Pt/TiO2催化剂上顺酐选择加氢制丁酸

 采用溶胶-凝胶法和超临界乙醇干燥技术制备了Pt/TiO2催化剂,利用X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜、低温N2吸附和X射线光电子能谱等测试手段对催化剂进行了表征,考察了Pt含量、催化剂还原温度和助剂K的含量对其催化顺酐选择加氢制丁酸性能的影响. 结果表明,催化剂还原温度为500 ℃时,反应的主产物为丁酸; 添加适量的K助剂可以提高催化剂中Pt的分散度, K组分起到了电子给予体的作用,使催化剂表面的Pt呈富电子状态,有利于催化剂表面上反应物的吸附和产物的脱附,使催化剂的活性得到明显提高.     

Pt/TiO2光催化降解甲苯

选择甲苯作为研究对象,探讨了在不同光源照射、不同光催化剂的作用下,气相甲苯的降解情况,结果表明甲苯在紫外杀菌灯照射下有明显的光化学反应发生。在光催化剂作用、转折灯照射时,甲苯发生催化氧化反应;并对催化剂在降解甲苯反应中的失活原因做了初步探讨。     

Ruthenium Nanoparticles Intercalated in Hectorite: A Reusable Hydrogenation Catalyst for Benzene and Toluene

The cationic organometallic aqua complexes formed by hydrolysis of [(C₆H₆)RuCl₂]₂ in water, mainly [(C₆H₆)Ru(H₂O)₃]²⁺, intercalate into sodium hectorite by ion exchange, replacing the sodium cations between the anionic silicate layers. The yellow hectorite thus obtained reacts in ethanol with molecular hydrogen (50 bar, 100°C) with decomposition of the organometallic aqua complexes to give a black material, in which ruthenium(0) nanoparticles (9–18 nm) are intercalated between the anionic silicate layers, the charges of which being balanced by hydronium cations. The black ruthenium-modified hectorite efficiently catalyses the hydrogenation of benzene and toluene in ethanol (50 bar H₂, 50°C), the turnover frequencies attaining 7000 catalytic cycles per hour. Dedicated to Professor Günter Schmid, pioneer of nanocluster chemistry, on the occasion of his 70th birthday     

TiO2光催化降解苯和甲苯的动力学研究

利用溶胶-凝胶法制备了粒径约为13nm、晶型为锐钛矿相和金红石相混晶的TiO2光催化剂,并利用此催化剂对挥发性有机污染物苯和甲苯进行了光催化降解研究,对不同的催化剂用量、光源、污染物的初始浓度以及氧气对光催化反应速率的影响进行了研究。结果表明,光催化降解甲苯和苯的反应均符合假一级动力学方程,光强与光催化降解甲苯的反应的速率常数之间呈指数关系,光波长对光催化降解苯的影响也很显著;随着甲苯和苯初始浓度的增加,光催化反应速率常数降低;氧气加快了光催化降解甲苯和苯的速率;对于光催化降解初始浓度为37.6μmol/L的甲苯而言,催化剂的最佳使用量为0.30g,对于光催化降解初始浓度为9.0μmol/L的苯来说,催化剂的最佳用量为0.10g。     

苯在Ru-Zn/ZrO2表面部分加氢反应的理论和实验研究

采用理论计算和实验方法研究了 Ru-Zn/ZrO2 催化剂上苯的部分加氢反应. 在还原阶段于水相中引入 Zn2+可使部分 Zn 以原子态进入 Ru 基催化剂. 理论计算表明, Zn 原子在 Ru 基催化剂中的存在同时抑制了苯和环己烯在催化剂表面的化学吸附, 尤其是环己烯在整个催化剂表面的吸附处于一定钝化状态, 这是环己烯选择性提高的重要原因. 实验结果表明, Zn 原子在催化剂中浓度的增加使得催化剂的加氢活性单调下降, 而环己烯选择性则单调上升. 实验和理论计算都证实了 Ru 基催化剂中最佳 Zn 含量的存在.     

