C2 C70F38 is aromatic, contains three planar hexagons, and has equatorial addends

Single crystal X-ray analysis shows the main (C(2)) isomer of C(70)F(38) to contain three planar delocalised aromatic hexagons (two equivalent and one centred on the C(2) axis), together with seven C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bonds (three pairs and one straddling the C(2) axis); C(70)F(38) is the first high addition level [70]fullerene derivative to be fully characterised, is the first to have equatorial addends, and is calculated to have high stability.     

C70X2(X=H,F, Cl)的稳定性和电子光谱

用INDO方法研究C70H2四种异构体的稳定性, 表明其最稳定异构体为1, 9-C70H2和7, 8-C70H2, 两者能量差为16.3KJ.mol^-^1, 与实验值及ab initio计算值接近; 光谱计算表明, 其特征吸收峰与实验值一致。在此基础上预测C70F2和C70Cl2的稳定性和电子光谱, 表明C70F2四种异构体的稳定性顺序与C70H2一致, 而C70Cl2则以21, 42-异构体最为稳定。二者的电子光谱与C70H2极其相似只是在500nm以上有细微差别。     

High resolution EPR spectroscopy of C(60)F and C(70)F in solid argon: reassignment of C(70)F regioisomers

Free radicals C(60)F and C(70)F were generated in solid argon by means of chemical reaction of photogenerated fluorine atoms with isolated fullerene molecules (C(60) or C(70)). High resolution anisotropic electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of C(60)F and C(70)F at low temperature have been obtained for the first time. The spectrum of C(60)F is characterized by an axially symmetric hyperfine interaction on (19)F nucleus. The hyperfine coupling constants A(iso)=202.8 MHz (Fermi contact interaction) and A(dip)=51.8 MHz (electron-nuclear magnetic-dipole interaction) have been measured for C(60)F in solid argon. Quantum chemical calculations using hybrid density-functional models (either PBE0 or B3LYP) with high-quality basis sets give a theoretical estimate of the hyperfine coupling constants in good agreement with the measurements. The electron spin density distribution in C(60)F is theoretically characterized using the Hirshfeld atomic partitioning scheme. Unlike C(60), five isomers of C(70)F can in principle be produced by the attachment of a fluorine atom to one of the five distinct carbon atoms of the C(70) molecule (denoted A, B, C, D, and E, from pole to equator). The measured high resolution EPR spectrum of the C(70)+F reaction products is interpreted to show the presence of only three regioisomers of C(70)F. Based on the comparison of the measured hyperfine constants with those estimated by the quantum chemical calculation, an assignment of the spectra to the isomers (A, C, and D) is made, which differs strongly from the previous one [J. R. Morton, K. F. Preston, and F. Negri, Chem. Phys. Lett. 221, 59 (1994)]. The new assignment would allow the conclusion that the low-temperature attachment of F atom to the asymmetric C=C bonds of C(70) molecule, namely, C(A)[Double Bond]C(B) and C(D)=C(E), shows remarkably high selectivity, producing only one of the two isomers in each case, A and D, respectively. Theoretical investigation of the reaction mechanism is made, and it shows that the attachment reaction should have no barrier in the gas phase. The thermodynamic equilibration of the C(70)F isomers is excluded by the high activation energy ( approximately 30 kcal/mol) for the F atom shifts. The explanation of the high selectivity presents a challenge for theoretical modeling.     

Synthesis and structural characterization of highly chlorinated C70, C70Cl28

Chlorination of [70]fullerene with SbCl(5), VCl(4) or PCl(5) yielded C(70)Cl(28) comprising three isomers, all containing four isolated benzenoid rings in the fullerene cage. This demonstrates, for the first time for C(70) derivatives, a stabilization effect due to planar aromaticity.     

