Optical model of plant tissue

A P _L model of a planar multiply scattering multilayer plant tissue is developed based on the expansion of radiation intensity in spherical harmonics. The dependences of differential backscattering and fluorescence coefficients on the chlorophyll concentration are numerically studied in the first-order P _L approximation. It is shown that the P _L approximation yields the results that are close to the numerical Monte Carlo solution (the deviations do not exceed 5.3%). The contribution of fluorescence to the backscattering intensity is calculated to reach 16% at high chlorophyll concentrations.     

Optical properties of pigmented coatings taking into account particle interactions

A T-matrix approach is used to obtain the orientation-averaged scattering and absorption cross sections of randomly oriented particle clusters, and the average angular distribution of the radiation scattered by them. The coefficients involved in the expansion of the phase function are obtained from this T-matrix approach, and used in a multiple scattering formalism to characterize the angular distribution of the diffuse radiation propagating through a particulate coating perpendicularly illuminated with collimated visible radiation. Asymmetry between forward and backward propagating diffuse radiation intensities is taken into account by means of this multiple scattering approach, which is based on solving the radiative transfer equation for successive scattering order contributions. A four-flux model is applied to compute the reflectance in terms of wavelength of the incident radiation and particle concentration. An application of the formalism is carried out to predict the optical properties of titanium dioxide pigmented polymer coatings, in terms of the pigment volume fraction and the degree of aggregation.     

The influence of silver nanoparticles on the stimulated luminescence of rhodamine 6G solutions

The influence of silver nanoparticles on the spontaneous and stimulated luminescence of rhodamine 6G molecules in aqueous solutions is studied. It is found that the laser photoexcitation of the dye solution gives rise to spontaneous fluorescence, which, with increasing pump power, transforms into stimulated laser radiation and superluminescence. Addition of silver nanoparticles to rhodamine 6G solutions enhances all types of luminescence and lowers the generation threshold for both types of the stimulated emission. The dependences of the laser radiation and superluminescence intensities on the concentration of silver nanoparticles correlate with the data on the spontaneous fluorescence.     

Investigation of Far Infrared Waveguide Free Electron Laser Driven by RF Linac

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Highlights of synchrotron radiation

The applications of the electromagnetic radiation generated by relativistic electrons circulating in synchrotrons and storage rings have rapidly extended into many scientific disciplines. This article first briefly reviews the history of synchrotron radiation, and recapitulates its properties. The available sources are listed, and some aspects of the facilities that are required to make use of the radiation are discussed, with particular emphasis on the optical elements. Several noteworthy examples of scientific research conducted with synchrotron radiation are described. These are drawn principally from the X-ray region, and comprise X-ray fluorescence, small-angle scattering, powder profile refinement, extended X-ray absorption fine structure, topography, time-resolved spectroscopy, and VUV and photoelectron spectroscopy of solids. In conclusion, a few topics are mentioned relating to the future expansion and application of synchrotron radiation research facilities.     

Small-slope expansion for thermal and reflected radiation from a rough surface

Small-perturbation and small-slope expansions are applied and compared for calculation of thermal emission from a rough sea surface and reflected sky radiation. The comparison shows that the expansions are identical. This permits us to use the small-perturbation expansion to calculate microwave thermal radiation from the ocean instead of the two-scale model and the small-slope expansion. At grazing observation angles multiple scattering and shadowing become crucial and high-order terms of the expansion must be taken into account. This imposes a limitation on the applicability of the small-slope approximation.     

Spatial Localization of Biosensor Fluorescence Signals in Human Skin under the Effect of Eequalization of the Refractive Index of the Surrounding Medium

A priority line of biomedical applications of optics is the development of noninvasive diagnostic methods based on the scanning of fluorescence radiation of biosensors embedded in biological tissue. Their main advantage is a high sensitivity and selectivity with respect to given parameters of tissues and their variations. In this study, we present a method for and results of modeling of excitation and propagation of fluorescence radiation in a multilayer randomly inhomogeneous highly scattering and absorbing medium imitating human skin. The model takes into account the spatially inhomogeneous distribution of skin fluorophores and their photophysical characteristics. Both the spatial distribution of fluorescence of skin tissues and the possibility of localization of a detected fluorescence signal are studied. The spatial distribution of fluorescence centers (fluorophores) in the medium is assumed to closely follow the spatial distribution of collagen fibers of the skin. The equalization of the refractive indices at the air-skin interface is shown to lead to a higher degree of localization of the fluorescence signal detected from a biosensor located in a near-surface skin layer.     

