柱后衍生高效液相色谱法测定虾中14种磺胺类药物残留量

建立了虾中14种磺胺类药物残留量的柱后衍生高效液相色谱检测方法。样品在加入内标物磺胺吡啶后用乙酸乙酯提取,提取液浓缩后用4 mL乙酸乙酯溶解残余物,用盐酸溶液反萃取,正己烷去脂,盐酸溶液经滤膜过滤后,加入乙腈、甲醇和3.5 mol/L乙酸钠溶液（体积比为5：5：20）的混合溶液混匀后,经高效液相色谱分离,用荧光胺衍生试剂进行柱后衍生,荧光检测器检测。采用基质标样添加法绘制标准曲线,内标法定量。对柱后衍生系统参数进行了优化,确定了荧光胺溶液的浓度、流速和反应温度分别为0.2 g/L、0.15 mL/min和50℃。14种磺胺类药物在5~200 μg/L范围内具有良好的线性。磺胺类药物的定量限（LOQ,S/N=10）为1.0~5.0 μg/kg。在1.0~100.0 μg/kg添加水平内,磺胺类药物的平均回收率为77.8%~103.6%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为2.9%~9.1%（n=6）。实验结果表明该方法灵敏、准确,重复性好,适用于虾中磺胺类药物的残留检测。     

Kinetics of liquid-phase noncatalytic methanol hydrochlorination in hydrochloric acid

The kinetics of the liquid-phase noncatalytic hydrochlorination of methanol in hydrochloric acid is reported. The methyl chloride formation rate depends on the methanol concentration in hydrochloric acid and on the partial pressure of hydrogen chloride over hydrochloric acid. The activation energy of the reaction is 113 kJ/mol. The rate of the side process of dimethyl ether evolution is directly proportional to the methanol concentration and is inversely proportional to the partial pressure of hydrogen chloride over hydrochloric acid. The activation energy of the side reaction is about 33 kJ/mol. The results of the industrial implementation of methyl chloride synthesis from methanol and hydrochloric acid are in satisfactory agreement with the laboratory data.     

木槿叶中混合氨基酸的提取工艺研究

以浓盐酸和乙醇溶液为提取剂,分别通过加热回流和超声波组织破碎法提取了木槿叶中的混合氨基酸,确定了氨基酸提取的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,用盐酸回流提取,盐酸与木槿干粉的液料比为25∶1,盐酸浓度6 mol/L,100℃下回流提取5 h,提取3次,氨基酸的提取效果最佳,提取率可达16.76%,产品收率可达8.6%。用80%乙醇溶液,室温下超声波提取30 min,提取3次,提取效果最好,提取率可达17.42%,产品收率可达8.93%。     

Influence of N7 protonation on the mechanism of the N-glycosidic bond hydrolysis in 2'-deoxyguanosine. A theoretical study

The influence of N7 protonation on the mechanism of the N-glycosidic bond hydrolysis in 2'-deoxyguanosine has been studied using density functional theory (DFT) methods. For the neutral system, two different pathways (with retention and inversion of configuration at the C1' anomeric carbon) have been found, both of them consisting of two steps and involving the formation of a dihydrofurane-like intermediate. The Gibbs free energy barrier for the first step is very high in both cases (53 and 46 kcal/mol for the process with inversion and with retention, respectively). However, the N7-protonated system shows a very different mechanism which consists of two steps. The first one leads to the formation of an oxacarbenium ion intermediate, with a Gibbs free energy barrier of 27 kcal/mol, and the second one corresponds to the nucleophilic attack of the water molecule to the oxacarbenium ion and takes place with a barrier of 1.3 kcal/mol. Thus, these results agree with a stepwise SN1 mechanism (DN*AN), with a discrete intermediate formed between the leaving group and the nucleophile approach, and show that N7 protonation strongly catalyzes the hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond, making the guanine a better leaving group. Finally, kinetic isotope effects have been calculated for the protonated system, and the results obtained are in very good agreement with experimental data for analogous systems.     

