Propagation of high-power partially coherent fibre laser beams in a real environment

The propagation performance of high-power partially coherent fibre laser beams in a real environment is investigated and the theoretical model of a high-power fibre laser propagating in a real environment is established. The influence of a collimating system and thermal blooming is considered together with atmospheric turbulence and mechanical jitter. The laser energy concentration of partially coherent beams in the far field is calculated and analysed based on the theoretical model. It is shown that the propagation performance of partially coherent beams depends on the collimating system, atmospheric turbulence, mechanical jitter and thermal blooming. The propagation performance of partially coherent beams and fully coherent beams is studied and the results show that partially coherent beams are less sensitive to the influence of thermal blooming, which results in that the energy degeneration for partially coherent beams is only 50% of that for fully coherent beams. Both partially coherent beams and fully coherent beams become less sensitive to thermal blooming when the average structural constant of the refraction index fluctuations increases to 1.7 × 10^-14 m^-2/3. The investigation presents a reference for applications of a high-power fibre laser system.     

大气湍流和热晕效应对列阵合成激光传输特性和光束质量影响的理论研究进展

介绍了大气湍流效应和热晕效应对列阵合成激光传输特性和光束质量影响的理论研究进展。主要介绍了合成激光在大气中传输的解析和数值模拟研究方法,大气湍流效应对列阵合成光束的光强分布、远场发散角、方向性、曲率半径和湍流距离的影响,以及大气热晕效应对列阵合成光束的光强分布、传输效率、重心偏移、热晕时间尺度和焦移的影响。研究结果表明,大气湍流效应和热晕效应对合成激光光束质量的影响与光束合成方式、合成光束参数以及大气参数密切相关。     

The thermal blooming of high-energy beams from a solid-state heat-capacity laser in the atmosphere

Based on the one-aerosol model, we investigate the influence of thermal blooming on the propagation of solid-state heat-capacity laser (SSHCL) beams in atmosphere. By employing only this aerosol model and ignoring the diffraction and atmospheric turbulence, we evaluate the change in the average transmittance when the incident intensity and the propagation distance are changed. We conclude that the effect of thermal blooming on the propagation of SSHCL beams in the atmosphere is dependent on the incident intensity and the propagation distance. As the incident intensity and propagation distance increase, the influence of thermal blooming on the average transmittance strengthens. However, when the incident intensity is not strong enough, the incident intensity barely affects the average transmittance. PACS 42.65.Jx; 42.55.Rz; 42.68.Ay; 42.68.Jg     

Time-dependent propagation of high-energy laser beams through the atmosphere: II

Various factors that can effect thermal blooming in stagnation zone situations are examined, including stagnation-zone motion, longitudinal air motion in the neighborhood of the stagnation zone, and the effects of scenario noncoplanarity. Of these effects, only the last offers reasonable hope of reducing the strong thermal blooming that normally accompanies stagnation zones; in particular, noncoplanarity should benefit multipulse more than cw beams. The methods of treating nonhorizontal winds hydrodynamically for cw and multipulse steady-state sources are discussed. Aspects of pulse “self-blooming” are also considered. Work was performed under the auspices of the U. S. Energy Research and Development Administration under contract W-7405-Eng-48, U. S. Navy Contract N00014-76-F-0017 and U. S. Army Contract W31U31-73-8543.     

高能激光准直传输远场斯特雷尔比与数值验证

利用扩展惠更斯-菲涅耳原理对高能激光在大气中的传输进行了分析,获得了高能激光准直传输轴上及峰值斯特雷尔比的积分表达式,并使用激光大气传输四维仿真程序对该表达式的适用范围进行了分析及数值模拟验证。结果表明,积分表达式可以很好地适用于无自适应光学系统补偿时的高能激光湍流热晕传输问题,可以用于自适应光学系统补偿时弱热晕条件下的湍流热晕角非等晕问题和弱热晕及中等热晕条件下的湍流热晕聚焦非等晕问题。     

Non-Kolmogorov湍流大气中小尺度热晕效应线性理论

从小尺度热晕线性理论出发,在non-Kolmogorov谱的基础上,得到了non-Kolmogorov谱湍流下热晕相位补偿的Strehl比表达式,分析了湍流谱对高能激光的相位补偿的影响.研究结果表明湍流谱对湍流热晕效应的相位补偿有重要的影响.在相同的湍流菲涅耳数下,当谱指数越接近于3时补偿效果越差,谱指数接近于4时补偿效果越好.在相同大气相干长度条件下或在相同湍流折射率常量条件下,当谱指数接近于3时,Strehl比随热晕效应的增强而下降变快,当湍流谱指数逐渐接近于4时,Strehl比下降速度变慢.其原因是随着湍流谱指数的增大,湍流热晕相互作用引起的对数振幅起伏增长变慢.     

