三能级原子双模激光的非谐振运转

本文用量子理论导出二模偏调相等情况下三能级系统双模激光运动主方程.讨论了偏调对激光运转的影响.有偏调时,除增益及饱和系数改为与偏调量有关的等效量外,还增加双光子过程的作用.偏调的作用在接近阈值运转时明显,在远高于阈值时将逐步趋于消失.     

在冻结过程中进行液体冷媒融霜的实验研究

对液体冷媒融霜系统进行了理论分析,在保温体内对-23℃的工况下进行了水的冻结试验,分别测得液体冷媒融霜和电热融霜时水的冻结速率以及在同样加湿量但不融霜时冻结水冻结过程的空白试验。试验表明:液体冷媒融霜时水的冻结速率高于电热融霜,并且液体冷媒融霜时冻结水的冻结曲线波动不大。     

固态脉冲功率驱动源主磁开关的特性

为了提高固态脉冲功率驱动源的工作性能,研究了使用磁开关作为主开关的关键参数。分析了磁芯体积、磁芯损耗以及饱和电感等关键参量对磁开关工作性能的影响。结果表明：对于选用的磁开关,当磁性高度为0.05 m时,磁开关的封装系数取得极大值;平均磁路长度大于1 m时,磁芯绕组的饱和电感变化缓慢。利用饱和波理论简要解释了磁芯饱和的物理过程,推导了磁开关输出脉冲上升时间因子表达式,结果表明:磁性材料厚度、电阻率以及磁芯内外层磁路长度差等参数是影响磁开关输出脉冲上升因子的重要因素。     

固态脉冲功率驱动源主磁开关的特性

为了提高固态脉冲功率驱动源的工作性能,研究了使用磁开关作为主开关的关键参数。分析了磁芯体积、磁芯损耗以及饱和电感等关键参量对磁开关工作性能的影响。结果表明:对于选用的磁开关,当磁性高度为0.05 m时,磁开关的封装系数取得极大值;平均磁路长度大于1 m时,磁芯绕组的饱和电感变化缓慢。利用饱和波理论简要解释了磁芯饱和的物理过程,推导了磁开关输出脉冲上升时间因子表达式,结果表明:磁性材料厚度、电阻率以及磁芯内外层磁路长度差等参数是影响磁开关输出脉冲上升因子的重要因素。     

液滴撞击冷铝表面的冻结沉积特性

对单液滴撞击冷表面的动态特性进行试验研究,通过快速可视化观测,分析了直径2.6 mm液滴撞击冷铝表面的冻结行为.结果表明,液滴撞击冷表面动态行为可分为铺展、回缩以及冻结沉积阶段.冻结阶段包括铺展过程冻结以及回缩过程冻结.液滴撞击冷壁面前期(0～3.5 ms),We起主导作用,壁面温度对液滴铺展行为几乎无影响。但壁面温度对液滴回缩及冻结过程影响较大.相同We下,壁面温度T-20℃,液滴最大铺展因子基本相同,达到冻结的平衡态铺展因子均小于最大铺展因子,且随壁面温度降低而逐渐增加,为回缩过程冻结.壁面温度T≤-20℃时,液滴最大铺展因子与平衡态铺展因子相同,为铺展过程冻结。本文试验条件下壁面温度-20℃可作为区分液滴撞击冷壁面铺展与回缩冻结的临界温度.     

基于蒸汽饱和压缩的热泵能效分析

蒸汽圧缩在生产生活领域应用非常广泛,在蒸汽圧缩过程中,通过喷入蒸汽冷凝液可以使得蒸汽沿饱和线压缩以降低功耗。为此,本文建立了沿饱和蒸汽线压缩的热力学模型,推导了活塞运动速度计算公式,同时以氨气压缩为例,计算了压缩过程中的功耗、液氨喷入量以及热泵性能的变化。计算结果表明,活塞瞬时功耗受活塞运行速度以及缸内气压影响较大,同时也受活塞效率的影响;随着活塞效率的降低,热泵性能提高幅度不断增加,在活塞效率为0.96时,热泵功耗降低超过10%,而制热系数提高了6.3%。     