营养保健鸡蛋中α-亚麻酸含量测定

采用毛细管气相色谱法测定了营养保健鸡蛋中α-亚麻酸的含量.营养鸡蛋以盐酸进行酸水解提取脂肪,脂肪样品以0.5mol/L的氢氧化钾-甲醇溶液进行甲酯化反应,以FFAP毛细管气相色谱柱程序升温,氢火焰离子化检测器测定鸡蛋样品衍生化产物中α-亚麻酸甲酯的含量.方法测定α-亚麻酸甲酯含量的日内和日间精密度分别为1.56%和2.72%,加标回收率为97.3%(相对标准偏差为2.9%),待测营养保健鸡蛋中α-亚麻酸的含量为0.49%.方法精密度和准确度良好,操作较简便,适用于营养保健鸡蛋样品中α-亚麻酸的测定.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蜂蜜中的5种双稠吡咯啶类生物碱

建立了强阳离子固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法用于测定蜂蜜中野百合碱、克氏千里光宁、倒千里光碱、千里光菲啉和千里光宁等5种双稠吡咯啶类生物碱。蜂蜜样品用0.1 mol/L盐酸溶解,强阳离子交换固相萃取柱富集净化后,高效液相色谱-串联质谱进行定性和定量。以Phenomenex C₁₈柱(100 mm×4.6 mm, 2.6 μm)为分析柱,乙腈和0.1%(体积分数)甲酸-5 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,在电喷雾正离子多反应监测模式下进行检测。结果表明,5种双稠吡咯啶类生物碱在1~100 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数均大于0.99。在1、20和50 μg/kg加标水平下,11种不同种类蜂蜜中的5种双稠吡咯啶类生物碱的平均回收率为73.1%~107.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.1%~17.0%,方法检定量限可达到1.0 μg/kg。该方法准确灵敏,可适用于不同种类进出口蜂蜜中双稠吡咯啶类生物碱的监控分析。利用该方法对来自中国8个省及自治区的洋槐蜜、葵花蜜、棉花蜜、油菜蜜、荆条蜜、枣花蜜、荞麦蜜和来自新西兰、西班牙、澳大利亚等国家的进口蜂蜜进行了筛查。结果发现,野百合碱、克氏千里光宁和倒千里光碱均未检出,而千里光菲啉和千里光宁在大多数蜂蜜中均能检出,千里光菲啉含量在11.0~31.1 μg/kg范围内,千里光宁含量在8.3~29.1 μg/kg范围内。     

The determination of metallic iron in the presence of fayalite

In a proposed new procedure the sample is treated with bromine, the excess of bromine removed, and the residue extracted with methanol. After filtration the filtrate is evaporated to remove methanol and the bromides are dissolved in hydrochloric acid for determination of metallic iron. The oxide residue from the filtration is fused in sodium peroxide and then dissolved in hydrochloric acid for the determination of iron present either as oxide or silicate. Iron in the hydrochloric acid solutions from the residue and filtrate is determined either by titration with standard potassium dichromate solution or by atomic-absorption spectrometry.     

