Micellization of Cationic Surfactant Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide in Mixed Water-Alcohol Media

The effect of methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol on cmc and degree of counter ion binding, β, of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) has been studied conductometrically. The micellization of CTAB in these water-alcohol media have been found to be both dependent on nature as well as the concentration of alcohol in water. The cmc values shift toward higher concentration with increase in alcoholic content up to certain concentration beyond which decrease in cmc is registered in case of all the alcohols. However, the maximum in the cmc versus concentration of alcohol shifts to lower concentration with the increase in number of carbons in alcohol. β shows the inverse peaked behaviour in conformity with the cmc variation. The effects viz. solvent modifying tendency of alcohols and their tendency of penetration into the micelles have been used to interpret their effect on micellization of CTAB.     

稳态荧光探针法测定临界胶束聚集数

以芘为荧光探针、二苯甲酮为猝灭剂,用稳态荧光探针法测定了SDS和AS的胶束聚集数(Nm).以芘的饱和水溶液为溶剂配制表面活性剂溶液,二苯甲酮的适宜浓度取小于1.00 mmol•L－1时,可以获得满意的实验结果.当表面活性剂溶液浓度为5～9倍cmc时,Nm随表面活性剂浓度增大而线性增大,而随温度的变化略有波动.cSAA=cmc时,Nm值为一本征值,定义为临界胶束聚集数[Nm].[Nm]值可从Nm－cSAA实验曲线外延得到.25℃时SDS的临界胶束聚集数[Nm]为57;40℃时SDS的[Nm]为49,AS的[Nm]为55.     

稳态荧光探针法测定三聚季铵盐表面活性剂的胶束聚集数

以芘为荧光探针, 十六烷基氯化吡啶(CPC)为猝灭剂, 以芘的饱和水溶液为溶剂配制表面活性剂溶液, 根据芘的荧光强度之比I1/I3随表面活性剂水溶液浓度的变化, 测定了三聚季铵盐表面活性剂CTTTA的cmc值, 测定值与表面张力法测定的cmc值一致；当猝灭剂CPC的浓度取0.1~0.3 mmol·L-1范围时, 用稳态荧光探针法测定了CTTTA的胶束聚集数. 实验数据表明, 表面活性剂溶液浓度为6~10倍cmc时, 胶束聚集数N随表面活性剂浓度增大而线性增大, 并用外推法得到CTTTA的临界胶束聚集数.     

The interaction of isomeric hexanediols with sodium dodecyl sulfate and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide micelles

The micelle formation process for a typical anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and a typical cationic surfactant, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, has been investigated in a series of mixed solvents consisting of different concentrations of isomeric hexanediols (1,2-hexanediol and 1,6-hexanediol) in water. The critical micelle concentrations and the degrees of counterion dissociation of the mixed micelles were obtained from conductance experiments. Luminescence probing experiments have been used to determine the concentration of micelles in solution and, hence, the micellar aggregation numbers of the surfactants in the mixed solvent systems. The alcohol aggregation numbers were determined by combining the partition coefficients (obtained using NMR paramagnetic relaxation enhancement experiments) with the micellar concentrations from the luminescence probing experiments. All these results are interpreted in terms of the difference in the interaction of the isomeric hexanediols with the surfactant as a function of the position of the hydroxyl groups on the six-carbon chain of the alcohol. Received: 28 June 2000/Accepted: 5 July 2000     

Photophysical Properties of Ethidium Bromide in Low Concentration of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is widely utilized in biomolecules separation, but high residue SDS in biomolecules samples interfere mass analysis. Ethidium bromide (EtdBr) interacts with SDS, and the formation of EtdBr‐SDS complex at low SDS concentration (0–0.1 %) results a large red shift of the n→π* transition of EtdBr from 480 nm to 530 nm. The ion pairs become non‐emissive and cause low emission intensity. While the concentration of SDS is above 0.1 %, SDS starts aggregating to form micelle. Micelle formation destabilizes the complex and the absorption maxima shift back to 513 nm while emission intensity increases. Based on the change of absorption and emission of EtdBr, a SDS concentration assay was developed. If absorption maximizes at 480 nm, the concentration of SDS of the sample is below 0.005 %. If absorption maximum is at longer wavelength than 480 nm, a second parameter, the ratio of absorbance at 513 nm and 550 nm is introduced. If the ratio is smaller than 1.5, the concentration of SDS is between 0.01–0.1 %. If the ratio is larger than 1.5, the concentration of SDS is above 0.15 %. Despite the suitable range is small, the lower limit is around the range of no mass interference.     