组合型Pt/TiO_2催化剂用于低温催化甲苯完全氧化

将均匀分布的纳米Pt粒子直接吸附到TiO2载体上,即制得了组合型Pt/TiO2催化剂(Pt/TiO2-AS).与浸渍法制备的Pt/TiO2催化剂(Pt/TiO2-WI)比较,Pt/TiO2-AS催化剂在催化甲苯完全氧化反应中表现出了很好的催化性能,甲苯转化率为100%时的反应温度低至150°C,而且即使在较高甲苯浓度和较高气体空速下,该催化剂也能保持较好的催化性能.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附-脱附(BET)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)及傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱等对两种Pt/TiO2催化剂的结构和表面性能进行了表征.结果表明组合型Pt/TiO2-AS催化剂粒径小(2.5 nm),活性组分主要以Pt0形式存在且分布在载体表面,而且载体表面Ti―O键活化使催化剂具有较强的催化氧化能力.另外,活性中心的价态变化(Pt0→Ptδ+)是导致Pt/TiO2-AS催化剂失活的主要原因.     

混晶Zr掺杂Pt/TiO2催化剂光热催化氧化苯

以TiOSO4和ZrOCO3为原料,采用共沉淀法制备了zr掺杂量为5%的TiO2样品,分别于500,650及700℃焙烧,然后采用等体积浸渍法负载贵金属Pt(0.5%)制得系列复合催化剂,并采用X射线衍射、N2物理吸附、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱及X射线光电子能谱对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,Zr的掺杂提高了TiO2的晶型转变温度,催化剂的比表而积和TiO2品格缺陷增加,产生了较多的氧空位,催化剂的表面羟基和禁带宽度增加.适宜的锐钛矿/金红石混晶有效地分离了光生电子与空穴.催化剂在200℃和30W紫外光辐照卜进行光热催化氧化气相苯实验,结果表明,zr掺杂显著提高了催化剂活性,反应速率常数提高了62%～90%,适宜金红石相含量的混晶型催化剂活性较单-锐钛矿相更高,其中,650℃焙烧的zr掺杂混晶(含金红石8%)催化剂活性最高.气相苯的光热催化过程不是光催化与热催化的简单叠加,而是存在协同作用.     

Effect of TiO2 Calcination Pretreatment on the Performance of Pt/TiO2 Catalyst for CO Oxidation

In order to improve the CO catalytic oxidation performance of a Pt/TiO₂ catalyst, a series of Pt/TiO₂ catalysts were prepared via an impregnation method in this study, and various characterization methods were used to explore the effect of TiO₂ calcination pretreatment on the CO catalytic oxidation performance of the catalysts. The results revealed that Pt/TiO₂ (700 °C) prepared by TiO₂ after calcination pretreatment at 700 °C exhibits a superior CO oxidation activity at low temperatures. After calcination pretreatment, the catalyst exhibited a suitable specific surface area and pore structure, which is beneficial to the diffusion of reactants and reaction products. At the same time, the proportion of adsorbed oxygen on the catalyst surface was increased, which promoted the oxidation of CO. After calcination pretreatment, the adsorption capacity of the catalyst for CO and CO₂ decreased, which was beneficial for the simultaneous inhibition of the CO self-poisoning of Pt sites. In addition, the Pt species exhibited a higher degree of dispersion and a smaller particle size, thereby increasing the CO oxidation activity of the Pt/TiO₂ (700 °C) catalyst.     

Ru-Zn/ZrO2催化剂在苯部分加氢反应中的孔径效应

采用沉淀法和溶剂热法合成了三种具有相同晶型但不同孔径的四方ZrO₂（t-ZrO₂）,以此为载体,采用沉积沉淀-硫酸锌溶液中还原的方法制备了Ru-Zn/ZrO₂催化剂,考察了Ru-Zn/ZrO₂催化剂的孔径对苯部分加氢性能的影响.采用粉末X射线衍射（XRD）、N₂物理吸附、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱（ICP-AES）、CO化学吸附、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、X射线吸收近边结构（XANES）、X射线激发俄歇电子能谱（XAES）、H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）等手段对载体和催化剂进行了系统的表征.研究表明,在苯部分加氢反应中,Ru-Zn/ZrO₂催化剂的孔径对环己烯的选择性有显著影响.随催化剂孔径的增大,苯的转换频率（TOF）基本不变,环己烯初始选择性（S₀）则逐渐升高,孔径为11.7 nm的ZrO₂（ZrO₂（11.7））负载的Ru-Zn/ZrO₂（11.7）催化剂的S₀及得率最高,分别可达88%和54%.结合催化剂的表征和加氢结果,讨论了孔径影响苯部分加氢活性和选择性的原因.     