贝类体内麻痹性贝类毒素的提取方法研究

采用浓度系列为0.04、0.07、0.10、0.15、0.20、0.25、0.30、0.40、0.50、0.70、1.0 mol/L的HCl和HAc溶液作为提取液,分别取10 mL提取液与10 g栉孔扇贝性腺混合,在沸水浴中加热5 min提取麻痹性贝类毒素(PSP);同时采用0.3 mol/L HAc和0.2 mol/L HCl,于冰水浴中进行超声波提取麻痹性贝类毒素5~30 min。提取完成后将混合物于4℃冷冻离心机内离心5 min(3500 r/min),取上清液并以0.1 mol/L NaOH或5 mol/L HCl调整至pH为2.0~4.0。经超滤膜过滤后的提取液以高效液相色谱柱后衍生荧光检测法进行毒素分析,研究毒素组分间的转化关系和提取效率,并与超声波提取法进行了比较。结果表明,采用0.04~0.25 mol/L HCl和0.04~1.0 mol/L HAc从贝肉中提取PSP毒素,各毒素组分浓度差异不大,当HCl浓度大于0.25 mol/L时,N-磺酰氨甲酰基类毒素C1浓度急剧降低,HCl浓度大于0.5 mol/L时,N-磺酰氨甲酰基类毒素C2和GTX5浓度急剧降低,三者在酸度过大的情况下分解或转化为膝沟藻毒素-2(GTX2),膝沟藻毒素-3(GTX3)和石房蛤毒素(STX)。在相同浓度酸的情况下,超声波提取液中C1毒素的浓度显著低于沸水浴提取法,但C2的浓度略高于沸水浴提取液。     

手性硫代磷酸及其衍生物的研究(Ⅸ)——O-乙基O-苯基硫代磷酰胺水解反应的立体化学

旋光活性O-乙基O-苯基硫代磷酰氯在碱存在下与伯胺、仲胺或氨反应,得到构型翻转的O-乙基O-苯基硫代磷酰胺.其酸性水解在6mol/L或9mol/L盐酸/二氧六环中进行,得P-N键断裂的构型翻转产物;碱性水解在1mol/L或3mol/LNaOH/二氧六环中进行,得到以OPh为离去基团的构型翻转产物.水解反应机理用三角双锥(TBP)中间体概念得到合理解释.     

反相萃取层析与光度法联用分离/测定中草药中微量铁的研究

研究了硅藻土-TBP反相萃取层析-分光光度法分离和测定微量铁的新方法.以0.30mol/L盐酸做流动相,以负载有磷酸三丁酯(TBP)的硅烷化白色担体为固定相,反相萃取层析法分离微量Fe(Ⅲ)与Co(Ⅲ)、Ge(Ⅳ)、Al(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅲ)、Mn(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)等.在4.0mol/L盐酸介质中,铁与多种金属离子都被萃取在TBP柱上.用2mol/L盐酸洗脱部分离子,用0.30mol/L盐酸可定量地洗脱铁,然后用0.010mol/L盐酸可将柱上的其它离子洗脱.洗脱液中的铁用分光光度法测定.此方法可将铁与绝大部分干扰离子分离,并用于中草药中微量铁的分离和测定.     

The kinetics of the acid-catalysed hydrolysis of some methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-hexosides

Rates of hydrolysis at 40° of the benzylidene residue in methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene- -hexosides by 96% aqueous ethanol which was 0·03 M in hydrochloric acid, have been measured. The hexosides were of the - and β-gluco-, - and β-galacto-, -manno, -altro- and -ido-configurations. Similar hydrolyses were carried out with the 4,6-O-benzylidene derivatives of methyl 3-deoxy-- -glucoside and methyl 2,3-di-O-methyl-- -glucoside. It was shown that under the conditions specified no cleavage of the glycosidic bond occurred with any of the samples.

As the rate differences are small it is concluded that the geometry of the transition state corresponds closely to that of the initial state. Possible reasons for some of the rate differences observed are discussed in terms of steric and electronic features of the compounds.     

Effects of sugar ring puckering, anti-syn interconversion and intramolecular interactions on N-glycosidic bond cleavage in 3-methyl-2��-deoxyadenosine and 2��-deoxyadenosine

The effects of structural parameters and intramolecular interactions on N-glycosidic bond length in 3-methyl-2??- deoxyadenosine (3MDA) and 2??-deoxyadenosine (DA) were investigated employing quantum mechanical methods. All calculations were performed at B3LYP/6-311++G** level in the gas phase. The N-glycosidic bond length strongly depends on sugar configuration; it is shorter in syn conformation relative to anti in many cases where they have the same sugar ring configuration. The sugar conformation can influence the N-glycosidic bond through interaction with the O4?? atom. The impact of intramolecular improper hydrogen bonds and H-H bonding interactions on N-glycosidic bond length was investigated in DA and 3MDA and their modeled structures. Improper hydrogen bonds decrease N-glycosidic bond length while H-H bonding interactions increase it.     

