Cal-B-catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation of a-ring stereoisomeric synthons of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-nor-previtamin D3: a comparative study. first regioselective chemoenzymatic synthesis of 19-nor-A-ring carbonates

A comparative study of alkoxycarbonylation processes of both 19-nor-A-ring and A-ring stereoisomers of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogues catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase B (CAL-B) has been described. The presence of the methyl group in the A-ring at C-2, as in 3-6, has a determining role in the regioselectivity of the biocatalysis, mainly allowing the hydroxyl group at C-5 position to react. For the 19-nor-A-ring stereoisomers 7-10, which lack the C-2 methyl group, the configurations at C-3 and C-5 have a high influence in the selectivity exhibited by CAL-B. Thus, each couple of enantiomers showed opposing regioselectivities depending on the C-3 configuration. When C-3 possesses an (S)-configuration, enzymatic alkoxycarbonylations took place at the C-5-(R) or C-5-(S) hydroxyl groups. However, if the chiral centers at C-3 are (R), CAL-B alkoxycarbonylated the C-3-(R) hydroxyl group independently of the configuration at C-5. The corresponding carbonates are useful A-ring precursors of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogues, selectively modified at the C-1 or C-3 positions. In addition, an improved synthesis of cis A-ring synthons 5 and 6 is described using a Mitsunobu methodology.     

Derivatives and reactions of glutacondialdehyde V : The crystal and molecular structure of 5-hydroxy-trans-2, trans-4-pentadienal acetate. The charge distribution in the glutacondialdehyde anion

The structure of 5-hydroxy-trans-2, trans-4-pentadienal acetate has been determined, using three-dimensional diffractometercollected X-ray data. The compound has the all-trans configuration with the atoms C-1 to C-5 in a plane. The charge distribution in the acetate and in the glutacondialdehyde anion have been calculated using the CNDO/2 approximation. In both compounds higher negative charges were found on carbon atoms C-2 and C-4 than on C-1, C-3 and C-5.     

Synthesis of 6,19-sulfamidate bridged pregnanes

Conformationally restrained substituted pregnane-20-one derivatives were obtained by an intramolecular nitrene addition onto a C-5/C-6 double bond involving a tethered C-19 sulfamoyl moiety. The resulting aziridine underwent regioselective nucleophilic ring opening at C-5 at room temperature with cyanide, fluoride, and acetate. In the isolated case of acetate, a reversal of regioselectivity was observed at higher temperatures, a result attributed to a rearrangement process involving aziridine ring opening at the C-5 position and subsequent migration of the acetyl moiety to C-6.     

Solid-state photodimerization of cholest-4-en-3-one

Crystalline cholest-4-en-3-one undergoes solid-state dimerization by UV radiation to give two ring A - ring A connected dimers. No dimerization occurs in solution. The first dimer, characterized by a cyclobutane ring, is formed by connection of C-2 and C-3 of a moiety with C-5' and C-6' of another moiety, respectively. The latter dimer has a six-membered ketal ring formed by connection of C-2 with C-5' and of O, linked to C-3, with C-3'. The structures have been determined by spectroscopic means. X-ray analysis of title compound evidences the proximity of the axial H-2 of a molecule to the C-4' of a molecule in the upper layer. The transfer of the hydrogen and the connection between C-2 and C-5' might be the driving force of dimerization.     

Les spectres de masse dans l' analyse 10e communication [1] les transferts d'hygrogène dans des cétones norbornyliques

Some simple rules for predicting the transfer of endo hydrogens in the mass spectra of norbornane carbonyl derivatives are proposed. Transfers from C-6 to C-2 generally occur, but are repressed if a methyl group is on C-1. Transfers from C-5 to C-2 can occur, but are less favorable than 1-3 transfers. Endo-2-acetylnorbornanes undergo a γ-hydrogen transfer from C-5 with ring fission.     

Xanthone in synthesis: a reactivity profile via directed lithiation of its dimethyl ketal

Xanthone, as its dimethyl ketal, undergoes functionalization with a synthetically useful degree of regioselectivity using a lithiation protocol. The core structure is regenerated during the work-up. Monosubstitution at C-4 or C-1 and disubstitution at C-4 and C-5 or C-1 and C-5 are observed. The substitution pattern appears to be dependent upon the experimental conditions.     

