Zur Frage der Quantitativen Differentialthermoanalyse Cristobalithaltiger Staubproben

Zusammenfassung Mit einer DTA-Anlage eigener Entwicklung werden an Cristobalitproben verschiedener Herkunft und Entstehungsgeschichte Umwandlungstemperatur und Wärmetönung der --Inversion bestimmt. Die dabei gefundene Beziehung zwischen diesen beiden Größen ermöglicht unter gewissen Bedingungen die Ermittlung des Cristobalitgehaltes einer Staubprobe.

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Temperature and heat of the --inversion in christobalite samples of various origin and way of production were measured with a self-constructed DTA-apparatus. A relationship was found between temperature and heat of reaction, which in certain circumstances enables to determine the christobalite content in dust samples.

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Résumé Détermination, à l'aide d'une installation d'ATD personnelle, de la température et de la chaleur de transformation de l'inversion - de divers échantillons de cristobalite d'origine et de préparation différentes. Une relation est apparue entre ces deux grandeurs permettant de déterminer, sous certaines conditions, la teneur en cristobalite d'un échantillon de poussière.

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– , . , .

     

The thermal dissociation of some carbonate minerals

Detailed differential thermal studies on mixtures ofnatural carbonate minerals have confirmed the peak-temperature shifts recently reported for mixtures ofsynthetic carbonates and have established that such shifts can be attributed entirely to dilution effects. The exception, where magnesite in the presence of siderite maintains its peak position, is due simply to the fact that both minerals give similarly sized peaks at approximately the same temperature.

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Zusammenfassung Eingehende differentialthermische Untersuchungen von Gemischen natürlicher Karbonatmineralien zeigten ähnliche Spitzentemperaturverlagerungen wie kürzlich bei Gemischen von künstlichen Karbonatgemischen beobachtet wurden. Solche Verlagerungen sind ausschließlich Dilutionserscheinungen zuzuschreiben. Magnesit behielt zwar in Gegenwart von Siderit seine Spitzenpositionen, wofür jedoch der Umstand verantwortlich ist, daß beide Mineralien ähnliche und bei gleichen Temperaturen erscheinende Spitzen besitzen.

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Résumé L'étude de mélanges de carbonatesnaturels par les procédés thermiques différentiels a confirmé l'observation faite récemment d'un déplacement de la température au sommet du pic pour des mélanges de carbonatessynthétiques. On attribue ces déplacements entièrement aux effets de dilution. La magnésite en présence de sidérite constitue une exception. Dans ce cas, la position du pic reste inchangée du fait que ces deux minéraux donnent des phénomènes sensiblement identiques presque à la même température.

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, , , (1) , , . , , (1), , .

     

Steam reforming of methanol over Cu/ZrO2. Role of ZrO2 support

Cu/ZrO₂ was highly active and selective for the title reaction. The activity obtained exceeded greatly that obtained over Cu/SiO₂. It was shown that the precursors highly dispersed on zirconia support were readily reduced to very fine particles of metallic copper.

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Cu/ZrO₂ . Cu/SiO₂. , , , .

     

Exchange of molecular oxygen with the oxygen of supported palladium catalysts

Heterogeneous exchange of molecular oxygen with the oxygen of supported platinum catalysts and bulk palladium oxide has been studied. A correlation has been established between the exchange rate and the dispersity of supported palladium oxide.

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. , .

     

Oscillatory behavior in the reaction of 3-alizarin-sulfonic acid sodium salt with acidic bromate

Uncatalyzed and catalyzed oscillatory behavior in the redox potential in the oxidation of 3-alizarin-sulfonic acid sodium salt with acidid (H₂SO₄) bromate is reported. Optimum and boundary conditions for each reactant exhibiting oscillatory behavior have been studied and a probable mechanism is suggested.

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- 3-- (H₂SO₄) . , .

     

Phase composition of a selective V2O5?Fe2O3 catalyst of methanol oxidation to formaldehyde

Redispersion of Re/SiO₂ catalysts during air-aging at ambient temperature has been confirmed by TEM analysis. The splitting of large primary crystallites (>10 nm) under the influence of the strain energy of the oxide layer formed on the Re surface has been proposed to explain the observed phenomenon.

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Re/SiO₂ . , Re(>10 nm), , .

     

Effect of acio properties of the alumina surface on the formation of chlorides during its interaction with CCl4

IR spectroscopy was employed to study acid properties of a series of alumina samples different in the phase composition and in the porous structure. The comparison of the surface acidity with the data on the quantitative formation of Cl^– during the interaction of CCl₄ with alumina indicates that the extent of chlorination of the samples tends to increase with increasing the surface acidity.