凝聚相有机分子的激发能传递研究(Ⅱ)——激光染料二甲基-POPOP和DCM分子间的激发能传递

利用荧光发射及其衰变动力学测量,研究了激光染料分子二甲基-POPOP和DCM在溶液中的分子间能量传递。所得结果证实:激发态二甲基-POPOP分子荧光被猝灭的程度,随所加入DCM浓度的增大而增大。尽管DCM的荧光寿命随二甲基-POPOP的猝灭而增加。然而,DCM的加入并不改变二甲基-POPOP的荧光寿命。在固定DCM浓度,而增加二甲基-POPOP浓度时,相似的结果同样被观测到。这些结果表明:激发态二甲基-POPOP分子通过辐射传能机理向基态DCM传递激发能,其结果将入射光的波长从紫外直接转换到波长大于600nm的光谱区。在本文中也简要讨论了进一步改善这一传能过程效率的措施。     

Piston-type radiator in a soft screen in the pekeris waveguide

A model problem is considered for a radiator in the form of a circular disk with a given pressure jump at its surface. The radiator is inserted in a soft screen coinciding with the upper boundary of the Pekeris waveguide. A series expansion of the sound field in normal modes is obtained. A numerical analysis of the radiation impedance and its components that are responsible for the radiation into the waveguide and into the halfspace is carried out.     

Fluorescent Study of Human Blood Plasma Albumin Alterations Induced by Ionizing Radiation

The use of hydrophobic fluorescent probe ABM (benzanthrone derivative) and albumin autofluorescence allowed show conformational alterations in Chernobyl clean-up workers blood plasma. Results obtained in 1996–1997 suggest that acidic expansion of plasma albumin takes place. Latest data (2006–2008) result in splitting of albumin alterations onto two stages - acidic expansion and N-F transition. The N-F transition is accompanied by the blue shift of fluorescence spectra and dehydration of tryptophanyl region of albumin molecule. In 2007 obtained.patterns of ABM spectra had never been previously seen in examined healthy individuals or patients with tuberculosis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. Patterns of ABM fluorescence spectra are associated with conformational changes of blood plasma albumin. The use of probe ABM and albumin auto-fluorescence allowed show conformational alterations in albumin of Chernobyl clean-up workers blood plasma. It is necessary to note that all investigated parameters significantly differ in observed groups of patients. These findings reinforce our understanding that the blood plasma albumin is a significant biological target of radiation. It may be concluded that fluorescence characteristics are representative of radiation induced albumin alterations and its carrier function.     

Optimizing the Yb:YAG thin disc laser design parameters

Based on quasi-three-level system, a numerical model of continuous wave thin disc laser is proposed. The fluorescence concentration quenching (FCQ), refractive index depending concentration effects and temperature distribution in the gain medium have been taken into account in the model. The first and second phenomena are not included in previously models. The model is used to determine optimum design parameters and to calculate the influence of various parameters like temperature, number of pump beam passes, active ions concentration and the crystal thickness on the operational efficiency of the laser. This model shows that for higher doping concentrations (>15%) the optical efficiency is decreased due to fluorescence concentration quenching. Our results are excellently in agreement with experimental results.     

水体红波段反射光谱对叶绿素浓度变化的响应

在不考虑叶绿素荧光效应的前提下,基于水体光学活性因子藻类叶绿素、有色可溶性有机物及非藻类颗粒物的吸收和后向散射系数,根据前向辐射传输模型模拟水面以上遥感反射率,分析了藻类叶绿素红光峰强度和波长位置随浓度的变化规律。结果发现：叶绿素浓度为1～50 μg·L-1时,红光峰强度和叶绿素浓度呈较好的线性关系,随叶绿素浓度的增加,线性关系越来越不明显。当叶绿素浓度为1～1 000 μg·L-1时,则呈现较好的对数关系;随叶绿素浓度的增加,红波段反射峰波长位置按对数规律逐渐向长波方向移动,不同水色组分的水体,其叶绿素在红波段的光谱反射特性随浓度的变化规律是一致的;此外,对比研究显示红波段反射峰特征不同于荧光光谱。     

Effect of ytterbium concentration on cw Yb:YAG microchip laser performance at ambient temperature – Part II: Theoretical modeling

A theoretical model based on a quasi-four-level system is modified to investigate the effect of Yb concentration on performance of continuous-wave Yb:YAG microchip lasers by taking into account temperature-dependent thermal population distribution, temperature-dependent emission cross-section and concentration-dependent fluorescence lifetime, thermal loading, thermal conductivity, and thermal expansion coefficient. The local temperature rise in Yb:YAG crystal caused by the absorbed pump power plays an important role in the laser performance of Yb:YAG microchip lasers working at ambient temperature without actively cooling the sample. The output wavelengths dependent on output coupling, Yb concentration, and pump power level were analyzed quantitatively. The numerical simulation of Yb:YAG microchip lasers is in good agreement with experimental data. The optimized laser operation for Yb:YAG microchip lasers is proposed by varying the thickness and output coupling for different Yb concentrations. The effect of thermal lens, thermal deformation effect, and saturated inversion population distribution inside the Yb:YAG crystal on performance of heavy-doped Yb:YAG microchip lasers are also addressed. PACS 42.55.Xi; 42.70.Hj; 42.55.Rz     

The influence of excitation radiation parameters on photosensitized generation of singlet oxygen in water

Photosensitized generation of singlet oxygen with the aid of Radahlorin® photosensitizer has been investigated. The dependences of the intensity of singlet oxygen phosphorescence and photosensitizer fluorescence on the excitation radiation wavelength in the range of 350–440 nm and on the irradiation dose have been obtained. The dependence of the ratio of the sensitizer fluorescence intensity at about 670 nm to the singlet oxygen phosphorescence intensity at a wavelength of 1270 nm on the excitation radiation wavelength is found to be nonmonotonic and have a minimum near the center of the absorption band on its red wing. The results obtained can be used to monitor the singlet oxygen concentration in solutions.     