The impact of protonation and deprotonation of 3-methyl-2'-deoxyadenosine on N-glycosidic bond cleavage

The enzyme-substrate contacts that are believed to be involved in depurination by proton transfer have been modelled by protonation and deprotonation of 3-methyl-2'-deoxyadenosine (3-MDA) using quantum mechanical calculations in the gas-phase and solution media. The change in the charge distribution on the sugar ring and nucleobase that is introduced by the protonation and deprotonation strongly affects the N-glycosidic bond length. The unimolecular cleavage and hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond, involving D(N)*A(N) and A(N)D(N) pathways, have been considered at several levels of theory. The trend in the energy barriers is A(N)D(N) > cleavage > D(N)*A(N). All probable proton transfer reactions resulting from enzyme-substrate contacts do not facilitate the N-glycosidic bond cleavage of 3-MDA. The deprotonation of 3-MDA that may result from the interaction between H6 and enzyme do not facilitate bond cleavage. The protonation at N7 induces more positive charge on the sugar ring and further facilitates the depurination relative to the protonation at N1. The changes in the charges calculated on the ribose and nucleobase are in good relationship with the C1'-C2', C1'-O4', and N-glycosidic bond lengths along the cleavage. The change in energy barrier ΔE of glycosidic bond cleavage from the gas-phase to solution media strongly depends on the charge of the species.     

高效液相色谱法测定猪组织中咪唑苯脲残留研究

建立了高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定猪可食性组织中咪唑苯脲残留的方法。猪组织经β-葡萄糖苷酶水解后,用1 mol/L盐酸提取,再用正己烷-异戊醇(3:2, v/v)混合溶剂萃取净化。以乙腈和0.0075 mol/L戊烷磺酸钠水溶液(含0.1%三乙胺,pH 3.0)作为流动相,经C18反相色谱柱分离后用紫外检测器检测。结果表明: 该方法在咪唑苯脲含量为10～10000 μg/L范围内呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数大于0.999;空白组织中加标样品的检出限(LOD)为10 μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为20 μg/kg。在定量限、最高残留限量(MRL)、2倍MRL添加水平下,不同组织的平均回收率为80.04%～110.32%,相对标准偏差为0.82%～10.00%。表明该检测方法简单、灵敏,适用于猪组织中咪唑苯脲残留的定量检测。     

Electron attachment-induced DNA single strand breaks: C3'-O3' sigma-bond breaking of pyrimidine nucleotides predominates

A detailed understanding of DNA strand breaks induced by low energy electrons (LEE) is of crucial importance for the advancement of many areas of molecular biology and medicine. To elucidate the mechanism of DNA strand breaks by LEEs, theoretical investigations of the electron attachment-induced C3'-O3' sigma-bond breaking of the pyrimidine nucleotides have been performed. Calculations of 2'-deoxycytidine-3'-monophosphate and 2'-deoxythymidine-3'-monophosphate in their protonated form (denoted as 3'-dCMPH and 3'-dTMPH) have been carried out with the reliably calibrated B3LYP/DZP++ theoretical approach. Our results demonstrate that the transfer of the negative charge from the pi*-orbital of the radical anion of pyrimidines to the DNA backbone does not pass through the N1-glycosidic bond. Instead, the migration of the excessive negative charge through the atomic orbital overlap between the C6 of pyrimidine and the C3' of ribose most likely represents a pathway that subsequently leads to the strand breaks. The proposed mechanism of the LEE-induced single strand breaks in DNA assumes that the formation of the base-centered radical anions is the first step in this process. Subsequently, these electronically stable radical anions may undergo either C-O bond breaking or N-glycosidic bond rupture. The present investigation of 3'-dCMPH and 3'-dTMPH yields an energy barrier of 6.2-7.1 kcal/mol for the C3'-O3' sigma-bond cleavage. This is much lower than the energy barriers required for the C5'-O5' sigma-bond and the N1-glycosidic bond break. Therefore, we conclude that the C3'-O3' sigma-bond rupture dominates the LEE-induced single strand breaks of DNA.     

