Optical Fiber Communications: Recent Contributions in Photonic Device Technology

Abstract

The current status of the research and development as well as the recent contributions in optical communications at INESC Porto is reviewed. This review includes all the work carried out in the last few years in optical fiber communications, namely the development of passive and active optical devices. Some of the passive structures that have been studied and developed are: add-drop multiplexers, multiplexer/demultiplexer based on Bragg grating technology, dispersion compensators, and optical cross-connects. Active photonic devices such as wavelength converters, fiber lasers, and fiber amplifiers have also been studied. New ideas are being continuously developed and tested.     

啁啾光纤光栅在光纤通信系统中的色散补偿

报道一个简单而新颖的、能将均匀光栅改变为线性啁啾光栅的方法,此方法可对光纤光栅的喃啾度和中心波长进行独立调节,实验表明,一长为１０ｃｍ的均匀光栅其啁啾度可增加至０．５ｎｍ／ｃｍ,而中心波长独立可调量达０．７ｎｍ利用这样的可调啁啾光栅在标准单模光纤（Ｇ６５２）中对一脉宽为２５ｐｓ的输入信号在１５５０ｎｍ窗口传输,成功地实现１００ｋｍ的色散补偿。     

利用啁啾光纤光栅色散特性实现波长可调谐的主动锁模掺铒光纤环行腔激光器

在环形腔主动锁模光纤激光器中引入啁啾光纤光栅，利用啁啾光纤光栅的大色散特性，通过调节调制频率，实现波长调谐，调谐范围2nm。所得脉冲为重复频率2．5GHz，脉宽约60ps的正啁啾脉冲，。     

System Stimulation for Dispersion Compensation with Nonideal Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating

Chirped fiber Bragg grating (CBG) has been used to compensate the dispersion in the optical fiber communication system. We substitute dispersion compensation fiber (DCF) with CBG in the 10Gbit/s disperion-managed system over 1100km. In order to get system performance in the nonideal situation, the parameters of CBG are varied from the designed optimum in some extent. Post-, pre- and dual-compensation methods are compared.     

光纤光栅色散补偿实验研究

给出１０３ｋｍ常规单模光纤色散补实验的结果，实验中所用啁啾（Ｃｈｉｒｐ）光纤光栅系由１０ｃｍ长的均匀光纤光栅线性啁啾化而得。     

4×10 Gb/s 412 km密集波分复用光纤光栅色散补偿的实验

研制了一种多波长啁啾光纤布拉格 (Bragg)光栅 ,波长、波长间隔符合ITU T标准 ,利用这种多波长啁啾光栅可以同时对多信道波长进行色散补偿 ,光栅的每个波长补偿范围满足ITU T对应信道波长波动的要求 ,并进行了 4× 10Gb/s、4 12km波分复用色散补偿实验 ,实验结果比色散补偿光纤模块要好 ,无误码功率代价都小于 2dB。     

High-Accuracy Measurement of the Dispersion of Chirped Fiber Gratings

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八信道WDM色散补偿的实验研究

研制了一种啁啾的多波长光纤Bragg光栅 ,波长、波长间隔符合ITU T标准 ,利用这种多波长啁啾光栅可以同时对多信道波长进行色散补偿 ,这种啁啾的多波长光纤Bragg光栅能滤除反射峰之间未用波长范围内的放大器的自发辐射噪声 (ASE) ,并进行了 8× 10Gb/s 10 2km色散补偿实验 ,各信道补偿一致性很好。     

基于高双折射光纤布拉格光栅的自动增益控制掺铒光纤放大器

掺铒光纤非均匀展宽引起的空间烧孔现象导致单波长激光并不能完全控制放大器增益,提出了一种新颖的自动增益控制掺铒光纤放大器的结构:即采用高双折射光纤布拉格光栅产生抽运光,其写制光栅的波峰对应的波长分别为1549.3 nm和1549.83 nm,波长间隔为0.53 nm。通过调整偏振控制器,就实现了单激光或双激光的增益控制。这种设计增益控制范围为40 nm(1530~1570 nm),当输入功率在-40~-15 dBm的动态范围内,双激光增益控制的掺铒光纤放大器的平均增益和噪声系数分别约为22.22 dB和8.69 dB,而它们的漂移分别被钳制在0.69 dB和1.51 dB。系统性能测试表明:双激光控制掺饵光纤放大器在稳定性方面比单激光有着明显的优势。     

新型光纤布拉格光栅温度自动补偿传感研究

将光纤布拉格光栅斜向粘贴于厚度相等的等腰三角形悬臂梁的侧面，利用光纤光栅啁啾效应，通过测量带宽进行多种力学量的传感研究。理论和实验均证明，该传感装置具有温度自动补偿功能。在位移、应力等参量的传感实验中获得了很好的线性响应，位移和应力传感的灵敏度分别为2.47nm/mm和2.26nm/N，光纤光栅实验带宽达15.5nm。     

All-Fiber Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer Using a Pair of Fiber Grating Couplers

A new all-fiber optical add-drop multiplexer (ADM) using a pair of fiber grating couplers (FGCs) was proposed and first demonstrated. It was theoretically and experimentally shown that both drop and add efficiencies could be maximized in the proposed ADM. It was also clarified that the crosstalk between dropped and added signals could be improved in the proposed ADM compared with that in the single FGC. Drop and add operations in the ADM for 3-channel WDM signals with 1.6 nm wavelength spacing were confirmed. The ADM with signal amplification ability, which consists of a pair of FGCs, an EDF, and a pump-LD, was proposed and demonstrated. It was confirmed that the dropped and transmitted optical signals could be amplified in the ADM, and would be able to expand fiber routing spans.     