Activation of arene C[bond]H bonds by a cationic hafnium silyl complex possessing an alpha-agostic Si[bond]H interaction

The reaction of Cp2Hf(SiMes2H)Me (1) with B(C6F5)3 produces zwitterionic Cp2Hf(eta2-SiHMes2)(mu-Me)B(C6F5)3 (2), which is stable for >8 h at -40 degrees C in toluene-d8. Spectroscopic data provide evidence for an unusual alpha-agostic Si-H interaction in 2. At room temperature, 2 reacts with the C-H bonds of aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene and toluene to produce Cp2Hf(Ph)(mu-Me)B(C6F5)3 (3), isomers of Cp2Hf(C6H4Me)(mu-Me)B(C6F5)3 (4-6), and Cp2Hf(CH2Ph)(mu-Me)B(C6F5)3 (7), respectively. The reaction involving benzene is first-order in both 2 and benzene; rate = k[2][C6H6]. Mechanistic data including activation parameters (DeltaH = 19(1) kcal/mol; DeltaS = -17(3) eu), a large primary isotope effect of 6.9(7), and the experimentally determined rate law are consistent with a mechanism involving a concerted transition state for C-H bond activation.     

3He NMR as a sensitive probe of fullerene reactivity: [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of 3-methyl-2-cyclohexenone to C70

The [2 + 2] photoadditions of 3-methyl-2-cyclohexenone to C70 and 3He@C70 have been studied by a combination of HPLC chromatography and FAB-MS, as well as IR and 1H and 3He NMR spectroscopies. The total yield of the mixture of monoadducts was 55% (67% on the basis of the recovered C70). The use of 3He NMR was especially powerful in determining the regioselectivity of the photoaddition reaction of enone to C70. Results of the 3He NMR experiments conducted on the product mixture implicate the two [6,6] bonds closest to the poles of the fullerene (C1-C2 and C5-C6) in the photoaddition process. This reaction mode is analogous to that of most thermal addition reactions to C70. Separation and characterization of the product mixture shows that eight distinct monoadducts are formed in the photoaddition, namely, the four diastereomeric adducts to the C1-C2 and C5-C6 bonds of the C70 cage, each consisting of cis- and trans-fused isomers in a ratio of 2:3. The major mode of photoaddition, accounting for 65% of the product mixture, involves addition to the C1-C2 bond of the ovoid fullerene. Mechanistic implications of these findings are discussed.     

Regiochemistry of [70]fullerene: preparation of C70(OOtBu)n (n = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10) through both equatorial and cyclopentadienyl addition modes

[reaction: see text] tert-Butylperoxy radicals add to [70]fullerene to form a mixture of adducts C(70)(OO(t)()Bu)(n)() (n = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10). Four isomers were isolated for the bis-adduct with the two tert-butylperoxo groups attached at 1,2-, 5,6-, 7,23-, and 2,5-positions, respectively. Two isomers were isolated for the tetrakis-adduct with the tert-butylperoxo groups located along the equator in C(s)() symmetry and on the side in C(1) symmetry, respectively. Similarly, two isomers were isolated for the hexakis-adducts with a structure related to the tetrakis-adducts, one of which has the cyclopentadienyl substructure. No isomer was detected for the octakis- and decakis-adducts. The C(s)()-symmetric octakis- and C(2)-symmetric decakis-adducts have all the tert-butylperoxo groups located along the equator. The decakis-adduct is the major product under optimized conditions. The compounds were characterized by their spectroscopic data. Chemical correlation through further addition of tert-butylperoxy radicals to isolated pure derivatives confirmed the structure assignment. Mechanisms of the tert-butylperoxy radical addition to C(70) follow two pathways: equatorial addition along the belt and cyclopentadienyl addition on the side.     

Iron Sulfido Derivatives of the Fullerenes C(60) and C(70)

Toluene solutions of C(60) react upon UV irradiation with Fe(2)S(2)(CO)(6) to give C(60)[S(2)Fe(2)(CO)(6)](n)() where n = 1-6. C(60)[S(2)Fe(2)(CO)(6)](n)() where n = 1-3 have been isolated and characterized. Crystallographic studies of C(60)S(2)Fe(2)(CO)(6) show that the S-S bond of the Fe(2) reagent is cleaved to give a dithiolate with idealized C(2)(v)() symmetry. The addition occurred at a 6,6 fusion, and the metrical details show that the Fe(2) portion of the molecule resembles C(2)H(4)S(2)Fe(2)(CO)(6). IR spectroscopic measurements indicate that the Fe(2)(CO)(6) subunits in the multiple-addition species (n > 1) interact only weakly. UV-vis spectra of the adducts show a shift to shorter wavelength with addition of each S(2)Fe(2)(CO)(6) unit. Photoaddition of the phosphine complex Fe(2)S(2)(CO)(5)(PPh(3)) to C(60) gave C(60)[S(2)Fe(2)(CO)(5)(PPh(3))](n)(), where n = 1-3. (31)P{(1)H} NMR studies show that the double adduct consists of multiple isomers. Photoaddition of Fe(2)S(2)(CO)(6) to C(70) gave a series of adducts C(70)[S(2)Fe(2)(CO)(6)](n)() where n = 1-4. HPLC analyses show one, four, and three isomers for the adducts, respectively.     