Spectral studies of N-nonyl acridine orange in anionic, cationic and neutral surfactants

The spectroscopic and photophysical properties of N-nonyl acridine orange – a metachromatic dye useful as a mitochondrial probe in living cells – are reported in water and microheterogeneous media: anionic sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and neutral octylophenylpolyoxyethylene ether (TX-100). The spectral changes of N-nonyl acridine orange were observed in the presence of varying amount of SDS, CTAB and TX-100 and indicated formation of a dye–surfactant complex. The spectral changes were also regarded to be caused by the incorporation of dye molecules to micelles. It was proved by calculated values K_b and f in the following order: K_b TX-100 > K_b CTAB > K_b SDS and f_TX-100 > f_CTAB > f_SDS. NAO binds to the micelle regardless the micellar charge. There are two types of interactions between NAO and micelles: hydrophobic and electrostatic. The hydrophobic interactions play a dominant role in binding of the dye to neutral TX-100. The unexpected fact of the binding NAO to cationic CTAB can be explained by a dominant role of hydrophobic interactions over electrostatic repulsion. Therefore, the affinity of NAO to CTAB is smaller than TX-100. Electrostatic interactions play an important role in binding of NAO to anionic micelles SDS. We observed a prolonged fluorescence lifetime after formation of the dye–surfactant complex τ_SDS > τ_TX-100 > τ_CTAB > τ_water, the dye being protected against water in this environment. TX-100 is found to stabilize the excited state of NAO which is more polar than the ground state. Spectroscopic and photophysical properties of NAO will be helpful for a better understanding of the nature of binding and distribution inside mammalian cells.     

Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide as a Regulator in Paper Separation of Pentachlorophenol Herbicide and Methyl Orange Dye

An experimental investigation is presented for separation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and methyl orange (MO) from an aqueous solution by use of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a regulator in the paper capillary permeation adsorption process (PCPA). The effects of pH, concentration of CTAB, and ionic strength on the separatability of the molecules were studied. The maximum separatability of nearly 100% PCP and MO was obtained in the optimum pH range 5–11 and 7–11, respectively. The ionic strength has an appreciable effect on separatability. The recovery of PCP and MO from paper by elution with acetone: isooctane solvent gradients was also studied. The selective separation of PCP and MO admixed in aqueous solution by a developed solvent elution technique was also reported. It was believed that PCP and MO were separated as their ion pairs with CTA cations by adsorption on the fiber surface.     

流动注射-化学发光法测定十六烷基三甲基溴化铵的临界胶束浓度

采用流动注射技术，研究了CTAB-Luminol-H2O2体系的化学发光行为。CTAB对Luminol-H2O2体系的化学发光强度有明显的增强作用，并且在临界胶束浓度出现最大值，从而建立了流动注射-化学发光法直接测定CTAB的CMC的一种新方法，并给出了可能的作用机理。     

The Self-Association and Mixed Micellization of an Anionic Surfactant,Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate,and a Cationic Surfactant,Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide: Conductometric,Dye Solubilization,and Surface Tension Studies

In the present study, we investigate the self-association and mixed micellization of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of SDS, CTAB, and mixed (SDS + CTAB) surfactants was measured by electrical conductivity, dye solubilization, and surface tension measurements. The surface properties (viz., C₂₀ (the surfactant concentration required to reduce the surface tension by 20 mN/m), Π_CMC (the surface pressure at the CMC), Γ_max (maximum surface excess concentration at the air/water interface), and A_min (the minimum area per surfactant molecule at the air/water interface)) of SDS, CTAB, and (SDS + CTAB) micellar/mixed micellar systems were evaluated. The thermodynamic parameters of the micellar (SDS and CTAB), and mixed micellar (SDS + CTAB) systems were evaluated.

A schematic representation of micelles and mixed micelles.     

Determination of the Critical Micelle Concentration of Cationic Surfactants by Capillary Electrophoresis

The determination of the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of cationic surfactants by capillary electrophoresis was demonstrated. In this study, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DoTAB) were selected as cationic surfactants and propazine was chosen as test solute. In the evolution of the effective electrophoretic mobility of propazine as a function of surfactant concentration, a dramatic change in slope at a particular concentration is a good indication of the CMC of this surfactant. The CMC values determined experimentally were further confirmed by a curve-fitting approach. Simulation of the electrophoretic mobility curves as a function of surfactant concentration in both micellar electrokinetic chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis using cationic surfactants as an electrolyte modifier was performed for propazine, and the intersection of these two mobility curves allowed us to precisely predict the CMC of the surfactant. The CMC values determined for TTAB and DoTAB are 1.6 ± 0.1 and 11.0 ± 0.1 mM, respectively, in the case of an electrolytic solution consisting of 70 mM phosphate buffer at pH 6.0. Moreover, the applicability of the electroosmotic mobility as a parameter for the determination of the CMC was examined.     

