锰相互作用形成新的无定型MnWO₄,获得较大的比表面积;使得Mn⁴⁺/（Mn³⁺+Mn⁴⁺）比例减少但Fe²⁺及表面化学吸附氧（O_α）含量增加,从而降低催化剂氧化性;增强催化剂表面的Lewis酸性位点的含量及强度,增强NH₃的吸附,促进了SCR反应,同时抑制了NO₂深度氧化形成硝酸盐物种,降低硝酸盐物种还原产生的副产物N₂O含量,从而显著提高WO₃-MnO_x-Fe₂O₃催化剂在NH₃-SCR中的N₂选择性。     

Reaction of NS with N3

Thionitrosyl hexafluoroarsenate, [NS][AsF₆], reacted with caesium azide, [Cs][N₃], to form S₂N₂ which polymerized to give (SN)_x. The structures of the following likely intermediate species were calculated at correlated MP2/6–31G(d,p) level of theory (relative energies in kcal mol⁻¹): thionitrosyl azide, N₃---N=S (37.8), thiazyl azide, N₃---SN (39.2) and cyclic N₄S (0.0).^‡     

Specific adsorption of halogen anions on hydrous γ-Al2O3

The paper reports results of a study on the specific adsorption of F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻, ClO₃⁻, BrO₃⁻, IO₃⁻ and IO₄⁻ on hydrous γ-Al₂O₃. The isotherms of the anion adsorption and the adsorption dependencies on pH and the ionic strength of the solution have been determined under the equilibrium conditions. According to the degree of affinity to γ-Al₂O₃, the anions can be ordered as: I⁻3⁻−−3⁻3⁻4⁻−. It has been established that the sorption of IO₄⁻ and F⁻ involves the formation of surface complexes in the inner co-ordination sphere, whereas that of Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻, ClO₃⁻, BrO₃⁻ and IO₃⁻ takes place through formation of ion pair complexes in the outer co-ordination sphere. In the dynamic system, the exchange isoplanes and elution curves have been determined for selected anions on columns filled with Al₂O₃. It has been shown that γ-Al₂O₃ can be used for isolation and concentration of IO₃⁻ from natural waters in order to decrease the limit of the ions determination to 2 μg l⁻¹. Using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), after isolation and concentration on γ-Al₂O₃, the content of iodates has been determined in mineral, marine and tap water doped with these ions.