超临界二氧化碳高低齿梳齿密封动力稳定性研究

建立超临界二氧化碳(supercritical carbon dioxide,SCO₂)高低齿梳齿密封三维数值计算模型,应用基于微元理论的密封动特性识别方法,研究凸台宽度及密封间隙对超临界二氧化碳梳齿密封动静特性的影响,并与传统梳齿密封进行对比. 研究表明:高低齿梳齿密封的交叉复合刚度系数对有效阻尼系数影响较小,主阻尼对其占主要影响. 在低涡动频率下(<160 Hz),传统梳齿密封动力稳定性较好;而涡动频率高于160 Hz时,高低齿梳齿密封的有效阻尼系数约为传统梳齿密封的105%~113%;且存在1个最佳凸台宽度使密封系统稳定性最好(本文最佳值为5.13 mm);随着密封间隙的减小,有效阻尼系数的大小与频率依赖性分别增大、增强. 高低齿梳齿密封泄漏量较传统梳齿密封降低约45.5%;凸台宽度5.13 mm、密封间隙0.4 mm时较原始模型(b=4 mm、c₂=0.5 mm)泄漏量分别降低约5%和19%,高低齿梳齿密封泄漏量随密封间隙的减小而降低.      

交错式扇贝阻尼密封动力特性研究

建立交错式扇贝阻尼密封三维数值分析模型,基于动网格及多频椭圆涡动模型研究密封动力特性沿轴向分布规律,计算分析错开角度(α=0°、11.25°、22.5°、33.75°)与密封腔深度(h=2.8、3.3、3.8和4.3 mm)对密封动力特性的影响. 结果表明:上游腔室(C1~C4)具有较大的正直接刚度和有效阻尼,对抑制转子涡动、提升系统稳定性的贡献相对较大. 相对并列式(α=0°)结构,交错式扇贝阻尼密封流体周向速度较小、湍流耗散增加,系统稳定性提升,同时密封泄漏量降低. 错开角度为33.75°时的有效阻尼约为0°时的111%~121%;错开角度为22.5°时的泄漏量相较于0°时约降低了2.11%. 有效阻尼随密封腔深度减小而增大,密封腔深度为2.8 mm时的有效阻尼约为4.3 mm时的146%~211%;密封泄漏量随密封腔深度增大而降低,密封腔深度为4.3 mm时的泄漏量相较于2.8 mm时降低了约3.73%.      

偏心迷宫密封动静特性研究

建立了不同偏心状态下迷宫密封三维数值分析模型,应用基于微元理论的密封动力特性系数识别方法计算密封静态和动态特性. 结果表明:转子偏心会降低密封抑制流体泄漏的效果;密封腔内周向压力高点随偏心率增大逐渐偏离最小间隙处. 低偏心率(≤ 0.5)下,静态直接刚度K与静态交叉刚度k变化较小,高偏心率(> 0.5)下K和k的绝对值减小. 随着偏心率的增大,密封小间隙侧流动黏性效应增强是产生负静态直接刚度的主要原因. 密封偏心涡动时,低偏心率(< 0.6)下刚度和阻尼系数变化较小,随偏心率和涡动频率的升高直接刚度逐渐变为负值;随偏心率的增大,交叉刚度在正交两个方向上大小不再相等,有效阻尼降低,高偏心率(≥ 0.6)下有效阻尼受偏心率影响更显著.      

袋型阻尼密封泄漏流动和转子动力特性的研究进展

袋型阻尼密封可以有效地减弱密封间隙内泄漏流体的周向流动, 从而使转子具有优良的动力特性. 本文简介了袋型阻尼密封的发展历程, 详细综述了袋型阻尼密封的泄漏和转子动力特性的理论分析、实验测量和数值预测的研究进展. 介绍了袋型阻尼密封转子动力特性的系统阻抗法和腔室动态压力响应法两种实验测试技术及其应用. 最后在袋型阻尼密封研究综述的基础上, 展望了袋型阻尼密封的研究重点和发展方向.      