Controllable donor-acceptor neutral [2]rotaxanes

In pursuit of a neutral bistable [2]rotaxane made up of two tetraarylmethane stoppers--both carrying one isopropyl and two tert-butyl groups located at the para positions on each of three of the four aryl rings--known to permit the slippage of the pi-electron-donating 1,5-dinaphtho[38]crown-10 (1/5DNP38C10) at the thermodynamic instigation of pi-electron-accepting recognition sites, in this case, pyromellitic diimide (PmI) and 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylate diimide (NpI) units separated from each other along the rod section of the rotaxane's dumbbell component, and from the para positions of the fourth aryl group of the two stoppers by pentamethylene chains, a modular approach was employed in the synthesis of the dumbbell-shaped compound NpPmD, as well as of its two degenerate counterparts, one (PmPmD) which contains two PmI units and the other (NpNpD) which contains two NpI units. The bistable [2]rotaxane NpPmR, as well as its two degenerate analogues PmPmR and NpNpR, were obtained from the corresponding dumbbell-shaped compounds NpPmD, PmPmD, and NpNpD and 1/5DNP38C10 by slippage. Dynamic 1H NMR spectroscopy in CD2Cl2 revealed that shuttling of the 1/5DNP38C10 ring occurs in NpNpR and PmPmR, with activation barriers of 277 K of 14.0 and 10.9 kcal mol(-1), respectively, reflecting a much more pronounced donor-acceptor stabilizing interaction involving the NpI units over the PmI ones. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of the three neutral [2]rotaxanes and their dumbbell-shaped precursors have also been investigated in CH2Cl2. Interactions between 1/5DNP38C10 and PmI and NpI units located within the rod section of the dumbbell components of the [2]rotaxane give rise to the appearance of charge-transfer bands, the energies of which correlate with the electron-accepting properties of the two diimide moieties. Comparison between the positions of the visible absorption bands in the three [2]rotaxanes shows that, in NpPmR, the major translational isomer is the one in which 1/5DNP38C10 encircles the NpI unit. Correlations of the reduction potentials for all the compounds studied confirm that, in this non-degenerate [2]rotaxane, one of the translational isomers predominates. Furthermore, after deactivation of the NpI unit by one-electron reduction, the 1/5DNP38C10 macrocycle moves to the PmI unit. Li+ ions have been found to strengthen the interaction between the electron-donating crown ether and the electron-accepting diimide units, particularly the PmI one. Titration experiments show that two Li+ ions are involved in the strengthening of the donor-acceptor interaction. Addition of Li+ ions to NpPmR induces the 1/5DNP38C10 macrocycle to move from the NpI to the PmI unit. The Li+-ion-promoted switching of NpPmR in a 4:1 mixture of CD2Cl2 and CD3COCD3 has also been shown by 1H NMR spectroscopy to involve the mechanical movement of the 1/5DNP38C10 macrocycle from the NpI to the PmI unit, a process that can be reversed by adding an excess of [12]crown-4 to sequester the Li+ ions.     

Preparation and NMR characterization of C70H10: cutting a fullerene pi-system in half

Three isomers of C70H10 were prepared by Zn(Cu) reduction of C70. Three chromatographic bands were identified as C70H10 species by MALDI-FT mass spectrometry, and these compounds were isolated by repeated HPLC treatments. The major isomer (2) was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, while the minor isomers 3-4 were isolated in such small quantities that only 1H NMR analysis was possible. 1H-coupled and 1H-decoupled 13C NMR of 2 established a 7,8,19,26,33,37,45,49,53,63-substitution pattern. This assignment was confirmed by HMBC and DFQ-COSY experiments. This structure is completely reasonable, as we found that 2 results exclusively from reduction of the 7,19,23,27,33,37,44,53-C70H8 that is formed in the course of the Zn(Cu) reduction of C70.     