Synthesis of 1-hydroxy-substituted pyrazolo[3,4-c]- and pyrazolo[4, 3-c]quinolines and -isoquinolines from 4- and 5-aryl-substituted 1-benzyloxypyrazoles

1-Hydroxypyrazolo[3,4-c]quinoline (22), 1-hydroxypyrazolo[4, 3-c]quinoline (21), 1-hydroxypyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline (20), and 1-hydroxypyrazolo[4,3-c]isoquinoline (19) were prepared from 1-benzyloxypyrazole (6), establishing the pyridine B-ring in the terminal step. The pyridine ring of pyrazoloquinolines 14 and 18 was formed via cyclization of a formyl group at C-4 or C-5 and an amino group of a 2-aminophenyl substituent at C-5 or C-4 in 1-benzyloxypyrazole. The pyridine ring of pyrazoloisoquinolines 5 and 9 was created via cyclization of a formyl group in a 2-formylphenyl substituent at C-4 or C-5 with an iminophosphorane group installed at C-5 or C-4 of 1-benzyloxypyrazole by lithiation followed by reaction with tosyl azide and then with tributylphoshine utilizing the Staudinger/aza-Wittig protocol. The 2-aminophenyl and the 2-formylphenyl substituent were introduced at C-5 or C-4 by regioselective metalation followed by transmetalation to the pyrazolylzinc halide and subsequent palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling with 2-iodoaniline or 2-bromobenzaldehyde. The order of reactions and use of protecting groups in the individual sequences have been optimized. The 1-benzyloxy-substituted pyrazoloquinolines and isoquinolines thus obtained were debenzylated by strong acid to the corresponding 1-hydroxy-substituted pyrazoloquinolines and isoquinolines 19-22.     

Synthesis of 5-fluoro N-acetylglucosamine glycosides and pyrophosphates via epoxide fluoridolysis: versatile reagents for the study of glycoconjugate biochemistry

Numerous carbohydrate-processing enzymes facilitate catalysis via stabilization of positive charges on or near the C-1, C-4, C-5, or C-6 positions. Substrate analogues differing only in the substitution of a fluorine for the axial C-5 hydrogen would possess reduced electron density at these positions and could be useful mechanistic probes of these enzymes. Introduction of this 5-fluoro substituent after radical halogenation was problematic because of the incompatibility of many protecting groups to the radical halogenation and the instability of the subsequent 5-fluoro hexosamines. Thus, to allow easy access to a wide variety of 5-fluoro glycosides and glycosyl phosphates, a versatile method for the introduction of the 5-fluoro group has been developed, the key step being the fluoridolysis of C-5, 6 epoxides. By use of this method, two fluorinated carbohydrates, uridine 5'-diphospho-5-fluoro-N-acetylglucosamine and octyl 5-fluoro-N-acetylglucosamine, have been synthesized. Initial biochemical investigations of these compounds show that 5-fluoro analogues are useful probes of transition-state charge development in several enzyme-catalyzed reactions.     

New cytotoxic bufadienolides from the biotransformation of resibufogenin by Mucor polymorphosporus

Resibufogenin is a cytotoxic steroid isolated from the Chinese drug ChanSu. The biotransformation of resibufogenin by Mucor polymorphosporus afforded 22 products, and 15 of them were new. The transformation reactions involved hydroxylations at C-1β, C-5, C-7α, C-7β, C-12α, C-12β and C-16α, as well as epimerization or dehydrogenation of 3-OH. Hydroxylations at C-12α, C-12β and C-16α were the major reactions, each giving products in >5% yields, whereas the other products were obtained in fairly low yields. Some of the products showed decreased but still potent cytotoxicities. This investigation provided a useful approach to prepare new bufadienolides and most of them were difficult to obtain by chemical means.     

Crotonase catalysis enables flexible production of functionalized prolines and carbapenams

The biocatalytic versatility of wildtype and engineered carboxymethylproline synthases (CMPSs) is demonstrated by the preparation of functionalized 5-carboxymethylproline derivatives methylated at C-2, C-3, C-4, or C-5 of the proline ring from appropriately substituted amino acid aldehydes and malonyl-coenzyme A. Notably, compounds with a quaternary center (at C-2 or C-5) were prepared in a stereoselective fashion by engineered CMPSs. The substituted-5-carboxymethyl-prolines were converted into the corresponding bicyclic β-lactams using a carbapenam synthetase. The results demonstrate the utility of the crotonase superfamily enzymes for stereoselective biocatalysis, the amenability of carbapenem biosynthesis pathways to engineering for the production of new bicyclic β-lactam derivatives, and the potential of engineered biocatalysts for the production of quaternary centers.     

