The versatile chemistry of thiophene. Some contributions by the Gronowitz' group

Investigations of the author in thiophene chemistry developed during the last four decades are reviewed. Stereochemical studies, metallation and halogen-metal exchange, spectral studies (mainly those of NMR in thiophene and related series), studies of tautomerism in hydroxythiophenes and atropisomerism in bithienyl derivatives, ring opening of 3-thienyllithium derivatives and thiophene-1,1-dioxides, as well as studies of thieno fused heteroaromatic boron compounds are considered in detail.     

Reaction of thiourea S,S-dioxides with dyes containing carbonyl or azo groups

The kinetics of decomposition of thiourea and N-methylthiourea S,S-dioxides in alkaline aqueous medium and their reactions with oxygen, Indigo Carmine, and Acid Yellow 11 were studied. The decomposition of thiourea S,S-dioxides in weakly alkaline media was found to follow two pathways leading to the formation of ammonia and sulfoxylate ion, respectively. The second pathway predominates in strongly alkaline media. Thiourea S,S-dioxides can be used for selective reduction of azo compounds to the corresponding hydrazo derivatives.     

Synthesis and Study of Second-order Nonlinear Optical Properties of 3-Substituted-6- (substituted-phenylazo) coumarins

It has attracted a lot of attentions to synthesize and investigate the behaviors of organic second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. [1,2] We have ever reported that acridine derivatives ,[3] 4-substituted-benzylideneoxazol-5(4H)-one[4] and 4,4′-di-styryl-biphenyl derivatives[5] possess good second-order NLO properties. Coumarin derivatives are good organic optical materials and azobenzene derivatives possess a higher second-order nonlinear polarization values, however, there are few reports about the study on the synthetic method, optical behavior, especially,second-order NLO properties of 3-substitued-6-(substituted-phenylazo) coumarin derivatives. Therefore, a series of the following compounds were prepared in order to investigate their NLO behavior.     

Thiophene-functionalized isoindigo dyes bearing electron donor substituents with absorptions approaching the near infrared region

A series of six new, highly soluble N,N'-dialkylated isoindigo derivatives bearing different electron donating thiophene units at the 6,6'-positions were synthesized by Stille cross-coupling reaction. The optical and electrochemical properties of these dyes were studied by UV-vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry, revealing a good tunability of their electronic properties by peripheral substituents with amino groups leading to strong absorption reaching the NIR region. The DFT calculations of the frontier molecular orbitals of these dyes corroborate the observed substituent effect on absorption and redox properties.     

咪唑类二阶非线性光学活性分子的设计、合成及性能

设计、合成了两个新的咪唑类二阶非线性光学生色团，对其热性能、透明性和 二阶非线性光学性能进行了测定和研究，实验表明生色团为非线性光学性能-透明 性-热稳定性能综合优化的有机二阶非线性光学生色团。     

Theoretical Study on Electronic and Charge Transfer Properties of Oligo[8]thiophene and Its Circular,Hooped, and Helical Derivatives

The novel linear, circular, hooped, and helical molecules based on oligo[8]thio- phene were theoretically studied for the applications of charge transfer devices. To investigate the influence of topology for oligo[8]thiophene derivatives, the geometry structures, frontier molecular orbital （FMO） energies, charge transport properties, and stability property were predicted by density functional theory methods. The calculated results reported herein show that the oligo[8]thiophene derivative with linear structure has smaller energy gap, and fused oligo[8]thiophene derivative with circular structure has the smallest reorganization energy among the designed molecules. We have also studied the stability properties of the designed molecules, and oligo[8]thiophene derivatives are more stable tharJ the fused oligo[8]thiophene derivatives.     

Synthesis of cis- and trans-perhydrothieno[3,4-d]imidazole-2-thione 5,5-dioxides

It is shown that the cis and trans isomers of perhydrothieno[3,4-d]imidazole-2-thione 5,5-dioxides can be obtained in good yields from the accessible derivatives of thiolane and 2-thiolene 1,1-dioxides.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 328–330, March, 1982.     