Bile salt-phospholipid aggregation at submicellar concentrations

The aggregation behavior of the bile salts taurodeoxycholate (NaTDC) and sodium cholate (NaC), are followed at concentrations below critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) using the environment sensitive, fluorescent-labeled phospholipid, 2-(6-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)hexanoyl-1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (NBD-C₆-HPC). A buffer solution containing NBD-C₆-HPC is titrated with increasing NaC or NaTDC and the fluorescence changes followed. Both bile salts induced fluorescence changes below their critical micelle concentration indicating the presence of a bile salt–phospholipid aggregate. A critical control experiment using 6-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino) hexanoic acid (NBD-X) shows that the bile salts are interacting with the longer, C16 hydrocarbon tail, not the NBD probe. The fluorescence curves were fitted to the Hill equation as a model for cooperative aggregation. The cooperativity model provides a minimum estimate for the number of bile salts to give maximal fluorescence. This number was calculated for NaC and NaTDC to have a minimum value of 2. A small aggregation number supports the existence of primary micellar aggregates at submicellar concentrations for bile salt–phospholipid aqueous solutions.     

痕量雌二醇的吸附方波伏安法检测

本文报道一种简便、快速、灵敏检测痕量雌激素的吸附溶出方波伏安法。该法先将雌二醇在玻碳电极上吸附富集一定时间 ,然后以方波伏安溶出法检测其氧化电流。介质为含有 8× 1 0 - 5mol· L- 1溴化十六烷基三甲铵 ( CTAB)的 0 .1 mol· L- 1磷酸盐缓冲溶液 ( p H=1 0 .0 )。该法检出限为 5× 1 0 - 8mol· L- 1,线性范围为 5 .2× 1 0 - 7～ 5× 1 0 - 5mol· L- 1。研究了雌二醇的电极反应机理     

Effect of counterion on thermodynamic micellar properties of tetradecylpyridinium in aqueous solutions

Electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions of tetradecylpyridinium bromide and chloride has been measured as a function of surfactant molal concentration and temperature. From the molal dependence of conductivity, the critical micelle concentration and the micellar ionization degree were estimated. The temperature dependence of these parameters has been used for calculating the thermodynamic parameters related with the micellization process by using the classical charged pseudophase separation model. The effect of the counterion on the conventional thermodynamic potentials of micellization such as standard Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy has also been a matter of study. Finally, the occurrence of the enthalpy–entropy compensation phenomenon was verified and the relevant parameters discussed.     

双波长分光光度法测定溴化十六烷基三甲基铵

以二甲酚橙为显色剂,采用双波长分光光度法测定水中溴化十六烷基三甲基铵。实验确定的测定条件为:最大吸收波长为590 nm,等吸光度点的波长点为509 nm,选择pH为6.86的Na3PO4-Na2HPO4缓冲溶液3.50 mL,0.80 g/L二甲酚橙显色剂2.0 mL,显色时间为5 min。试剂加入顺序对测定结果基本无影响。CTMAB的质量浓度在0~1.2 mg/mL范围内符合比尔定律,标准曲线为ΔA=0.0123ρ 0.0825,相关系数为R2=0.9998,样品加标回收率为99.6%~101.3%。     

表面活性剂增敏荧光光度法测定牛奶中的三聚氰胺

建立了表面活性剂增敏荧光光度法测定牛奶中三聚氰胺的方法。利用弱碱性介质中阳离子表面活性剂(CTMAB)对三聚氰胺荧光强度的增敏作用,在pH=8.0的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液中,以CTMAB为增敏剂,测定三聚氰胺,线性范围为25～1000μg/L,检出限为19μg/L,相对标准偏差为1.6%。按国标方法处理样品,采用本法测定,回收率偏高;利用自制固相萃取整体柱对牛奶样品进行预处理后,实际样品检测获得满意结果。此方法简便、快捷、准确,可用于大量牛奶样品中三聚氰胺的快速初筛及检测。     

荧光探针法测定甜菜碱cmc的研究

荧光探针法测定甜菜碱ｃｍｃ的研究任学贞，李干佐，王弘立，翟立民，隋卫平，徐欣艳（山东大学化学系，济南，２５０１００）关键词甜菜碱，芘，临界胶束浓度Ｅｋｗａｌｌ等［１］发现，表面活性剂的溶液能够增溶多环芳烃并发射较强的荧光．在常用的测定表面活性剂临界胶...     

Determination of Critical Micelle Concentration by Electrochemical Means

Abstract

Overview of electrochemical methods for critical micelle concentration (cmc) determination is given. The principles and examples of cmc determination by conductometry, potentiometry, tensammetry, polarography, voltammetry, electrophoresis, and isotachophoresis are reviewed and discussed.     

支链烷基苯磺酸钠聚集性质的实验与理论研究

以芘为探针、二苯酮为猝灭剂,用稳态荧光法测定了合成的4种链长分别为10、12、14、16碳,苯环均在β位取代的对烷基苯磺酸钠的临界胶团浓度、胶团聚集数和微极性.研究了链长对支链烷基苯磺酸钠聚集性质的影响.分析了支链烷基苯磺酸钠疏水、亲水基团对聚集性质的影响.用量子化学从头算Hartree Fock方法取6 31G 基组计算了支链烷基苯磺酸根离子气相中的电荷分布.