同步辐射X射线荧光光谱国内外研究进展

同步辐射光源是带电粒子在加速器储存环中以接近光速的速度运动时,沿轨道切线方向发射出的辐射,同步辐射X射线荧光分析(SR-XRF)是以同步辐射X射线作为激发光源的X荧光光谱分析技术.同步辐射X射线荧光分析包括了用于微区及微量元素分析的同步辐射XRF、用于表面及薄膜分析的同步辐射全反射X射线荧光(SR-TXRF)以及用于三...     

微流芯片中消逝波激励的荧光辐射特性研究

将石英裸光纤植入聚二甲基硅氧烷基片的微流道中,采用沿光纤轴向光抽运、消逝场激励染料分子的方式,在基片微流道中获得均匀的荧光辐射.实验发现,荧光辐射的强度随光纤轴向距离的增加而衰减,光纤包层溶液折射率越大,荧光沿光纤轴向的衰减越突出;包层溶液中染料浓度越大,荧光沿光纤轴向的衰减也越突出;通过选择适当的包层溶液折射率以及染料浓度可以获得沿光纤轴向接近均匀的荧光辐射.用消逝波激励荧光的辐射理论计算了荧光光强沿光纤轴向的变化,计算结果与实验符合较好.在此基础上,设计并制作了一种具有三个通道的聚二甲基硅氧烷基片,通过在三个微流道中分别注入染料浓度均为0.1 mmol的罗丹明640、罗丹明B及罗丹明6 G的乙醇染料溶液,采用沿光纤轴向消逝波光激励方式,在一块聚二甲基硅氧烷基片上同时实现了三个不同波段的荧光辐射.     

Study on Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry Excited by Synchrotron Radiation

将同步辐射作为原子荧光的新型激发光源,建立了同步辐射原子荧光光谱分析装置,并对具体实验条件,如气体流速、分析物酸度、预还原试剂以及氢化物发生体系浓度等进行优化. 利用该装置测定了原子荧光代表分析物?砷的同步辐射原子荧光激发谱线. 在主要的10条谱线中,7条与现有文献记载十分吻合,其中4条系首次以原子荧光手段获得,另3条系首次发现. 对谱线所对应的激发电位以及可能的跃迁过程进行了分析,特别是对234.99 nm强峰的产生机理进行了探讨,并建立了能级跃迁模型.     

Diffuse reflectance of TiO2 pigmented paints: Spectral dependence of the average pathlength parameter and the forward scattering ratio

Diffuse reflectance spectra of paint coatings with different pigment concentrations, normally illuminated with unpolarized radiation, have been measured. A four-flux radiative transfer approach is used to model the diffuse reflectance of TiO₂ (rutile) pigmented coatings through the solar spectral range. The spectral dependence of the average pathlength parameter and of the forward scattering ratio for diffuse radiation, are explicitly incorporated into this four-flux model from two novel approximations. The size distribution of the pigments has been taken into account to obtain the averages of the four-flux parameters: scattering and absorption cross sections, forward scattering ratios for collimated and isotropic diffuse radiation, and coefficients involved in the expansion of the single particle phase function in terms of Legendre polynomials.     

Laser sounding of molecular iodine in the atmosphere

The lidar equation for the fluorescence of ¹²⁷I₂ molecules is numerically solved. All the radiation wavelengths of a copper vapor laser are considered with the aim of choosing the one that is the most appropriate for detection of the minimum possible concentration of iodine molecules when this laser is used as a radiation source of a fluorescence lidar.     

准波导结构下染料薄膜的荧光光谱和放大自发辐射光谱特性

通过对RhB/PMMA和Rh6G/PMMA染料薄膜的荧光光谱和放大自发辐射(ASE)光谱的实验测量和理论分析,研究了准波导结构染料薄膜的荧光光谱和ASE光谱特性。实验上采用连续激光和脉冲激光照射,分别测量准波导结构RhB/PMMA和Rh6G/PMMA染料薄膜的荧光光谱和ASE光谱,发现荧光峰和ASE峰随着染料掺杂浓度和薄膜厚度的增加产生红移;理论上考虑准波导结构下薄膜中染料的自吸收效应,类比激光器谐振腔模型,分析低阶导模传输的增益特性,获得了荧光光谱与ASE光谱中荧光峰和ASE峰对应波长与染料掺杂浓度的关系,数值计算与实验测量相吻合。结果表明,准波导结构下薄膜中染料自吸收效应导致荧光峰及ASE峰发生红移,改变染料掺杂浓度,可以在较大调谐范围实现ASE。