迷宫密封湍流增阻的数值研究

迷宫密封是依靠节流间隙中的节流过程和迷宫空腔内的动能耗散过程来实现密封的,这两个流体流动过程从本质上规定了迷宫密封的密封性能。通过密封内部流动本质的研究,合理利用湍流流动的规律和特点,能够发挥密封内部湍流的增阻作用,提高密封性能。本文数值计算了一种锯齿型径向迷宫密封的内部流动,得到了密封内部的流动形态,揭示了密封内部流动与密封性能的关系。结果表示,密封存在一个最佳的齿插入长度。在最佳齿插入长度时,尽管节流间隙较大,但由于节流间隙内流动收缩和偏转,间隙的有效通流面积却很小,泄漏介质可以在间隙中获得较大的速度,在迷宫空腔内形成正确的耗散涡流,密封具有最佳的密封效果。所以,充分发挥湍流增阻的作用,可以突破节流间隙的微小尺寸限制,实现较大间隙下的良好密封。这不仅会给迷官密封的制造、安装及运行等带来很大的方便,而且可以为发展新的迷宫密封技术奠定理论基础。     

进口导叶／叶轮／扩压器非定常相干的数值与实验研究

在不同进口导叶预旋角度下,采用非定常的方法对进口导叶/叶轮/扩压器三部件之间非定常相干进行了数值与实验研究,探讨了三部件之间动静相干的机理.结果表明,在进口导叶/叶轮/扩压器三部件相干时,最大的脉动压力出现在叶轮和扩压器之间的动静交界面上.当进口导叶预旋角度存在时,叶轮与扩压器之间无叶区内的非定常流动以叶轮叶片通过频率和1/2叶片通过频率为基频;而当扩压器进口安装角增大时,径向间隙内的流动则主要以1/2叶片通过频率为基频.在不同的配置下,湍流强度和非定常度均有朝向轮盘增加的趋势.在进口导叶正预旋60°同扩压器进口安装角为17°时的配置有增大湍流强度和非定常度的趋势.     

超声速尾涡的稳定性分析

从Ｎ－Ｓ方程出发,通过正则模方法,研究了超声速尾涡的绝对／对流不稳定性性质．计算了流动的稳定性特征随马赫数Ｍ,周向波数ｎ．,轴向自由流速度Ｗ０和旋转度ｑ等流动参数的变化规律,找到了绝对／对流不稳定区域的边界．通过比较发现,马赫数的增加使流动由绝对不稳定向对流不稳定乃至稳定转化．在所计算的参数范围,周向波数的增加加速了这一转化过程,而且,轴向速度的增加,同样使流动向着稳定的方向转化．同时还分析了不同旋拧程度的流动受可压缩影响的不同．这些结果对于了解旋拧流动稳定性的物理机理以及进行流动控制都有着重要意义．     

进口预旋对离心叶轮气动性能影响机理的研究

将理论推导和数值模拟相结合,对典型离心压缩机Eckardt叶轮流场进行分析,探讨了不同进气预旋对叶轮气动性能的影响;从叶片进口攻角、叶尖相对马赫数和流向压力变化的角度,阐述了预旋对内部流动以及气动性能的影响机理.结果表明:预旋角对进口攻角和叶尖相对马赫数同时产生显著影响,正预旋会降低进口来流的攻角及相对马赫数,使叶片前...     

动压型分段式圆周密封变形特性及其调控策略研究

在流固耦合作用下,分段式圆周密封的变形特性和密封间隙形状是影响密封运行稳定性和可靠性的关键.通过建立动压型分段式圆周密封的流固耦合模型,研究了密封间隙的流场特性和结构变形规律,采用正交试验设计分析了影响密封变形的主要力学参数,包括密封压差、周向弹簧初始载荷和刚度、轴向弹簧初始载荷和刚度,并探讨了接头形状、接头间隙及辅助密封面槽型对密封环的变形调控效果.结果表明：在流体压力和弹簧力的共同作用下,变形后单段密封环的主密封面径向间隙沿周向呈现中间大两端小、沿轴向泄漏方向呈单调递减的变化趋势;力学参数中密封压差对密封环的变形影响最为显著,其次为周向弹簧初始载荷,最小为周向弹簧刚度;通过合理的接头形状和辅助密封面槽型的设计有望显著改善密封环的变形特性,获得分布更为均匀的主密封面径向间隙.     

型孔形状和方向对孔型阻尼密封泄漏特性影响

研究了型孔形状和方向性对孔型阻尼密封泄漏特性的影响. 建立了孔型阻尼密封流场特性CFD数值模型,对比分析了不同转速和密封间隙下圆孔阻尼密封、蜂窝密封、迷宫密封和光滑面密封的泄漏特性,研究不同转速下型孔形状、超椭圆系数和倾斜角对广义孔型阻尼密封泄漏特性的影响规律,探讨了方向性型孔阻尼密封阻流控漏机制. 结果表明:紧密排列的孔型阻尼密封相较于迷宫密封和光滑面密封具有显著优异的密封性能;倾斜角为30°、超椭圆系数为2且边数为2的类椭圆型孔阻尼密封在静止时具有最小的泄漏率,且可通过减小周向或轴向排列间距进一步减小泄漏;一定倾斜角条件下,超椭圆系数较大的类椭圆型孔出口尖端附近能形成明显的低速阻流区,从而达到阻流控漏的效果.      