Synthesis, characterization, and theoretical study of stable isomers of C70(CF3)n (n = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10)

Reaction of C70 with ten equivalents of silver(I) trifluoroacetate at 320-340 degrees C followed by fractional sublimation at 420-540 degrees C and HPLC processing led to the isolation of a single abundant isomer of C70(CF3)n for n = 2, 4, 6, and 10, and two abundant isomers of C70(CF3)8. These six compounds were characterized by using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry, 2D-COSY and/or 1D 19F NMR spectroscopy, and quantum-chemical calculations at the density functional theory (DFT) level. Some were also characterized by Raman spectroscopy. The addition patterns for the isolated compounds were unambiguously found to be C1-7,24-C70(CF3)2, C1-7,24,44,47-C70(CF3)4, C2-1,4,11,19,31,41-C70(CF3)6, Cs-1,4,11,19,31,41,51,64-C70(CF3)8, C2-1,4,11,19,31,41,51,60-C70(CF3)8, and C1-1,4,10,19,25,41,49,60,66,69-C70(CF3)10 (IUPAC numbering). Except for the last compound, which is identical to the recently reported, crystallographically characterized C70(CF3)10 derivative prepared by a different synthetic route, these compounds have not previously been shown to have the indicated addition patterns. The largest relative yield under an optimized set of reaction conditions was for the Cs isomer of C70(CF3)8 (ca. 30 mol % of the sublimed mixture of products based on HPLC integration). The results demonstrate that thermally stable C70(CF3)n isomers tend to have their CF3 groups arranged on isolated para-C6(CF3)2 hexagons and/or on a ribbon of edge-sharing meta- and/or para-C6(CF3)2 hexagons. For Cs- and C2-C70(CF3)8 and for C2-C70(CF3)6, the ribbons straddle the C70 equatorial belt; for C1-C70(CF3)4, the para-meta-para ribbon includes three polar hexagons; for C1-7,24-C70(CF3)2, the para-C6(CF3)2 hexagon includes one of the carbon atoms on a C70 polar pentagon. The 10.3-16.2 Hz 7JF,F NMR coupling constants for the end-of-ribbon CF3 groups, which are always para to their nearest-neighbor CF3 group, are consistent with through-space Fermi-contact interactions between the fluorine atoms of proximate, rapidly rotating CF3 groups.     

Supramolecular interactions of [60]- and [70]fullerenes with calix[n]arenes

[60]- and [70]fullerenes have been shown to form 1:1 supramolecular complexes with (i) 24,26-dimethoxy-25,27-dihydroxy-5,11,17,23-tetra(4-tert-butyl)calix[4]arene (1) and (ii) 37,39,41-trimethoxy-38,40,42-trihydroxy-5,11,17,23,29,35-hexa(4-tert-butyl)calix[6]arene (2) in CCl(4) medium by absorption spectroscopy. Charge transfer absorption bands of the complexes have been located in each of the cases (except [70]fullerene-2 complex) studied from which the vertical ionisation potential of 1 has been obtained. Formation constants of the complexes have been determined at four different temperatures from which the enthalpies and entropies of formation of the complexes have been obtained. Moreover, the formation constant of [70]fullerene-2 complex is higher than that of the [60]fullerene-1 and [60]fullerene-2 complexes at all the four temperatures studied. This has been accounted in terms of greater cavity size of 2 which is a calix[6]arene compared to 1 which is a calix[4]arene and also by the fact that a high degree of preorganisation takes place in case of 2 through intramolecular H-bonding at its lower rim.     