新型双重电荷转移分子的二阶非线性光学性质的 理论研究

以INDO/SCI方法为基础,按完全态求和(SOS)公式编制了计算分子二阶非线性光学系数β~i~j~k和β~μ的程序。研究了1,2-二氨基-4,5-二硝基苯1和其异构体1,3-二氨基-4,6-二硝基苯2的电子光谱和二阶非线性光学性质。计算表明分子1具有与分子2几乎相等的二阶非线性极化率。但由于分子1的偶极矩明显大于分子2的,故分子1的μβ值比分子2的μβ值大的多。在此基础上,研究了2,3-二(β-苯乙烯基)-5,6-二氰基吡嗪和2,3-二(β-噻吩乙烯基)-5,6-二氰基吡嗪和2,3-二(β-噻吩乙烯基)-5,6二氰基吡嗪衍生物的电子光谱和二阶非线性光学性质。结果表明,这些化合物均具有两个相距很近的强吸收峰,它们对β值的呈加和模式。由于这类化合物特征吸收峰均位于413nm以下且具有大的μβ值,所以,它们是一类很有前途的二阶非线性光学候选材料。     

Spectres photoélectroniques de divers thiéno[2,3-b] thiophènes

Photoelectron spectra of thieno[2,3-b]thiophene and its mono halogeno and mono methyl derivatives have been analysed. The proposed assignments were confirmed by the effects of di, Iri and tetra substitutions and are in good agreement with a CNDO/S calculation.     

Alternative Functionalization of Hydrogen-Bonded Diketopyrrolopyrrole Derivatives**

Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) derivatives with thiophene capping rings are widely used as semiconductors in organic electronics. Their optoelectronic properties can be adjusted by adding different electroactive groups or by extending the conjugation of the central core, as well as by regulating their self-assembly through noncovalent interactions. One effective strategy demonstrated to improve the performance and morphology of organic solar cells is incorporating hydrogen-bonding units into DPPs. While the functionalization of the DPP lactams and the coupling of aromatic units to the thiophene rings are the most common procedures to tune the properties of such derivatives, modifying the thiophene capping units with hydrogen-bonding groups is a challenging synthetic task. Despite this difficulty, incorporating amide-containing substituents into the thiophene rings of single core thiophene-capped DPP derivatives could yield exciting results, as the advantages of having hydrogen-bonded π-conjugated systems based on these modified DPPs have not been explored thoroughly. This work reports on an efficient method for synthesizing such derivatives.     

Electronic spectra and first‐order hyperpolarizability of 4‐(dicyanomethylene)‐2,6‐bis‐ (2′‐thiophene‐vinyl)‐pyran derivatives

On the basis of the ZINDO program, we have designed a program to calculate the first‐order hyperpolarizability β_ijk and β_μ according to the sum‐over‐states (SOS) expression. The first‐order hyperpolarizability of 4‐(dicyanomethylene)‐2,6‐bis‐(2′‐thiophene‐vinyl)‐pyran derivatives were studied. The calculated results were that the 4‐(dicyanomethylene)‐2,6‐bis‐(2′‐thiophene‐vinyl)‐pyran derivatives exhibit good nonlinearity with their β₀ values, which are slightly less than that of the corresponding 2,6‐bis‐styryl‐4‐(dicyanomethylene)‐pyran derivatives. It does not agree with the auxiliary donor–acceptor effects theory. The 4‐(dicyanomethylene)‐2,6‐bis‐(2′‐thiophene‐vinyl)‐pyran derivatives, having two low‐lying electronic excited states that contribute to the molecular hyperpolarizability in an additive manner, are good candidates as chromophores due to their high nonlinearities and good thermal stability. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 82: 65–72, 2001     

A novel method for the oxidation of thiophenes. Synthesis of thiophene 1,1-dioxides containing electron-withdrawing substituents

A novel method for the synthesis of thiophene 1,1-dioxides by oxidation of substituted thiophenes with trifluoroperoxyacetic acid was developed. The effect of the solvent nature on the course of the reaction was studied and optimum conditions for the oxidation of thiophenes containing various functional groups were found. Previously unknown thiophene dioxides were obtained.__________Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 2144–2150, October, 2004.     

Thiophene-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks: Synthesis,Photophysics and Light-Driven Applications

Porous crystalline materials, such as covalent organic frameworks (COFs), have emerged as some of the most important materials over the last two decades due to their excellent physicochemical properties such as their large surface area and permanent, accessible porosity. On the other hand, thiophene derivatives are common versatile scaffolds in organic chemistry. Their outstanding electrical properties have boosted their use in different light-driven applications (photocatalysis, organic thin film transistors, photoelectrodes, organic photovoltaics, etc.), attracting much attention in the research community. Despite the great potential of both systems, porous COF materials based on thiophene monomers are scarce due to the inappropriate angle provided by the latter, which hinders its use as the building block of the former. To circumvent this drawback, researchers have engineered a number of thiophene derivatives that can form part of the COFs structure, while keeping their intrinsic properties. Hence, in the present minireview, we will disclose some of the most relevant thiophene-based COFs, highlighting their basic components (building units), spectroscopic properties and potential light-driven applications.     