兔主动脉冻结膨胀行为及其影响因素的研究

文采用热机械分析仪(TMA)分别研究了低温保护剂(CPA)和冻结速率对兔主动脉冻结相变过程中膨胀的影响。研究结果表明:在兔主动脉的冻结过程中,先是逐渐膨胀到某一峰值,然后突然有收缩的发生;降温速率越大,其相应的热膨胀系数也越大;添加二甲亚砜(DMSO)大大增加了主动脉冻结过程的未冻水含量,从而对其冻结膨胀有明显影响,而且,DMSO浓度越大,其冻结膨胀系数越小。     

兔主动脉冻结过程中未冻水份额的研究

利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)技术中的分步扫描(Stepwise scanning)法,研究了不同浓度的低温保护剂对主动脉血管冻结过程中未冻水份额的影响。研究结果表明:分步扫描量热技术可以用于血管材料冻结过程中未冻水份额的定量研究,而且具有较高楠度;随着低温保护剂二甲亚砜(DMSO)浓度的增大,血管的初始冻结点温度呈线性降低,但其冻结过程的未冻水份额显著增大,这是由于高浓度DMSO具有很强水合能力所致。     

激发态吸收的简并四波混频

从理论和实验两方面讨论了外泵浦场存在时四能级模型的饱和吸收体激发态简并四波混频过程,结果显示外泵浦场强对激发四波混频信号强度有较大的影响,在外场由小到大的变化过程中,信号强度经历一个由小到大再到小的过程.     

半导体激光自混合干涉仪稳定性的仿真分析

利用半导体激光器的Lang-Kobayashi方程,对半导体激光自混合干涉系统的动力学特性进行了仿真分析。研究结果表明,当光反馈系数较小时,激光器处于稳定状态,外腔长度不影响系统的稳定性;当光反馈系数较大时,激光器将进入不稳定状态,对于不同的外腔长度,激光器的稳定状态将发生变化。为实现大量程的位移或距离测量,光反馈系数必须足够小才能保证在较大外腔长度变化范围内,激光器始终处于稳定状态。     

Water–heat migration and frost-heave behavior of a saturated silty clay with a water supply

In this study, a large-scale one-directional freezing experiment with water supply was performed to investigate the water–heat migration and frost-heave behavior of the saturated silty clay. The results indicate that the temperature gradient is larger in the frozen zone than that in the unfrozen zone because of the heat release of the supplied water and its water–ice phase change during the freezing process. Furthermore, the different parts of the total frost heave are evaluated, respectively, and it is also found that the frost heave can be reduced if the advance rate of the freezing front is effectively controlled even if external water is sufficient.     

低温光滑壁面上水滴撞击结冰行为

采用高速摄像技术测试低温光滑壁面上水滴撞击结冰过程, 分析了撞击速度、壁面温度和材料热导率对水滴撞击铺展、振荡及结冰行为的影响规律. 结果表明, 低温壁面造成水滴最大铺展直径缩小, 且结冰时间随温度降低而缩短; 当撞击We数提高时, 水滴最大铺展直径增大, 而振荡和结冰时间减小; 同时材料热导率越高, 最大铺展直径越小, 结冰越迅速. 另外, 从热力学角度推导出水滴撞击结冰时间的理论公式, 预测误差<5.3%.     

Thermal hydraulic characterization of stainless steel wicks for heat pipe applications