固相萃取–高效液相色谱法测定蔬菜中8种磺胺类抗生素

建立固相萃取–高效液相色谱同时测定蔬菜中8种磺胺类抗生素(SAs)的分析方法。蔬菜样品经10 m L乙腈(添加2 g Na_2SO_4+0.1 g CH_3COONa+0.1 g Na_2EDTA)超声提取,提取液用正己烷液–液萃取去脂,经C18–OH固相萃取小柱净化后用高效液相色谱法紫外检测器测定。检测波长为270 nm,柱温为25℃,以乙腈–0.01 mol/L磷酸水溶液为流动相,采用梯度洗脱程序,8种SAs可以较好分离,质量浓度在0.10~100.00 mg/L范围内与色谱峰面积均成良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.999 7~0.999 9,方法检出限为25~75μg/kg,定量限为54~140μg/kg。8种SAs的加标平均回收率为68.70%~122.7%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.8%~4.5%(n=5)。该法具有灵敏度高、样品处理简单等优点,可用于蔬菜中磺胺类抗生素的检测。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定人肌腱中的胶原蛋白

建立了测定人肌腱中胶原蛋白含量的高效液相色谱法。动物肌腱中的胶原蛋白经酸水解后生成包括羟脯氨酸在内的氨基酸混合物,用2,4-二硝基氯苯对水解产物衍生化,然后以0.01 mol/L乙酸钠-乙酸缓冲液(pH 6.0)-乙腈(体积比为80∶20)为流动相,经反相C18柱分离,紫外检测器于360 nm波长处检测来测定羟脯氨酸的含量。羟脯氨酸是胶原蛋白的特异性氨基酸且含量稳定,因而可通过样品中羟脯氨酸的含量来计算胶原蛋白的含量。该方法对羟脯氨酸的检出限为3 μg/L,羟脯氨酸为3 μg/L~100 mg/L时与峰面积的线性关系良好;样品测定的相对标准偏差为1.95%,加标回收率为98.4%~110.8%。对60份人肌腱样品中胶原蛋白的含量进行了测定。所建立的方法灵敏、准确、干扰少,适用于肌腱中胶原蛋白含量的测定。     

Gel-permeation chromatographic studies of cellulose degradation. I. Treatment with hydrochloric acid

The molecular weight distribution in various celluloses degraded with hydrochloric acid has been studied by gel-permeation chromatography. Measurements were made on the residue after hydrolysis, on the degradation products solubilized by the acid, and on whole degraded samples comprising the product soluble in the acid plus the residue. It is shown that the total number of crystallites decreases during hydrolysis while the chain length distribution remains constant. The crystallites are gradually broken down into molecular fragments which show a size distribution centered on species with a degree of polymerization of about 8. Possible interpretations of these results are discussed.     

直接甲醇燃料电池如何获益于碳酸盐介质(英文)

本文通过比较 0 .5mol/LK2 CO3与 0 .5mol/LH2 SO4 中甲醇阳极氧化与氧阴极还原的动力学 ,探讨直接甲醇燃料电池 (DMFC)使用碳酸盐介质的可能性 .实验表明 ,碳酸盐介质比传统的酸性介质具有更多的优点 :1)在碳酸盐介质中 ,电池的阴阳极反应性能比在酸中的高 ;2 )非贵重金属材料有可能被用作阴阳极催化剂 ;3)由于可能使用对甲醇不敏感的金属氧化物 (如MnO2 )作阴极催化剂 ,甲醇穿透隔膜于阴极放电的难题有望克服 .