2,5-Bis-(butyltelluro) thiophene as a convenient precursor for the synthesis of 2,5-bis-(acetylenic) thiophenes

Both symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted 2,5-bis-(acetylenic) thiophene derivatives were obtained in good yields under mild conditions through palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reaction of 2,5-bis-(butyltelluro) thiophene 2 and terminal alkynes. The methodology represents a general and efficient protocol for carrying out the synthesis of thiophene derivatives with potential biological activities.     

己基取代的1,4-二(2-噻吩基)苯并[c]哒嗪合成与光谱性质研究

本文设计并合成了一系列含氮原子的缺电子芳香片段,包括以苯并哒嗪作为核心、以富电子噻吩衍生物作为共轭延长链的有机共轭小分子1,4-二(2-噻吩基)苯并[c]哒嗪(5a)、1,4-二[2-(3-己基噻吩基)]苯并[c]哒嗪(5b)和1,4-二[2-(5-己基噻吩基)]苯并[c]哒嗪(5c).通过紫外光谱和荧光光谱研究,证明在共轭体系中的不同位置引入烷基链,可以有效影响化合物的能隙,调节化合物的光电性质.     

用于电子传输材料的含噻吩环噁二唑衍生物的合成(英文)

在有机电致发光器件研究中,电子传输材料占有特殊重要的地位。但现存的材料存在着不同的缺点。因噁二唑环的高的电子亲和性,噁二唑衍生物是常见的电子传输材料,如:2-(4- 叔丁苯基)-5-联苯基噁二唑(PBD),但容易结晶和低的电子亲和性限制了它的应用。为了得到新的有效的电子传输材料,本文以噻吩为起始反应物经过二碘代、羧酸化、酯化、氨解等步骤合成了噻吩二酰肼,再通过噻吩二酰肼与相应的取代苯甲酰氯缩合、关环的方法将富电子的噻吩环和高电子亲和性的噻吩环同时引入,合成了三种新的含噻吩环噁二唑衍生物2,5-双[2,2’-双(5-取代苯基)-1,3,4-噁二唑]噻吩(R-OXD R=H,OCH_3,CH_3)。同时,采用循环伏安法对其电化学性能进行了测定。这三种化合物都在负方向出现了-对可逆的氧化还原峰,由此得到其电子亲和势(EA)分别为-3.10eV,-3.07eV和-3.08eV,其EA值都高于常用的电子传输材料PBD。R-OXD的高电子亲和势有利于电子从阴极注入。并且由时间渡越法(TOF)测得R-OXD的电子迁移率达到10~(-4)cm~2/V.S(E=10~6V/cm)。所以R-OXD有可能是好的电子传输材料。     

用于电子传输材料的含噻吩环噁二唑衍生物的合成

在有机电致发光器伯研究中,电子传输材料占有特殊重要的地位。但现存在的材料存在着不同的缺点。因噁二唑环的高的电子亲和性,噁二唑衍生物是常见的电子传输材料,如：2-(4-叔丁苯基)-5-联苯基噁二唑(PBD),但容易结晶和低的电子? 缀托韵拗屏怂挠τ谩Ｎ说玫叫碌挠行У牡缱哟洳牧希疚囊脏绶晕鹗挤从ξ锞獯Ⅳ人峄Ⅴセ苯獾炔街韬铣闪肃绶远ｋ拢偻ü绶远ｋ掠胂嘤Φ娜〈郊柞Ｂ人鹾稀⒐鼗返姆椒ń坏缱拥泥绶曰泛透叩缱忧缀托缘泥绶曰吠币耄铣闪巳中碌暮绶曰穱f二唑衍生物2,5-双[2,2'-双(5-取代苯基)-1,3,4-噁二唑]噻吩(R-OXDR=H,OCH~3,CH~3)。同时,采用循环伏安法对其电? 阅芙辛瞬舛āＵ馊只衔锒荚诟悍较虺鱿至艘欢钥赡娴难趸乖澹纱说玫狡涞缱忧缀褪?EA)分别为-3.10eV,-3.07eV和-3.08eV,其EA值都高于常用? 牡缱哟洳牧螾BD。R-OXD的高电子亲和势有利于电子从阴极注入。并且由时间渡? 椒?TOF)测得R-OXD的电子迁移率达到10^-^4cm^2/V.S(E=10^6V/cm)。所以R-OXD有可能是好的电子传输材料。     

A theoretical, spectroscopic, and photophysical study of 2,7-carbazolenevinylene-based conjugated derivatives