ENERGY TRANSFER AND CYTOCHROME FUNCTION IN A NEW TYPE OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIUM*

Abstract— The excitation spectrum for bacteriochlorophyll b fluorescence at 1027 mμ in Rhodopseudomonas sp. NHTC 133 indicates that the efficiency of energy transfer from caro-tenoid to bacteriochlorophyll b is between 27 and 28 %.
Light-induced absorbancy changes in anaerobic whole cells indicated the oxidation of three c -type cytochromes (C-550. 5, C-553, C-558) and one b -type cytochrome or cytochromoid C (C-560). At low light intensities C-553 is the main cytochrome oxidized, while at high light intensities mainly C-558 is oxidized in addition to C-553. The light responses of the heme proteins appear to be similar to those observed previously in purple and green photo-synthetic bacteria. No light-induced shifts in carotenoid absorption bands were detected.
In bacterial extracts C-553 and C-558 are bound to the chromatophores, while C-550. 5 is soluble.     

The synthesis and some chemical and spectroscopic properties of imidazo [1,2-a] pyrazine

The parent imidazo [1,2-a] pyrazine was prepared and shown to undergo electrophilic bromination at C-3, and base-catalyzed H→D exchange at C-3 and C-5. The perchloro derivative of this ring system was prepared and it was established that nucleophilic substitution by methoxide ion occurs at C-5 and C-8. Pmr spectral data for all compounds are presented.     

Sequential functionalization of pyrazole 1-oxides via regioselective metalation: synthesis of 3,4,5-trisubstituted 1-hydroxypyrazoles

A range of 3,5-diarylated and 3,4,5-triarylated 2-(4-methoxybenzyl)pyrazole 1-oxides have been prepared by regioselective deprotonation at C-5 or bromine-magnesium exchange at C-3 or C-4 followed by transmetalation with ZnCl(2) and palladium(0)-catalyzed cross-coupling. Furthermore, the metalated pyrazole 1-oxides could be trapped with electrophiles. The sequential metalation/functionalization of the pyrazole 1-oxides may follow the order C-5, C-3, C-4, or alternatively the order C-3, C-5, C-4. The 4-methoxybenzyl group of the functionalized 2-(4-methoxybenzyl)pyrazole 1-oxides could be removed by treatment with TFA and i-Pr(3)SiH in CH(2)Cl(2), providing the corresponding functionalized 1-hydroxypyrazoles.     

Synthesis of oxepane ring containing monocyclic, conformationally restricted bicyclic and spirocyclic nucleosides from D-glucose: a cycloaddition approach

Carbohydrate-derived substrates having (i) C-5 nitrone and C-3-O-allyl, (ii) C-4 vinyl and a C-3-O-tethered nitrone, and (iii) C-5 nitrone and C-4-allyloxymethyl generated tetracyclic isoxazolidinooxepane/-pyran ring systems upon intramolecular nitrone cycloaddition reactions. Deprotection of the 1,2-acetonides of these derivatives followed by introduction of uracil base via Vorbrüggen reaction condition and cleavage of the isooxazolidine rings as well as of benzyl groups by transfer hydrogenolysis yielded an oxepane ring containing bicyclic and spirocyclic nucleosides. The corresponding oxepane based nucleoside analogues were prepared by cleavage of isoxazolidine and furanose rings, coupling of the generated amino functionalities with 5-amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidine, cyclization to purine rings, and finally aminolysis.     

Stereoselective intramolecular nitrone cycloadditions to chiral allyl ethers

The Intramolecular nitrone cycloadditions to Z and E chiral allyl ethers afford annulated isoxazolidines with good to excellent stereocontrol in favour of the C-5/C-5' anti isomers. The relative stereochemistry at the stereocenters in C-3/C-4 depends on the length of the chain connecting dipole and dipolarophile.     

