Folded edge of turbulence in a pipe

The results of an experimental investigation into the threshold boundary between laminar and disordered pipe flow are presented. Complex features have been uncovered using a highly refined experimental approach where an intermediate periodic state forms an integral part of the transition sequence. In accord with the suggestions produced by a numerical investigation, the boundary is found to be folded with a complicated structure. This raises important questions about accepted definitions of threshold amplitudes in this long-standing problem.     

Current-driven rotating-kink mode in a plasma column with a non-line-tied free end

First experimental measurements are presented for the kink instability in a linear plasma column which is insulated from an axial boundary by finite sheath resistivity. An instability threshold below the classical Kruskal-Shafranov threshold, axially asymmetric mode structure, and rotation are observed. These are accurately reproduced by a recent kink theory, which includes axial plasma flow and one end of the plasma column that is free to move due to a non-line-tied boundary condition.     

Spontaneous Emission of an Inertial Multi-Level Atom in a Spacetime with a Reflecting Plane Boundary

We calculate the contributions of the vacuum fluctuations and radiation reaction to the rate of change of the mean atomic energy for a multi-level hydrogen atom in the multipolar coupling scheme in a spacetime with a reflecting boundary. Our results show that, due to the presence of the boundary, the polarizations of the atom in the parallel direction and in the normal direction are weighted differently in terms of their contributions to the spontaneous emission rate, which is an oscillating function of the atom distance from the boundary. The possible experimental implications of our result are briefly discussed.     

Extensive characterisation of a high Reynolds number decelerating boundary layer using advanced optical metrology

Over the last years, the observation of large-scale structures in turbulent boundary layer flows has stimulated intense experimental and numerical investigations. Nevertheless, partly due to the lack of comprehensive experimental data at sufficiently high Reynolds number, our understanding of turbulence near walls, especially in decelerating situations, is still quite limited. The aim of the present contribution is to combine the equipment and skills of several teams to perform a detailed characterisation of a large-scale turbulent boundary layer under adverse pressure gradient. Extensive particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements are performed, including a set-up with 16 sCMOS cameras allowing the characterisation of the boundary layer on 3.5 m, stereo PIV and high resolution near wall measurements. In this paper, detailed statistics are presented and discussed, boundary conditions are carefully characterised, making this experiment a challenging test case for numerical simulation.     

Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation from a model cascade developing near the lunar surface

The model problem of Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation emergence from lunar regolith into vacuum under LORD experimental conditions is considered. The boundary problem on radiation emergence into vacuum is solved numerically in the given field approximation (Kirchhoff approximation) from the cascade near the boundary (near-field region of the radiation source). The results are of great importance to interpret future experimental data.     

圆柱体出水运动的自由面效应及水冢现象分析

以圆柱体为例,研究自由面附近刚性物体的受力状态,分析垂直运动圆柱体出水时的自由面效应以及水冢现象.建立基于势流理论考虑自由面效应的数学模型,并用边界元方法求解该模型.求解过程中考虑非线性自由面运动学以及动力学边界条件.通过求解控制方程以及边界条件,模拟恒速刚性圆柱体出水时的水冢现象及其穿越水冢过程.通过数值解和实验值的比较验证方法的可靠性.分析结构出水时的压力变化、自由液面变形、圆柱体所受的垂向合外力以及流场速度矢量的变化,并展开讨论.结果表明:考虑自由面效应的非线性方法能够更准确地预报自由面附近刚性运动物体的受力特性.     

Scattering parameters of a waveguide cross junction loaded with a metallic post in the center

In this paper, the scattering parameters of a waveguide cross junction loaded with a metallic post in the center are analyzed for the first time by using the Method of Lines. The homogeneous boundary condition of the third kind and curved boundary are introduced in the formulation. Numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental data. The scattering parameters at Ka-band and W-band of the cross junctions loaded with metallic posts of different radii are presented. It is shown from the numerical results that loaded with metallic posts is an effective means for adjusting the network parameters of the waveguide cross junction to satisfy some special requirements in the design of millimeter wave components.     

小攻角下三维细长体定常空化形态研究

基于边界元方法, 使空泡表面和细长体表面分别满足Dirichlet 边界条件和Neumann边界条件, 数值迭代获得小攻角下三维细长体的定常空化形态. 采用线性三角形单元, 将控制点布置在网格节点上, 应用局部正交坐标系并采用迭代方法获得空泡表面的速度势, 进而通过边界积分方程确定空泡厚度的分布. 采用拉格朗日插值方法得到空泡末端的厚度, 避免了迭代过程中网格的重新划分. 数值结果与实验值符合良好, 验证了该方法的合理性. 系统研究了空化数、攻角以及锥角对于三维细长体空化形态的影响规律. 数值结果表明: 攻角使得细长体的空化形态呈现不对称性, 出现空泡向背流面“堆积”的现象; 而空化数越小或锥角越大, 空泡形态的不对称性将越严重. 关键词： 边界元方法 三维细长体 局部空化 攻角     