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- , . Cl^– CCl₄ , .

     

Reduction of Hg(II) salts in aqueous acidic solutions by SO2

Kinetic studies of the reduction of Hg(II) salts in aqueous acidic solutions by SO₂ in mild conditions have revealed that SO₂ quantitatively reduces Hg(II) to metal in the examined HClO₄ concentration range (2–8M^–1).

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Hg(II) . , HClO₄ (2–8 .^–1) SO₂ Hg(II) .

     

Measurement of enthalpic parameters using a differential calorimetric method: Application to in-Bi alloys

An attempt is made to develop a calorimetric method by taking full advantage of the differential possibilities offered by the Tian-Calvet calorimeter. This method is intended to measure the enthalpic parameter, defined as the limiting value (dilute solutions) of the derivative of the partial enthalpy of mixing with respect to the concentration, in liquid In-Bi alloys. The results, although rather scattered, exhibit a systematic discrepancy when compared with those obtained by the classical direct reaction calorimetry method with the same calorimeter. They are in better agreement with the values estimated from simple thermodynamic models.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Versuch unternommen, ein kalorimetrisches Verfahren zu entwickeln, das die Vorteile der Differentiation beim Tian-Calvet-Kalorimeter voll ausnutzt. Mittels dieser Methode sollte unter Berücksichtigung der Konzentration an flüssigen In-Bi Legierungen ein Enthalpieparameter gemessen werden, der als Grenzwert (verdünnte Lösung) der Ableitung der partiellen Mischungsenthalpie definiert wurde. Die Ergebnisse zeigen trotz größerer Streuung eine systematische Abweichung von den Werten, die auf demselben Kalorimeter mit dem klassischen DRC-Verfahren erhalten wurden und befinden sich in besserer Übereinstimmung mit den Werten, die auf der Basis einfacher thermodynamischer Modelle geschätzt wurden.

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, - . , ( ) -. , , , . , .

     

Kinetics of the oxidation of rescinnamine by peroxodisulfate

The kinetics of the reaction between rescinnamine and potassium peroxodisulfate in acid media has been studied. The behavior of the system in the presence of a large excess of peroxodisulfate is mathematically equivalent to consecutive first-order reactions with pseudofirst order rate constants, k_1obs and k_2obs.

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. , , - k_1obs k_2obs.

     

Alkylation of phenol with alcohols on an aluminium orthophosphate-alumina system as catalyst

The results obtained in the alkylation of phenol in gas phase with different alcohols on an aluminium orthophosphate-alumina system of Kearby type are presented. We conclude that an O-alkylation coexists with a C-alkylation and that the alkylating ability of the alcohols decreases for higher and more branched hydrocarbon chains. Influences of temperature and space time are also discussed.

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, , / . , - - . .

     

Pulse-chromatographic determination of molybdenum surface by oxygen adsorption in Co?Mo catalysts

A pulse-chromatographic method has been developed for the estimation of molybdenum surface by selective adsorption of oxygen at –78°C in cobalt-molybdenum-alumina catalysts. The surface concentrations of molybdenum in a series of catalysts of different compositions were compared with the activities for cyclohexene hydrogenation and for thiophene hydrogenolysis.

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- –78°C -- . - .

     

Free-radical addition reactions initiated by metal oxides, VI

CuO catalyzed additions of ethyl cyanoacetate, initiated thermally and by di-tert-butyl peroxide, to 1-decene and ethyl 10-undecylenoate were investigated. The CuO catalyzed reaction proceeds already at 80°C at a high rate, produces 11 adducts in high yields and represents the first example of catalysis in radical addition reactions of non-halogenated compounds.

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1- 10-, CuO, -.-. , CuO, 80°C, 11 . .

     

Hydrogenation of alkenes catalyzed by supported Ziegler catalysts

Supported Ziegler catalysts prepared by the reaction of a Ni(II) 1-butylsalicylaldiminate or Ni(II) 2-ethylhexanoate with Al₂O₃/SiO₂ treated with AlEt₃ or NaAlH₂ (OCH₂CH₂OCH₃)₂ are efficient catalysts for hydrogenation of simple alkenes. The factors influencing their activity are reported.

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, qp - Ni(II) - Ni(II) 2- Al₂O₃/SiO₂, AlEt₃ NaAlH₂ (OCH₂CH₂OCH₃)₂, . , .

