文化氛围:"爱因斯坦奇迹年"诞生的新视角

一百年前，年仅26岁的爱因斯坦在一年之内发表了5篇划时代的科学论文．爱因斯坦创造了科学史上的奇迹，人们称1905年为“爱因斯坦奇迹年”．不容否定，这种奇迹的出现很大程度上取决于爱因斯坦个人独特的科学素养和杰出的科学才能．但从客观因素来讲，当时爱因斯坦所处的各种文化氛围也是极为重要的一面．本文试图从学术、校园、工作、     

论爱因斯坦奇迹年——纪念爱因斯坦逝世50周年

 科学史上“奇迹年”一语长期以来用于描述1666年。在该年,牛顿为17世纪科学物理学和数学的许多方面奠定了基础。把这一词语用来描述1905年也完全合适。在这一年里,爱因斯坦发表了5篇划时代的物理学论文,在三个领域做出了四个有划时代意义的贡献,创造了科学史上更大的奇迹。一是他在该年里提出光量子假说,为量子理论的发展做出了巨大贡献.     

爱因斯坦坚持场纲领的原因

探讨了爱因斯坦坚持场纲领的物理学认识基础和思想发展过程，分析了其坚持场纲领的目的及未获成功的原因。     

爱因斯坦:邮票上的画传

爱因斯坦是历史上最伟大的物理学家.他的工作和成就引发了20世纪的物理学革命,影响到我们生活的方方面面.他的名字为公众所熟悉,各国发行了大量纪念他的邮票,反映他的工作和生活.特别是,今年是世界物理年,许多国家发行了新的纪念邮票.     

爱因斯坦与诺贝尔奖

2005年是联合国确定的世界物理年，也叫爱因斯坦年．全世界用一整年的时间来纪念爱因斯坦发表5篇不朽文章（1905年）的100周年．1905年，爱因斯坦才26岁．这5篇文章是：     

爱因斯坦:机遇与眼光

各位同学，大家好。今天我们很高兴能请杨振宁先生来给我们作报告。大家都知道，今年是世界物理年，1905年爱因斯坦发表了5篇划时代的重要论文，为相对论的建立和发展奠定了基础，为量子理论的发展做出了重要贡献，从根本上改变了物理学的面貌。今年恰好就是这几篇重要论文发表100周年，所以联合国教科文组织把今年定为世界物理年。     

爱因斯坦1905年创造"奇迹"的五篇论文--纪念布朗运动理论、狭义相对论、光量子论创建100周年

2004．年6月10日联合国大会通过决议，把2005年定为“国际物理年”．之所以选择2005年为“国际物理年”，其原因之一在于2005年是爱因斯坦关键性科学发现100周年，这些发现为现代物理学奠定了基础．     

Einstein algebras

An approach to quantization of general relatively using a reformulation of the classical theory in which the events of space-time play essentially no role is discussed.     

The Einstein shift in Einstein's box experiment

The question of whether the Einstein shift in clock rates has a bearing on the validity of the fourth Heisenberg uncertainty relation is discussed. It is shown that, even if one would accept all the relevant assumptions and conclusions of Bohr and Rosenfeld, this uncertainty relation could not be saved by an Einstein shift in the case of an electrostatic weighing. This means that the Einstein shift does not play any role in determining the validity of the fourth Heisenberg relation.     

The language of Einstein spoken by optical instruments

The mathematics of Lorentz transformations, called the Lorentz group, continues to play an important role in optical sciences. It is the basic mathematical language for coherent and squeezed states. It is noted that the six-parameter Lorentz group can be represented by two-by-two matrices. Since the beam transfer matrices in ray optics are largely based on two-by-two matrices or ABCD matrices, the Lorentz group is bound to be the basic language for ray optics, including polarization optics, interferometers, lens optics, multilayer optics, and the Poincaré sphere. Because the group of Lorentz transformations and ray optics are based on the same two-by-two matrix formalism, ray optics can perform mathematical operations that correspond to transformations in special relativity. It is shown, in particular, that one-lens optics provides a mathematical basis for unifying the internal space-time symmetries of massive and massless particles in the Lorentz-covariant world.     

The cosmological term in the Einstein theory

It is proved that it is necessary to introduce in Einstein's equations a cosmological term proportional to the square of the λ-field strength which is related to the Lorentz group representation class ρμ = 0.     

Gravitational energy-momentum: The Einstein pseudotensor reexamined

By using a suitable two-point scalar field, a covariant formulation of the Einstein pseudotensor is given. A unique choice of scalar field is made possible by examining the role of linear and angular momentum in their correct geometric context. It is shown that, contrary to many text-book statements, linear momentum is not generated by infinitesimal coordinate transformations on space-time. Use is made of the nonintersecting lifted geodesies on the tangent bundle,T M, to space-time, to define a globally regular three-dimensional Lagrangian submanifold ofT M, relative to an observer at some pointz in space-time. By integrating over this submanifold rather than a necessarily singular spacelike hypersurface, gravitational linear and angular momentum, relative toz, are defined, and shown to have sensible physical properties.This essay received an honorable mention from the Gravity Research Foundation for the year 1979-Ed.