Theoretical study on the [Si, C, N, O] potential energy surface

The structures, energetics, spectroscopies, and stabilities of the doublet [Si, C, N, O] radical are explored at the density functional theory and ab initio levels. Sixteen isomers are located, connected by 29 interconversion transition states. At the CCSD(T)/6-311+G(2df)//QCISD/6-311G(d)+ZPVE level, the lowest lying isomer is a linear SiNCO 1 (0.0 kcal/mol) mainly featuring a cumulene | . Si = N = C = O. The second and third low-lying isomers are bent OSiCN 2 (8.8) and bent OSiNC 3 (11.1), respectively. All the three low-lying isomers 1, 2, 3, and another high-lying species 5 (75.4) with a linear SiCNO structure are shown to have considerable kinetic stability and may be experimentally observable. The predicted results of isomers 1 and 2 are consistent with the previous mass spectrometry experiments. Moreover, the fourth low-lying species SiOCN 4 (23.9) with bent structure is expected to be observable in low-temperature environments. The bonding nature of the five isomers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 is analyzed. The calculated results are compared with those of the analogous molecules C(2)NO and Si(2)NO. Implications in interstellar space and N,O-doped SiC vaporization processes are also discussed.     

Theoretical studies of C60/C70 fullerene derivatives: C60O and C70O

A semiempirical (AM1) calculation on the structures and stabilities of isomers of the fullerene derivatives C₆₀O and C₇₀O is carried out. The ozonolysis reaction mechanism and the thermodynamics of the compounds are studied. The two isomers of C₆₀O (56 bond and 66 bond) formed by an oxygen atom bridging across a C-C bond have an epoxide-like or an annulene-like structure. According to the ozonolysis reaction mechanism and kinetic factor analysis, the possible products of this ozonolysis reaction are C₆₀O with oxygen bridging over the 66 bond (C_2v) as an epoxide-like isomer and that with oxygen bridging over the 56 bond (C_s) as an annulene-like isomer. Further, the sixteen isomers of C₇₀O (both epoxide-like and annulene-like structures) have been studied with respect to the same reaction mechanism. The most possible product in this ozonolysis reaction contains oxygen bridging across in the upper part (66 bond in C₇₀O-2 or C₇₀O-4) as an epoxide-like structure. The other possible product is C₇₀O-8 (annulene-like structure), in which oxygen bridges across an broken equatorial CC bond in C₇₀ (D_5h). The vibrational frequency analysis and the electronic structure of the selected C₆₀O and C₇₀O isomers are generated for experimental characterisation. The experimental results indicate that C₆₀O and C₇₀O may decompose into the odd number fullerenes C₅₉ and C₆₉. We therefore studied the structures of C₅₉ and C₆₉ also.     

Dicyclobuta[de,ij]naphthalene and dicyclopenta[cd,gh]pentalene: a theoretical study

The structures, energetics, and aromatic character of dicyclobuta[de,ij]naphthalene, 1, dicyclopenta[cd,gh]pentalene, 2, dihydrodicyclobuta[de,ij]naphthalene, 3, and dihydrocyclopenta[cd,gh]pentalene, 4, have been examined at the B3LYP/6-311++G//B3LYP/6-31G level of theory. All molecules are bowl-shaped, and the pentalene isomers, 2 and 4, are most stable. A comparison with other C(12)H(6) and C(12)H(8) isomers indicates that 2 is approximately 25 kcal/mol less stable than 1,5,9-tridehydro[12]annulene and 4 is approximately 100 kcal/mol higher in energy than acenaphthylene, both of which are synthetically accessible. The transition state structure for bowl-to-bowl inversion of 1 is planar (D(2)(h)()) and lies 30.9 kcal/mol higher in energy than the ground state; the transition state for inversion of 2 is C(2)(h)() and lies 46.6 kcal/mol higher in energy. Symmetry considerations, bond length alternations, and NICS values (a magnetic criterion) all indicate that the ground states of 1, 3, and 4 are very aromatic; however, HOMA values (a measure of bond delocalization) indicate that 3S and 4S are aromatic but that 1S is less so. NICS values for the ground state of 2 strongly indicate aromaticity; however, bond localization, symmetry, and HOMA values argue otherwise.     