Computation of rotordynamic coefficients associated with leakage steam flow through labyrinth seal

A mathematical model of calculating rotordynamic coefficients associated with leakage steam flow through labyrinth seals was presented. Particular attention was given to incorporating thermal properties of the steam fluid into prediction of leakage flow and subsequent derivation of rotordynamic coefficients, which quantitatively characterize influence of aerodynamic forcing of the leakage steam flow on the rotordynamics. By using perturbation analysis, we determined periodic and analytic solutions of the continuity and circumferential momentum equations for the time-dependent flow induced by non-axisymmetric rotation of the rotor encompassed by a labyrinth seal. Pressure distributions along labyrinth seal cavities and rotordynamic coefficients were compared at the same condition for air and steam flows. Influence of steam flow through the labyrinth seal cavities on rotordynamic coefficients was analyzed in terms of inlet pressure, inlet swirl velocity and rotor speed.     

锯齿型径向迷宫密封的数值研究

数值研究了锯齿型径向迷宫密封的密封性能,对密封的内部流场进行了有限元模拟,展示了节流间隙中有效能流宽度及泄漏介质通流速度随齿插入长度变化的规律,得到了不同齿插入长度时的密封性能,发现密封性以并不是随着齿插八长度的增加而单调增加,而是存在一个最佳的齿插入长度。最佳齿插入长度时,尽管此时的节流间隙较宽,但由于间隙是流动的强烈偏转,使实际的有效通流面积减小,泄漏介质在节波间隙中因而可以获得较大的速度,所     

Flow in a simple swirl chamber with and without controlled inlet forcing

Results are presented from a swirl chamber with and without controlled inlet forcing. The controlled inlet forcing is induced using arrays of vortex generators placed along one wall of the swirl chamber inlet duct. Flow visualization results are given, along with surveys of circumferential mean velocity, static pressure, and total pressure, at Reynolds numbers (based on inlet duct characteristics) as high as 8000. The controlled inlet forcing provides means to alter and control: (i) the spacing and number of Görtler vortices across the span of the swirl chamber, (ii) the amount of vortex development at a particular Reynolds number and circumferential location, (iii) the circumferential location and Reynolds number of initial Görtler vortex development, and (iv) the circumferential location and Reynolds number of Görtler vortex breakup into more chaotic flow.     

Influence of steam leakage through vane,gland, and shaft seals on rotordynamics of high-pressure rotor of a 1,000 MW ultra-supercritical steam turbine

A comparative analysis of the influence of steam leakage through vane, gland, and shaft seals on the rotordynamics of the high-pressure rotor of a 1,000 MW ultra-supercritical steam turbine was performed using numerical calculations. The rotordynamic coefficients associated with steam leakage through the three labyrinth seals were calculated using the control-volume method and perturbation analysis. A stability analysis of the rotor system subject to the steam forcing induced by the leakage flow was performed using the finite element method. An analysis of the influence of the labyrinth seal forcing on the rotordynamics was carried out by varying the geometrical parameters pertaining to the tooth number, seal clearance, and inner diameter of the labyrinth seals, along with the thermal parameters with respect to pressures and temperatures. The results demonstrated that the steam forcing with an increase in the length of the blade for the vane seal significantly influences the rotordynamic coefficients. Furthermore, the contribution of steam forcing to the instability of the rotor is decreased and increased with increases in the seal clearance and tooth number, respectively. The comparison of the rotordynamic coefficients associated with steam leakage through the vane seal, gland seal, and shaft seal convincingly disclosed that, although the steam forcing attenuates the stability of the rotor system, the steam turbine is still operating under safe conditions.     

The effects of inlet conditions and expansion ratio on the onset of flow reversal in swirling flow in a sudden expansion

Experiments are reported in which the minimum swirl intensity required to produce a central recirculation zone in a swirling sudden expansion flow is determined as a function of expansion ratio and inlet conditions. Using a swirl generator which allows for independent variation of velocity profile shape and swirl number, it is shown that an inlet tangential velocity distribution with a large solid body vortex core or an axial velocity profile with a maximum on the axis will lead to a higher critical swirl.