A combined theoretical and experimental study of the structure, optical, and photophysical properties of four 2,7-carbazolenevinylene-based derivatives in solution is presented. Geometry optimizations of the ground states of PCP, PCP-CN, TCT, and TCT-CN were carried out using the density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP/6-31G*). It is found that PCP and TCT are nearly planar in their ground electronic states (S0), whereas the cyano derivatives are more twisted. The nature and the energy of the first singlet-singlet electronic transitions have been obtained from time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations performed on the optimized geometries. For all the compounds, excitation to the S1 state corresponds mainly to the promotion of one electron from the highest-occupied molecular orbital to the lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital, and the S1 <-- S0 electronic transition is strongly allowed and polarized along the long axis of the molecular frame. The optimization (relaxation) of the first singlet excited electronic state (S1) has been done using the restricted configuration interaction (singles) (RCIS/6-31G*) approach. It is observed that all four investigated compounds become more planar in their S1 relaxed excited state. Electronic transition energies from the relaxed excited states have been obtained from TDDFT calculations performed on the S1-optimized geometries. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the carbazolenevinylenes have been recorded in chloroform. A good agreement is obtained between TDDFT vertical transitions energies and the (0,0) absorption and fluorescence bands. The change from phenylene to thiophene rings as well as the incorporation of cyano substituents induce bathochromic shifts in the absorption and fluorescence spectra. From the analysis of the energy of the frontier molecular orbitals, it is believed that thiophene rings and CN substituents induce some charge-transfer character to the first electronic transition, which is responsible for the red shifts observed. Finally, the fluorescence quantum yield and the lifetime of the compounds in chloroform have been obtained. In sharp contrast with many oligothiophenes, it is observed that TCT possesses a high fluorescence quantum yield. On the other hand, the CN-containing derivatives exhibit much lower fluorescence quantum yields, probably due to the combined influence of steric effects and charge-transfer interactions caused by the cyano groups.     

Synthesis,solid‐state,and charge‐transport properties of conjugated polythiophene‐S,S‐dioxides

An alkylated semiconducting polymer comprising alternating bithiophene‐[all]‐S,S‐dioxide and aromatic monothiophene units in the polymer backbone was synthesized with the intent of modifying the energy gap and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital for use as a stable n‐type semiconductor. Films spun from this semiconducting polymer were characterized utilizing X‐ray scattering, near edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, and thin‐film field effect transistors to determine how oxidation of the thiophene ring systems impacts the structural and electronic properties of the polymer. The thiophene‐S,S‐dioxide polymers have lower optical and electrical band gaps than corresponding thiophene polymers. X‐ray scattering results indicate that the polymers are well ordered with the π–π stacking distances increased by 0.4 Å relative to analogous thiophene polymers. The electrical stability of these polymers is poor in transistors with a drop in the field effect mobility by approximately one order of magnitude upon addition of just 5% of the thiophene‐S,S‐dioxide unit in a copolymer with thiophene. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2013     

Regioregular head-to-tail oligothiophene-functionalized 9,9'-spirobifluorene derivatives. 2. NMR characterization,thermal behaviors,and electrochemical properties

Oligothiophene-functionalized 9,9'-spirobifluorene derivatives exhibit good solubility in polar organic solvents, especially compounds 5a-d to 7a-d due to the introduction of the flexible n-hexyl chain. The structures of all compounds studied are characterized and verified by (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra. The results not only show that these organic conjugated materials with no substituents or n-hexyl substituents are successfully synthesized through the corresponding synthetic methodologies, but also prove that chemical shifts of protons and carbons in the aromatic range change with the attachment and the increase of the thiophene ring at the 9,9'-spirobifluorene fragment. The thermal analysis results demonstrate that these compounds are quite stable, and evaporate from 300 to 700 degrees C. Most of these compounds exhibit a stable amorphous state in the solid state. The electrochemical properties of all compounds studied are also investigated. The results indicate that radical cation behaviors of oligothiophene-modified 9,9'-spirobifluorene derivatives are more stable than those of normal oligothiophenes, that oxidative and reductive peak potentials shift cathodically or anodically, and that the HOMO and LUMO energy levels are also tuned with the increase of the thiophene ring owing to the enhanced pi-electron delocalization and the increasing conjugation length. Oxidative potentials of nonsubstituted oligothiophene-functionalized 9,9'-spirobifluorene derivatives are more sensitive to the increase of thiophene rings than those of 9,9'-spirobifluorene derivatives with n-hexyl groups. The energy levels and band gaps of all compounds studied are also calculated from the onset potentials of n-doping and p-doping and are adjusted by varying thiophene oligomers and their attachment patterns to the 9,9'-spirobifluorene ring to make them suitable for the work functions of the electrodes.