Controlling the confinement and alignment of fullerene C(70) in para-substituted calix[5]arenes

In toluene fullerene C(70) forms 2:1 complexes with p-benzylcalix[5]arene (1) and p-phenylcalix[5]arene (2), [C(70) subset1(2)].6(C(7)H(8)) and [C(70) subset2(2)].7(C(7)H(8)). The fullerene molecules are completely shrouded by two calix[5]arenes in addition to terminal benzyl groups from other supermolecules, [C(70) subset1(2)], and solvent. Within the capsule-like supermolecules the calixarenes have distinctly different arrangements relative to the principal axis of the fullerene; for [C(70) subset1(2)].6(C(7)H(8)) the oxygen planes of the two calixarenes are skewed by 37.0 and 47.5 degrees , whereas in [C(70) subset2(2)].7(C(7)H(8)) the principal axes of the fullerene and the two encapsulating calixarenes are more closely aligned with the corresponding angles at 9.7 and 8.6 degrees , and features a pentaphenyl inter-calixarene embrace. The Hirshfeld surfaces of these two complexes have been investigated for a detailed understanding of the orientation and nature of interactions of C(70) with the cavitand-type molecules and toluene.     

Ozonides,epoxides, and oxidoannulenes of C(70)

Six new monoadducts of C(70) with oxygen species have been prepared, isolated, and characterized following ozonation of C(70) solutions. The initial products are two ozonide monoadducts, identified as a,b- and c,c-C(70)O(3). These ozonides lose O(2) through thermolysis or photolysis to form various isomers of C(70)O. The a,b-C(70)O(3) isomer dissociates through thermolysis with a decay time of 14 min at 296 K to form the [6,6]-closed epoxide a,b-C(70)O. When photolyzed, it instead forms a [5,6]-open oxidoannulene identified as a,a-C(70)O. These reactions mimic those seen for C(60)O(3). By contrast, the c,c-C(70)O(3) isomer, which has a thermolysis lifetime of 650 min at 296 K, decays thermally only to an oxidoannulene deduced to be d,d-C(70)O. Photolysis of c,c-C(70)O(3) produces a mixture of the oxidoannulenes b,c-C(70)O and c,d-C(70)O plus a minor amount of the c,c-epoxide. All four C(70)O oxidoannulene isomers undergo photoisomerization, giving eventually the a,b- and c,c-C(70)O epoxides.     

Thermodynamic rearrangement synthesis and NMR structures of C1, C3, and T isomers of C60H36

The structures of three C60H36 isomers, produced by high-temperature transfer hydrogenation of C(60) in a 9,10-dihydroanthracene melt, was accomplished by 2D (1)H-detected NMR experiments, recorded at 800 MHz. The unsymmetrical C(1) isomer is found to be the most abundant one (60-70%), followed by the C(3) isomer (25-30%) and the least abundant T isomer (2-5%). All three isomers are closely related in structure and have three vicinal hydrogens located on each of the 12 pentagons. Facile hydrogen migration on the fullerene surface during annealing at elevated temperatures is believed to be responsible for the preferential formation of these thermodynamically most stable C60H36 isomers. This hypothesis was further supported by thermal conversion of C60H36 isomers to a single C(3v) isomer of C60H18.     

Unexpected fullerene dimerization via [5,6]-bond upon functionalization of C(s)-C70(CF3)8 by the Bingel reaction

The Bingel reaction of the C(s) isomer of C(70)(CF(3))(8) has been found to yield two C(70)(CF(3))(8)[C(CO(2)Et)(2)] monoadducts and one C(70)(CF(3))(8)[C(CO(2)Et)(2)](2) bisadduct as its major products. Malonate addition occurs at those [6,6]-bonds that radiate from the polar pentagons of the C(70)(CF(3))(8) cage. Unexpectedly, X-ray single crystal analysis reveals dimerization of the above substances during crystallization, providing two isomers of {C(70)(CF(3))(8)[C(CO(2)Et)(2)]}(2), one isomer of {C(70)(CF(3))(8)[C(CO(2)Et)(2)](2)}(2) and {C(70)(CF(3))(8)}(2). This dimerization represents [2+2]-cycloaddition via [5,6]-bonds and results in functionalization patterns resembling several known C(70)X(10) derivatives.     

Preferential precipitation of C70 over C60 with p-halohomooxacalix[3]arenes

Preferential precipitation of C70 from a toluene solution of C60 and C70 was accomplished with p-trihalohomooxacalix[3]arenes (1(3).X.X.X) prepared by the reductive coupling of diformylphenols. Heavy halogens, Br and/or I, are essential at the para position of 1(3).X.X.X for obtaining good yields and selectivities. C70 with up to 92% purity was obtained after the preferential precipitation.