The Modifiable Character of a Novel Ru-Fe-B/ZrO2 Catalyst for Benzene Selective Hydrogenation to Cyclohexene

A novel Ru‐Fe‐B/ZrO₂ catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene was prepared by the chemical reduction method. A yield of cyclohexene of 57.3% was achieved at benzene conversion of 80.6% on this catalyst. The activity and yield of cyclohexene were higher than those studied previously. The structural characterizations of the catalyst were performed by TEM‐SAED, XRD, and N₂‐physisorption. Moreover, cyclohexene selectivities on this catalyst increased and the activities decreased with the increase of the ZnO dosages, however, the activities increased and cyclohexene selectivities decreased with the increase of the H₂SO₄ dosages. Different feeding manners of H₂SO₄ or ZnO exerted definitely influence on the performances of this catalyst, but the degrees of influence were different due to the character of chemisorptions. Furthermore, the activity and cyclohexene selectivity on the catalysts could be reversibly modified by adding H₂SO₄ or ZnO into reaction slurry, which provides an easy method to recover the activity and selectivity of Ru‐Fe‐B/ZrO₂ catalysts during the process of producing cyclohexene. And the modifiable mechanisms involved were speculated.     

Cu/Zn/TiO2负载型催化剂上CO2加氢合成甲醇

采用溶胶-凝胶法和浸渍法制备Cu/Zn/TiO2负载型催化剂,研究了不同Cu、Zn负载量对催化剂性能的影响,采用BET、XRD、TPR对催化剂进行了表征.考察了反应温度、压力和催化剂组成对CO2加H2催化合成甲醇的影响.     

Au/TiO2催化剂制备条件对巴豆醛选择加氢的影响

采用沉积-沉淀法制备了纳米Au/TiO2催化剂, 以X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对催化剂进行了系统的表征, 并考察了该催化剂在巴豆醛液相加氢制巴豆醇反应中的催化性能. 通过改变活化气氛、负载量和还原温度, 能够调节Au粒子的尺寸及金属与载体间的相互作用. 在673 K还原条件下制备Au质量分数为9.2%的Au/TiO2 催化剂上, Au粒子的平均粒径为2 nm, 初始加氢速率达到13.7×10-5 mol·s-1·g-1, 同时巴豆醇最高收率可达69.9%. 结合表征结果, 该催化剂良好的巴豆醛选择加氢性能归属为载体TiO2在还原条件下产生的氧缺陷位对Au纳米粒子的锚定作用及给电子作用.     

掺铂二氧化钛纤维光催化降解氯仿的研究

 TiO2纤维作为一种微米级光催化剂应用于废水处理时，不但克服了TiO2纳米颗粒不易分离回收的困难，而且对其进行贵金属掺杂，可使其光催化活性大大提高．用光还原沉积法制备了掺铂的二氧化钛纤维催化剂（Pt／TiO2（F）），并将其作为光催化剂用于光催化降解氯仿反应，考察了掺铂量、氧及pH值等条件对降解氯仿反应的影响，并与掺铂的二氧化钛颗催化剂粒（Pt／TiO2（G））的光催化活性进行了比较．结果表明，当掺铂量w（Pt）＝0．5％，催化剂用量为0．5g／L，预先溶氧至饱和状态，c0（CHCl3）＝1mmol／L，pH＝5，用300W中压汞灯光照120min时，Pt／TiO2（F）上氯仿的降解率可达98．44％，而Pt／TiO2（G）上氯仿的降解率仅为72．03％．     

Pt/TiO2上苯和乙烯光催化氧化过程的磁场效应

以Pt/TiO₂为催化剂和365 nm紫外光为光源, 在低于0.2 T的磁场强度范围考察了磁场对苯和乙烯光催化氧化反应的影响. 实验发现, 当用紫外灯管作光源并靠近磁场磁极或者置于磁场磁极间隙内照射反应器时, 磁场可显著提高气相苯和乙烯的光催化转化率和矿化率; 而当光源远离磁场磁极而通过光导纤维传导照射到反应器上时, 磁场对这两个反应没有促进作用. 在前一种情况下, 紫外灯管的发光强度随磁场的增强而提高, 磁场对这两个光催化降解反应的促进作用被证实是由于磁场提高了紫外灯管的发光强度, 进而为反应提供了更多的光能和使反应温度升高所致；在后一种光照方式下, 由于光源不受磁场影响, 磁场对这两个光催化反应不产生影响. 这一研究结果表明, 在所研究磁场强度范围, 磁场对气-固相光催化反应没有任何本征影响.     