Computational Modeling of Boundary Layer Flashback in a Swirling Stratified Flame Using a LES-Based Non-Adiabatic Tabulated Chemistry Approach

When operating under lean fuel–air conditions, flame flashback is an operational safety issue in stationary gas turbines. In particular, with the increased use of hydrogen, the propagation of the flame through the boundary layers into the mixing section becomes feasible. Typically, these mixing regions are not designed to hold a high-temperature flame and can lead to catastrophic failure of the gas turbine. Flame flashback along the boundary layers is a competition between chemical reactions in a turbulent flow, where fuel and air are incompletely mixed, and heat loss to the wall that promotes flame quenching. The focus of this work is to develop a comprehensive simulation approach to model boundary layer flashback, accounting for fuel–air stratification and wall heat loss. A large eddy simulation (LES) based framework is used, along with a tabulation-based combustion model. Different approaches to tabulation and the effect of wall heat loss are studied. An experimental flashback configuration is used to understand the predictive accuracy of the models. It is shown that diffusion-flame-based tabulation methods are better suited due to the flashback occurring in relatively low-strain and lean fuel–air mixtures. Further, the flashback is promoted by the formation of features such as flame tongues, which induce negative velocity separated boundary layer flow that promotes upstream flame motion. The wall heat loss alters the strength of these separated flows, which in turn affects the flashback propensity. Comparisons with experimental data for both non-reacting cases that quantify fuel–air mixing and reacting flashback cases are used to demonstrate predictive accuracy.     

Prediction of the reverberation time in high absorbent room using a modified-diffusion model

A modification of the diffusion model’s boundary condition, based on the Eyring absorption coefficient, to account for high walls absorption is proposed. Numerical comparisons are carried out for three geometrical configurations (a proportionate room, a corridor and a flat enclosure). Comparisons with the statistical theory and a ray-tracing software show that the modified boundary condition increases the accuracy of the diffusion model in term of reverberation time in all the simulated configurations. An experimental comparison in the case of a non-uniformly absorbent room (a reverberation chamber covered with patches of glass wool) is also carried out. The modified-diffusion model results match well with the ray-tracing ones. Both models are in agreement with the experimental data for most of third octave bands (discrepancy close to or below 10%). However, some discrepancies up to 40% can also be observed in a few octave bands, probably due to experimental considerations and to the modal behaviour of the room at low frequencies.     

Ribs effects in acoustic radiation of a gearbox — their modelling in a boundary element method

Boundary element methods are nowadays currently used for acoustic radiation prediction of complex mechanic structures. Many of those structures contain an important account of ribs. The present paper deals with the acoustic influence of ribs and their modelling in a boundary element method. The influence of ribs is theoreticaly discussed and three different physical effects are distinguished : the “vibrating”, the “obstacle” and the ”source” effects. Further the modelling of ribs in boundary element meshes is discussed. An application to an automotive gearbox housing is then proposed. The vibrating behaviour of the structure is calculated with a finite element model, which has been updated thanks to an experimental modal analysis. The boundary element modelling necessity and the acoustic effects of the different ribs of the gearbox housing are studied.     

The effects of elastic supports on the transient vibroacoustic response of a window caused by sonic booms

The transient vibration and sound radiation (TVSR) of plate-like structures with general elastic boundary conditions was investigated using the time-domain finite element method (TDFEM) and time-domain boundary element method (TDBEM). In this model, the structure can have arbitrary elastic boundary conditions and hence the effects of the boundary conditions on the TVSR can be effectively studied. The predicted results agreed well with existing experimental data using two classical boundary conditions: simply supported at all edges and clamped-free-free-free. The TVSR of a single panel with a more general boundary condition in two connected chambers was also measured. The predicted results agreed well with these experimental results. The prediction method was subsequently applied to evaluate the effects of elastic boundary supports on the TVSR of a window caused by a sonic boom. Loudness, non-audible acoustic perception, and tactile vibration thresholds were analyzed for different boundary conditions (varying between clamped and simply supported). The possibility of improving the transient vibration and noise isolation performance by selecting an appropriate boundary condition was thereby demonstrated.     