光纤激光器中激光波长相对于光纤光栅反射中心的偏移

在用光纤布拉格光栅作为反射器的掺镱光纤激光器的输出光谱中发现激光波长相对于光纤光栅反射中心偏移的现象，偏移量相当于光纤光栅反射带宽的一半。通过实验证明偏移现象与光纤光栅的反射特性和热效应无关，并且在不同的温度和不同的光纤光栅反射波长的情况下都得到了同样的结果。采用激光增益线形的有关理论，对这一现象进行了分析，实验结果与理论分析相一致。     

柚子型光子晶体光纤啁啾光栅的反射谱特性

利用有限元法和传输矩阵法,对柚子型结构的光子晶体光纤啁啾光栅的反射谱进行了理论分析。得到了啁啾光栅参数和光纤参数对光子晶体光纤啁啾光栅反射谱的影响规律。结果表明随着啁啾系数和折变量的增加,光栅反射谱呈规律变化,当啁啾系数增大到一定程度时几个反射峰会连到一起,形成一个大的反射带宽。光纤的内包层直径和纤芯直径的改变能够影响各反射峰之间的间距。同时研究了切趾变迹对光子晶体光纤啁啾光栅反射谱的影响,研究表明,所用切趾函数会同时对多个峰进行切趾,每个峰的切趾效果都很好。对反射谱波动较大的几个峰相连的啁啾光栅经过柯西切趾后反射谱曲线平滑,适合于实际应用。     

Dual-Wavelength Erbium Fiber Laser in a Simple Ring Cavity

Abstract

By controlling the cavity loss of the modes using a variable optical attenuator, specific intensities of distributed modes can be fed back into the erbium-doped fiber to produce signals without mode competition, thus resulting in stable lasing as a means to overcome mode competition in a homogenous gain medium. Two lasing signals were obtained with peak powers of approximately ?3.475 dBm and ?4.386 dBm for wavelengths of 1,540 nm and 1,548 nm, respectively, with a side mode suppression ratio of more than 43 dB.     

啁啾高斯脉冲经啁啾光纤光栅反射后的传输特性

在考虑侈阶和高阶色散的情况下,给出了啁啾高斯光脉冲被啁啾光纤光栅反射后在光纤中传输时脉冲展宽的解析析式,。讨论了啁啾光栅脉减压缩和色散补偿中的几个重要问题。以线性啁啾光纤光栅为实例进行了数值计算,发现了脉冲殿宽的对称性质,最后提出一种新颖的可用于估算脉冲受光纤光栅作用后脉宽展宽的简单办法。     

光纤光栅传感器的波长检测系统及其理论分析

理论分析并实验研究了基于光纤光栅滤波调谐技术的光纤光栅传感系统。分析了由于光源光强度波动及光纤扰动而引起的波长测量误差，并给出了减小测量误差的方法。该系统采用应变仪作为读出设备，使测量结果的线性拟合度达0．9995，测量光纤光栅布拉格波长移动的最小分辨率为1．3pm。     

用半导体激光器作调制器的双波长可调谐锁模光纤激光器

提出一种用法布里—珀罗腔半导体激光器(F—PLD)作调制器，用线性凋啾光栅(LCFG)进行波长选择的双波长环形腔主动锁模光纤激光器。利用线性凋啾光栅在腔内的色散效应使两个波长的光脉冲通过饵光纤(EDF)时在时域上分开，从而威小了不同波长的光脉冲同时通过饵光纤时造成的竞争，因此可以在室温下获得波长间隔较小的稳定的双波长光脉冲输出。实验中成功地获得了重复频率约为2GHz，波长间隔为0．92nm的稳定双波长光脉冲，并通过调谐线性凋啾光栅中心波长的位置使激光波长可以在约3nm范围内调谐。     

Fiber to the Classrooms: Internet over Fiber Optical CATV System

This study proposed and demonstrated a directly modulated NTSC AM-VSB 77-channel plus Internet access system using a Fabry-Perot (FP) laser diode, an optical isolator, fiber Bragg grating (FBG), wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM), channel conversion and two-way communication techniques over an existing multimode fiber (MMF) on the author’s campus. Performances of carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) of >43dB composite second order (CSO) of >53dB and composite triple beat (CTB) of >53dB were obtained over a 2-km MMF transmission. The proposed two-way communication system is simple and suitable for fiber to the classrooms application.     

双泵浦光子晶体光纤参量放大研究

利用光子晶体光纤在不同零色散波长附近具有不同色散的特性,研究了在零色散波长为780 nm和1550 nm附近的双泵浦光子晶体光纤参量放大过程.在780 nm附近,讨论了零色散波长变化对双泵浦光子晶体光纤参量放大的影响.数值模拟结果表明:当零色散波长发生微小的变化时,信号增益谱带宽会发生很大的变化.当两泵浦光之间的波长差值减小时,零色散波长的变化对参量放大的影响在很大程度上可以得到抑制,但是增益带宽会有一定的减小.依据这一原理,在1550 nm附近设计光子晶体光纤中的色散平坦光纤参量放大,在5 m长的光子晶体光纤中,当峰值功率为10 W时,得到了增益为65 dB,带宽达到420 nm且极为平坦的增益谱.     

Transmission Performance Improvement in Microwave/Millimeter-Wave Optical System Using Chirped Fiber Grating

A chirped fiber grating (CFG) written by the moving fiber/phase mask scanning beam technique with a uniform mask is used to demonstrate the dispersion compensation in the externally modulated microwave/millimeter-wave over fiber system. It is found that the use of the CFG is an efficient way to compensate for the severe RF power degradation induced by the fiber chromatic dispersion, which results in a significant improvement in the transmission performance. The signal to noise ratio is improved from 4.8 dB to 24.4 dB when 10.58 GHz RF signal carrying 5 Mbit/s QPSK format data is transmitted over 35 km single mode fiber.