二氧化钛晶相组成对PtCo/TiO2催化剂苯加氢性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了不同晶相组成的TiO2负载的PtCo双金属催化剂,采用X射线粉末衍射、拉曼光谱、Nz:物理吸附、CO化学吸附和H2程序升温还原等技术对其进行了表征,并考察了催化剂的低温苯加氢反应性能.结果发现,不同晶相组成TiO2负载的PtCo双金属催化剂CO化学吸附量及催化活性有显著差异,当以含有少量金红石相的TiO2为载体时,催化剂加氢性能优于单一金红石或锐钛矿相TiO2负载的催化剂.     

Pt/TiO2催化剂的制备及其在氨催化氧化中的应用

二氧化钛具有优良的光催化性能,以其为载体通过光催化还原沉积可在其表面实现单质金属活性组分负载。本研究选择二氧化钛颗粒为载体,通过紫外光照射在二氧化钛颗粒表面还原沉积铂单质,形成Pt/ TiO2核壳结构,并将该新型催化剂用于氨催化氧化反应。所制备的Pt/TiO2催化剂铂负载量减为0.2 gPt/ gTiO2,比表面积增达10 m2/ g。以该催化剂催化氨氧化反应,氨转化率在600-700 篊即可达100 %,低于目前硝酸工业中氨氧化反应温度800-900 篊,也低于PtO2升华温度850 篊。该催化剂经400 h连续反应,其铂载量、及催化活性均无降低,具有工业应用前景。     

一种新型Ru-Zn体系催化苯选择加氢制环己烯的研究

制备了一种新型苯选择加氢制环己烯Ru-Zn催化剂.研究表明,该催化剂不但具有较好的活性选择性,而且具有稳定的晶态结构,良好的沉降分离性能.Zn/Ru比为8/92时,15min环己烯的收率达48.3%.利用XRD和物理吸附仪等手段对催化剂进行了表征.XRD证实了Ru和Zn形成固溶体,并观察到金属锌物相的存在.     

用于苯选择加氢制环己烯的非晶态合金Ru-La-B/ZrO2催化剂的失活与再生

 研究了在中试装置上经长期运转后的非晶态合金Ru-La-B/ZrO2催化剂的失活原因与再生方法. 结果表明: 催化剂失活不是由微孔堵塞、比表面积减小、晶粒长大或催化剂中毒而引起的,而是由于在长期运转过程中催化剂吸附了反应浆液中的Zn2+ 和反应器壁引入的Fe2+ , 通过酸洗的方法可以使催化剂的活性和选择性基本恢复.     

Xylene Synthesis Through Tandem CO2 Hydrogenation and Toluene Methylation Over a Composite ZnZrO Zeolite Catalyst

Selective synthesis of specific value-added aromatics from CO₂ hydrogenation is of paramount interest for mitigating energy and climate problems caused by CO₂ emission. Herein, we report a highly active composite catalyst of ZnZrO and HZSM-5 (ZZO/Z5-SG) for xylene synthesis from CO₂ hydrogenation via a coupling reaction in the presence of toluene, achieving a xylene selectivity of 86.5 % with CO₂ conversion of 10.5 %. A remarkably high space time yield of xylene could reach 215 mg g_cat⁻¹ h⁻¹, surpassing most reported catalysts for CO₂ hydrogenation. The enhanced performance of ZZO/Z5-SG could be due to high dispersion and abundant oxygen vacancies of the ZZO component for CO₂ adsorption, more feasible hydrogen activation and transfer due to the close interaction between the two components, and enhanced stability of the formate intermediate. The consumption of methoxy and methanol from the deep hydrogenation of formate by introduced toluene also propels an oriented conversion of CO₂.     

Study on the Nanosized Amorphous Ru-Fe-B/ZrO2 Alloy Catalyst for Benzene Selective Hydrogenation to Cyclohexene

A novel nanosized amorphous Ru-Fe-B/ZrO2 alloy catalyst for benzene selective hydrogenation to cyclohexene was investigated. The superior properties of this catalyst were attributed to the combination of the nanosize and the amorphous character as well as to its textural character. In addition, the concentration of zinc ions, the content of ZrO2 in the slurry, and the pretreatment of the catalyst were found to be effective in improving the activity and the selectivity of the catalyst.