Organic syntheses based on 2-oxoglutaric acid. V. Syntheses of novel 2H-1,4-benzothiazines and a 2,5-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepine

Syntheses aimed on the incorporation in heterocycles of segments originating in the precursor 2-oxoglutaric acid are described. Cylocondensation of dimethyl 2-oxoglutarate 1 , dimethyl 3-bromo-2-oxoglutarate 2 , and dimethyl (E)-2-oxoglutaconate 3 with 2-aminobenzenethiol gave rise to the novel 2H-1,4-benzothiazines 4 and 5 , and the 2,5-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepine 6 , respectively, by incorporation of either the segments C-1/C-2 or C-2/C-3 or C-3/C-4/C-5 of the precursor.     

Alpha-hydroxylation at C-15 and C-16 in cholesterol: synthesis of (25R)-5alpha-cholesta-3beta,15alpha,26-triol and (25R)-5alpha-cholesta-3beta,16alpha,26-triol from diosgenin

[reaction: see text] (25R)-5alpha-cholesta-3beta,16alpha,26-triol 7b and (25R)-5alpha-cholesta-3beta,15alpha,26-triol 10b were synthesized, via (25R)-5alpha-cholesta-3beta,16beta,26-triol 5a, from diosgenin 3 in 52% yield over six steps and 47% yield over eight steps, respectively. An efficient method for inversion of a C-16beta hydroxyl to the C-16alpha position and a short method for transposition of a C-16beta hydroxyl to the C-15alpha position via the unexpected beta-reduction of a C-15 ketone in a steroid are reported.     

Carbon-13 NMR spectra of nucleoside 3′,5′-cyclic phosphates. Proposition for revised signal assignments

On the basis of the data obtained from ¹³C NMR spectra of 8,2′-S-cycloadenosine 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate and other nucleoside 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate analogues, it is suggested that the published assignments of the C-3′ and C-4′ signals in nucleoside 3′,5′-cyclic phosphates should be reversed. According to the revised assignments, C-4′, which is fixed very closely to the diesterified phosphate group is markedly shielded (?12.5 to ?15 ppm), and the C-3′ signal shows a downfield shift (+6 to +8 ppm) which is comparable to that for the C-5′ signal, for all compounds so far measured when compared with the chemical shifts for the corresponding nucleosides. The 3′,5′-cyclic phosphates of thymidine and 8,2′-S-cycloadenosine, which have no α-OH group on C-2′, show similar chemical shift changes for the corresponding sugar carbons which are different from those observed for ribonucleoside derivatives.     

Unusual sterically controlled regioselective lithiation of 3-bromo-5-(4,4'-dimethyl)oxazolinylpyridine. Straightforward access to highly substituted nicotinic acid derivatives

[Structure: see text] Lithiation of 5-bromonicotinic acid protected as secondary or tertiary amide as well as (4,4'-dimethyl)oxazoline with lithium amides is reported. The unusual C-2 and C-4 regioselective lithiation of 3-bromo-5-(4,4'-dimethyl)oxazolinylpyridine using LTMP versus LDA was observed, providing a new route to substituted nicotinic acid scaffolds. The methodology was applied to the synthesis of novel C-4 and C-6 arylated 5-bromonicotinic acids.     

Substituent control of hydrogen bonding in palladium(II)-pyrazole complexes

Inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding of an N-H group in pyrazole complexes was studied using ligands with two different groups at pyrazole C-3 and C-5. At C-5, groups such as methyl, i-propyl, phenyl, or tert-butyl were present. At C-3, side chains L-CH(2)- and L-CH(2)CH(2)- (L = thioether or phosphine) ensured formation of chelates to a cis-dichloropalladium(II) fragment through side-chain atom L and the pyrazole nitrogen closest to the side chain. The significance of the ligands is that by placing a ligating side chain on a ring carbon (C-3), rather than on a ring nitrogen, the ring nitrogen not bound to the metal and its attached proton are available for hydrogen bonding. As desired, seven chelate complexes examined by X-ray diffraction all showed intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the pyrazole N-H and a chloride ligand in the cis position. In addition, however, intermolecular hydrogen bonding could be controlled by the substituent at C-5: complexes with either a methyl at C-5 or no substituent there showed significant intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions, which were completely avoided by placing a tert-butyl group at C-5. The acidity of two complexes in acetonitrile solutions was estimated to be closer to that of pyridinium ion than those of imidazolium or triethylammonium ions.