     

Properties of molten alkali metal trifluoroacetates

The CF₃COOK-CF₃COONa phase diagram was studied by DTA between 100% and 50 wt. % CF₃COOK; the thermal decomposition of CF₃COONa-rich samples prevents the complete determination of the phase diagram. Two eutectics were found:E ₁ at 89.5 wt. % CF₃COOK andE ₂ at 62 wt. %, with melting points at 122–123 and 112–113, respectively, representing a temperature approximately 30 lower than the m. p. of pure CF₃COOK (140.5). The presence of a compound between these two eutectics is not formally established, but is probable at about 85 or 87 wt. % CF₃COOK, melting at 124–125. DTA has shown that the fused mixtures solidify into a metastable state, the phase diagram of which presents a labile eutectic at 75 wt. % CF₃COOK, melting at 88.

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Zusammenfassung Das CF₃COOK-CF₃COONa Phasendiagramm wurde mittels DTA, zwischen 100 und 50 Gew. % CF₃COOK untersucht; die thermische Zersetzung CF₃COONa-reicher Proben macht die Bestimmung des vollständigen Phasendiagramms unmöglich. Zwei Eutektika wurden gefunden:E ₁ bei 89.5 Gew. % CF₃COOK undE ₂ bei 62 Gew. %, mit den entsprechenden Schmelzpunkten bei 122–123 und 112–113, welche bei um etwa 30 niedrigeren Temperaturen liegen als der Schmelzpunkt des reinen CF₃COOK (140.5). Die Existenz einer Verbindung zwischen diesen beiden Eutektika wurde zwar nicht genau bewiesen, sie liegt aber wahrscheinlich bei etwa 85 oder 87 Gew. % CF₃COOK und schmilzt bei 124–125. Mittels der DTA konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß die geschmolzenen Gemische in einen metastabilen Festkörperzustand übergehen, dessen Phasendiagramm ein labiles Eutektikum bei 75 Gew. % CF₃COOK mit einem Schmelzpunk bei 88 aufweist.

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Résumé Le diagramme de phases CF₃COOK-CF₃COONa a été établi par ATD entre CF₃COOK et le mélange à 50% poids; la décomposition thermique des échantillons riches en CF₃COONa empÊche la détermination complète du diagramme de phases. On observe deux eutectiques:E ₁ à 89.5 % poids en CF₃COOK etE ₂ à 62% poids, fondant respectivement à 122–123 et 112–113, ce qui représente un abaissement d'environ 30 C par rapport au P. F. de CF₃COOK pur (140.5). L'existence d'un composé entre ces deux eutectiques n'a pu Être montrée formellement. Il se situe vraisemblablement vers 85 ou 87 % poids en CF₃COOK et fond à 124–125. L'ATD a montré que les mélanges fondus se solidifient dans un état métastable, dont le diagramme de phases présente un eutectique labile à 75% poids en CF₃COOK fondant à 88.

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CF₃COOK—OF₃COONa CF₃COOK 100 50 .%. CF₃COONa, . :E ₁ CF₃COOK 89,5 .% ₂-62 .% 122–123 112–113, 30 , . . CF₃COOK (140,5). , , , CF₃COOK 85 87 .% 124–125. , , CF₃COOK 75 .% 88.

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This paper is based on part of the Dissertation (No. 1721) of R. Dallenbach, University of Geneva.

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Thanks are due to Professor R. Monnier and Dr. J. J. Duruz for useful discussions.     

Conversion of pentane to isopentane and isopentane to isobutane catalyzed by a solid superacid in the vapor phase /1/

The title reactions were studied with a solid superacid, which was prepared by exposing Zr(OH)₄ to 1 N H₂SO₄, followed by calcination at 650°C in air. Pentane and isopentane were converted into isopentane and isobutane, respectively, the selectivities being 84% under short contact conditions at 80°C.

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, - Zr(OH)₄ 1 N- H₂SO₄ 650°C . , , 84% 80°C.

     

Structural and thermal analysis of silicon isothiocyanates complexes of Fe(III) and Mn(II)

New complexes of Fe(III) and Mn(II) with R_xSi(NCS)_4–x as ligands have been prepared and characterized. The structure of the new compounds are discussed on the basis of their spectroscopic (IR and UV-Vis), magnetic susceptibility and thermal data.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurden neue Fe(III)- und Mn(II)-Komplexe mit Liganden der Formel R_xSi(NCS)_4–x hergestellt und beschrieben. Bei der Diskussion der Struktur dieser neuen Verbindungen wurden spektroskopische (IR, UV), thermische Daten und Daten über die magnetische Suszeptibilität verwendet.

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R_xSi(NCS)_4–x. ( , - ), .

     

Sulfur resistance of Pd complexes with nitrogen and sulfur ligans in hydrogenation reactions

It has been found that homogeneous Pd complexes with sulfur ligands are by 50–500 times more resistant to thiophene action in hydrogenation reactions than homogeneous and heterogenized ones containing nitrogen ligands.

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50–500 .