Heat pipe design and manufacturing require the knowledge of the thermal hydraulic performance of the wicks. The aim of the present work is the thermal hydraulic characterization of stainless steel wicks (sintered porous media and gauzes) to be employed in our experimental water heat pipe. Commercial sintered porous media (able to capture 90 % of 90 μm particles and 99.9 % of 130 μm particles) and gauzes (nominal wire size 0.11 mm, square mesh opening 0.209 mm) have been used. Thermal hydraulic characterization of the wicks is obtained through the experimental measurement of: capillary height (through which the equivalent porous radius can be evaluated), liquid hydraulic head (through which the liquid pressure drop in the wick is evaluated) wick permeability is also evaluated from the hydraulic head (through Darcy's law), heat flux, wick mass flow rate during the evaporation (through which, from the knowledge of other measured wick parameters, the wick two-phase pressure drop is calculated) and wick porosity (through which the thermal conductivity of the wick saturated with liquid can be determined). Concerning the heat flux, it is found to be dependent on the distance between the liquid level and the evaporating zone, the evaporating zone length, the wall superheat and the water subcooling, the contact between the heater and the wick and the superficial boundary conditions of the wick.     

Lattice Boltzmann modeling with discontinuous collision components: Hydrodynamic and Advection-Diffusion Equations

Irrespective of the nature of the modeled conservation laws, we establish first the microscopic interface continuity conditions for Lattice Boltzmann (LB) multiple-relaxation time, link-wise collision operators with discontinuous components (equilibrium functions and/or relaxation parameters). Effective macroscopic continuity conditions are derived for a planar implicit interface between two immiscible fluids, described by the simple two phase hydrodynamic model, and for an implicit interface boundary between two heterogeneous and anisotropic, variably saturated soils, described by Richard’s equation. Comparing the effective macroscopic conditions to the physical ones, we show that the range of the accessible parameters is restricted, e.g. a variation of fluid densities or a heterogeneity of the anisotropic soil properties. When the interface is explicitly tracked, the interface collision components are derived from the leading order continuity conditions. Among particular interface solutions, a harmonic mean value is found to be an exact LB solution, both for the interface kinematic viscosity and for the interface vertical hydraulic conductivity function. We construct simple problems with the explicit and implicit interfaces, matched exactly by the LB hydrodynamic and/or advection-diffusion schemes with the aid of special solutions for free collision parameters.     

高速通道压裂裂缝的高导流能力分析及其影响因素研究

高速通道压裂是近年在非常规致密油气资源开采中出现的新工艺, 已在世界范围内推广实施, 并取得了良好的增产效果. 该技术可使支撑剂在人工压裂缝中形成簇团式分布, 从而形成油气高速流动通道, 提高裂缝的导流能力. 但目前对于高速通道压裂裂缝高导流能力的形成机理及其影响因素尚不清楚. 对此, 本文从流体力学理论出发, 首先将高速通道压裂裂缝内形成的支撑剂簇团视为渗流区域, 簇团间的大通道视为自由流动区域; 然后基于Darcy-Brinkman方程建立了裂缝内的流动数学模型, 采用均匀化理论对该流动数学模型进行了尺度升级, 推导得到了高速通道压裂裂缝的渗透率, 揭示了其高导流能力的形成机理; 并以此为基础, 分析了不同支撑剂簇团形状、大小以及分布方式等因素对其导流能力的影响, 可为高速通道压裂工艺参数设计与优化提供基础.     

Post-mortem ultrasound and freezing of rabbit meat: Effects on the physicochemical quality and weight loss

High intensity ultrasound (HIU) is a technique with the potential to improve meat quality, however, more research is needed on its application within the chain of cold storage and freezing. This study evaluates the effect of HIU (40 kHz, 9.6 W/cm², 20 and 40 min) and post-mortem development on the yield and physicochemical quality of rabbit meat in samples treated with HIU pre- and post-storage in a freezer (120 h at −20 °C). Twenty rabbit carcasses were vacuum packed 12 h post-mortem, placed in a fridge at 4 °C for 24 h, and divided in two groups (HIU application before or after freezing), before assigning the treatments. The results show that HIU before freezing produced intense and bright orange-yellow colours, whereas its application after freezing resulted in pale red tones. HIU application accelerates rigor mortis resolution when it is applied before freezing and causes a significant decrease in pH immediately following the HIU treatment. Post-freezing application of HIU is not recommended because it considerably increased weight loss and toughening of the meat when long exposure times were used (40 min). In contrast, a short treatment duration with HIU mitigated the effects of freezing and produced significant increases in water-holding capacity (WHC) after cold storage. The yield (weight loss) of the rabbit meat was not affected when HIU was applied pre-freezing. The application of HIU pre-freezing constitutes a promising technology because it increased the tenderness and the WHC of rabbit meat. However, more research is needed to improve the appearance before scaling up to industrial levels.     