Failure of the Ingard-Myers boundary condition for a lined duct: an experimental investigation

This paper deals with experimental investigation of the lined wall boundary condition in flow duct applications such as aircraft engine systems or automobile mufflers. A first experiment, based on a microphone array located in the liner test section, is carried out in order to extract the axial wavenumbers with the help of an "high-accurate" singular value decomposition Prony-like algorithm. The experimental axial wavenumbers are then used to provide the lined wall impedance for both downstream and upstream acoustic propagation by means of a straightforward impedance education method involving the classical Ingard-Myers boundary condition. The results show that the Ingard-Myers boundary condition fails to predict with accuracy the acoustic behavior in a lined duct with flow. An effective lined wall impedance, valid whatever the direction of acoustic propagation, can be suitably found from experimental axial wavenumbers and a modified version of the Ingard-Myers condition with the form inspired from a previous theoretical study [Aure?gan et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109, 59-64 (2001)]. In a second experiment, the scattering matrix of the liner test section is measured and is then compared to the predicted scattering matrix using the multimodal approach and the lined wall impedances previously deduced. A large discrepancy is observed between the measured and the predicted scattering coefficients that confirms the poor accuracy provided from the Ingard-Myers boundary condition widely used in lined duct applications.     

The influence of a nonuniform acoustic field on small-scale processes at a heterogeneous boundary

An experiment is conducted on estimating the velocity of a Schlichting boundary flow arising when a focused field falls on a rigid boundary in a liquid. The velocity of a small-scale Schlichting flow is determined by an indirect method from the characteristics of the cocurrent Rayleigh flow using the particle image velocimetry method. The velocity of the Schlichting flow attained in experiments gives us the possibility of significantly accelerating mass-transfer processes at a heterogeneous boundary, which is confirmed by experimental results on acoustic intensification of rapid growth of salt monocrystals conducted under strictly controlled laboratory conditions.     

Effect of a gravitational field on the correlation properties of a material near a phase-separation boundary

The field and temperature dependences of the correlation radius near a phase-separation boundary are investigated on the basis of experimental data on molecular scattering of light with the gravitational effect taken into account.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 11, pp. 82–87, November, 1979.     

Computer simulation of solute segregation to a Σ = 5 tilt boundary in Au,Cu and Ni

A Lattice Energy Function that combines a Mie type interatomic potential and a free electron gas volume dependence has been applied to the study of grain boundary energy and structure of a Σ = 5 tilt boundary in Au, Cu and Ni and of solute segregation to the same. Interatomic potentials and volume dependencies of the solvent and solute were adjusted to fit the relative partial molar enthalpy and volume at infinite dilution order to construct a AB type potential and volume dependence. This AB interaction is then applied to calculate the binding energies of solute to various grain boundary sites and the resulting change in grain boundary energy. A relationship between the binding energy and change in grain boundary is derived. The relative values of the grain boundary energy are in agreement with experimental values of the average grain boundary energies. The relative binding energies of the tested solvent-solute systems are in agreemnet with expectations that certain systems should have larger binding energies than others. The behavior of solute binding energies and local relaxations are in agreement with other studies of grain boundary segregation which use different Lattice Energy Functions and relaxation algorithms. The change in grain boundary energy is shown to be directly proportional to the binding energy.     

Directivity calculation with experimental verification for a conformal array of underwater acoustic transducers

The radiation directivity of a complicated conformal array of underwater acoustic transducers is presented based on the boundary ＂element method. It includes the element directivity of each transducer, the natural beam pattern and the controlled beam pattern of the transducer array. At first, the boundary element model of the conformal array is built up, and then the boundary condition is exerted on the model according to the design and environment in which the transducer array is used, and the radiation directivity of the conformal array is calculated. An experiment has been done to measure the directivity in an anechoic water tank. The calculated and the experimental results are compared and analyzed. They are consistent to each other. It is shown that the boundary element method together with the detailed calculations is successful to simulate and predict the radiation directivity of an underwater acoustic transducer array.     

Time lag parametric identification of a hydrogen permeability model

An inverse problem with dynamic boundary conditions for determining the parameters of a hydrogen permeability nonlinear model is considered. Algorithms are proposed for estimating transport parameters of adsorption, desorption, dissolution, and diffusion depending on the body of experimental information.     

Investigation of the boundary value problem corresponding to a generalized Skyrme lagrangian

A detailed numerical analysis of the boundary value problem resulting from the most general Skyrme type lagrangian containing up to quartic terms in field gradients is presented. The additional parameters in the lagrangian can be related to pion-pion scattering lengths. It is found that solutions to the boundary value problem does not exist for all values of the parameters and in particular, for the values predicted from pion-pion scattering data. Physical quantities of the nucleon are calculated for the highest possible values of the parameters admitting a solution and are compared with the corresponding values for the Skyrme model and experimental values.     

正冲击波后固壁表面颗粒的上升运动

为揭示固壁表面颗粒的冲击波夹卷本质,模拟垂直于固壁表面的正冲击波后单个颗粒的上升运动.假定颗粒初始时刻处于气载状态(因波的反射或碰撞离开壁面),受Saffman升力、气动阻力和重力作用.模型方程为波后定常气流边界层方程和颗粒运动常微分方程,分别用单参数法和四阶龙格库塔法求解.计算颗粒速度与轨迹表明:颗粒的冲击波卷扬动力...