新型导热塑料在蓄冰过程中的传热性能研究

在冰蓄冷空调系统中 ,载冷剂乙二醇溶液的腐蚀性对金属换热管道工作的长期稳定性产生严重影响 ,文中提出采用新型导热塑料来代替传统的金属管道。为了论证导热塑料的可行性 ,对在冰盘管蓄冰槽的蓄冰过程中 ,导热塑料的热导率对其传热性能的影响进行研究。建立了盘管蓄冰过程的物理数学模型 ,求出蓄冰时间随盘管材料热导率的变化曲线 ,并对三种盘管材料对盘管传热性能的影响作出比较 ,认为新型导热塑料制成的冰盘管具有较大的优越性 ,可在工程实际中采用。     

脉冲泄流时土壤条件对冲击接地阻抗的影响

 为了探寻电流脉冲泄流时，设备的接地是否有效可靠，用FDTD法分析了脉冲泄流时均一土壤、分层土壤及局部改善土壤的电导率对冲击接地阻抗（TGR）的影响。结果表明：大地电导率对冲击接地阻抗的影响很大；对均一土壤，TGR随大地电导率的增大而减小，大地电导率越大，TGR对接地体的埋深越不敏感。对分层土壤，接地体要埋在大地电导率大的土壤层中，且不要靠近交界面；局部改善大地导电性能对降低TGR效果明显，TGR对改善区域的体积非常敏感，而当电导率大于一定值时，大地电导率的再增加，对TGR的影响不明显。     

疏导式结构在头锥热防护中的应用

针对高超声速飞行器工作时头锥恶劣的热环境,为了保证飞行器头锥的尖锐外形, 提出疏导式热防护结构,利用内置高导热碳材料结构为飞行器头锥提供热防护. 采用流固耦合方法对头锥疏导式防热结构进行了分析,验证了头锥内置高导热碳材料具有较好防热效果, 其中来流马赫数(Ma)为9时头锥前缘壁面最高温度下降了21.9%,尾部最低温度升高了15.2%, 实现了热流由高温区向低温区的转移,削弱了头锥的热载荷,强化了头锥的热防护能力. 本文对外蒙皮结构参数、材料参数以及内部高导热碳材料导热率对头锥热防护性能的影响进行了分析, 其中头锥最高温度随着蒙皮材料导热系数的增加而降低到一个稳定值; 随着蒙皮材料表面黑度的增加而降低;随着蒙皮厚度的增加而升高;随着高导热碳材料导热系数的 增加而呈抛物线下降.     

交替冻融对黑土可溶性有机质荧光特征的影响

土壤可溶性有机质(DOM)是土壤有机质研究中最有意义的量化指标,交替冻融作用能够影响土壤DOM的荧光特征.文章利用三维荧光分析交替冻融对黑土DOM光谱特征的影响,并基于光谱特征的改变,评价交替冻融对黑土活性腐殖质和腐殖程度的影响.研究表明,与未冻融样品相比,冻融样品DOM的紫外区类富里酸荧光峰发生红移,说明土壤中有机物分子芳香化程度增高,腐殖程度上升;部分冻融样品产生了类蛋白荧光峰,说明冻融过程中微生物降解活动增强;冻融样品的活性腐殖质含量和腐殖程度均较未冻融高,说明交替冻融作用增加了土壤肥力;紫外区类富里酸荧光峰值与可见区类富里酸荧光峰值的比值(r(a,c))与活性腐殖质含量之间、r(a,c)与腐殖程度之间,都存在显著的正相关关系(相关系数分别为0.88,0.77),说明r(a,c)可以评价黑土冻融后土壤活性腐殖质含量和腐殖程度的变化.