聚焦强激光束大气传输的数值模拟

 用非自适应坐标变换技术求解聚焦强激光束大气传输的热晕问题，实践表明对提高计算精度和速度十分有效，但在焦平面附近的计算，由于热晕的散焦作用，原有技术有一定困难。通过提出一种改进的非自适应坐标变换技术，克服了原有变换的缺陷，有效提高了计算精度和速度，并减少了计算机内存的占用。     

序列脉冲激光在不同大气模型下的热晕效应研究

考虑到大气中吸收系数随高度变化,通过内插法得到不同大气模型一定高度下大气的吸收系数,建立序列脉冲激光在地对空垂直传输的热晕模型。通过数值计算方法分析风场渡越时间内脉冲数为2时的序列脉冲在中纬度地区夏季和冬季、热带地区、近北极地区夏季和冬季5种大气模型下的热晕效应。结果表明:当光束孔径为0.25 m,初始功率为200 kW,波形为高斯状的激光束在近北极冬季传输10 km后沿横轴方向光强峰值偏移0.056 9 m,而热带光强峰值强度偏移最远为0.224 m,为近北极冬季时的4倍;脉冲激光在热带传输10 km后的靶面功率仅为15.06 kW,近北极冬季靶面功率为热带的10.5倍。热带地区的热晕效应最明显,中纬度地区次之,近北极地区最弱。激光在夏季传输要比冬季传输的热晕效应严重,而且近北极地区夏季要比中纬度地区冬季的热晕效应更严重。     

Nonlinear diffraction of super-gaussian laser beams in an array of quantum-dot chains with coulomb interaction taken into account

We consider the propagation of super-Gaussian monochromatic laser beams in a three-dimensional array of quantum dots coupled by the tunneling effect along one axis. The electron energy spectrum of the system corresponds to the Hubbard model, where the Coulomb interaction of electrons in quantum dots is taken into account. The field of the laser beam is described by the Maxwell equations, from which a nonhomogeneous wave equation for the vector potential is obtained. In the approximation of slowly varying amplitudes and phases, the wave equation is reduced to a phenomenological equation describing the electromagnetic field in an array of chains of quantum dots. We study the influence of the system parameters and the frequency of the laser-beam field on the propagation in the medium by solving numerically the phenomenological equation. We obtain the dependence of the factor characterizing the diffraction blooming of the beam in an array of chains of quantum dots on the parameters of the system’s electron energy spectrum.     

大气参数精度对激光传输预估结果的影响

 通过对不同情况下参数测量误差导致的到靶激光平均功率密度变化的统计,得到了大气参数精度对激光传输计算结果的影响。风速和气溶胶吸收系数测量误差主要来自热晕效应的影响,热晕越强,对计算结果的影响就越大。强热晕时,风速±(5%～8%)的误差可导致计算结果约±10%的误差;气溶胶吸收权重±(10%～20%)的误差可导致计算结果约 10%的误差。强湍流弱热晕时,大气相干长度±(5%～7%)的误差可导致计算结果约±10%的误差。     

Self-consistent analysis of thermal far-field blooming of broad-area laser diodes

High-power broad-area laser diodes often suffer from a widening of the lateral (slow axis) far-field with increasing current, called thermal blooming, which is mainly caused by the non-uniform self-heating of the laser and has been studied for several decades. This paper presents the first self-consistent electro-thermal-optical simulation and analysis of such thermal blooming. Using a real InGaAs/GaAs broad-area laser as an example, a 900A/cm² higher current density is shown to lead to only 0.5K stronger lateral temperature drop inside the ridge waveguide but to a one degree wider slow axis far field. Small non-thermal blooming is also observed.     

掺镱双包层光纤激光器典型参数对斜线效率的影响

分析了双包层光纤激光器(DCFL)耦合方程的解析解，并对信号光散射损耗、后腔镜泵浦反射率等影响掺镱DCFL斜线效率的典型参数进行了理论研究。结果表明，斜线效率并不是随着后腔镜泵浦反射率的升高而单调增大，因为泵浦反射率的升高会影响光纤的最佳长度，从而降低斜线效率。所以在优化斜线效率时应该考虑到泵浦反射率和光纤最佳长度之间的匹配。同时，提高纤芯掺杂浓度、减小信号光散射损耗也能增大斜线效率。     

激光大气传输中热晕的数值模拟

采用快速傅里叶变换,研究了激光在大气传输中的热晕现象。得出了一定条件下,热晕随激光输入功率和传播距离的稳态变化规律,并计算了激光在大气中传输10km时发生热晕的功率阈值。在瞬态情况下,研究了有风和无风热晕现象。     

CW稳态热晕的数值模拟

运用本文推导的ＡＢＣＤ复杂光学系统的热晕积分方程，计算机数值模拟了ＣＷ稳态热晕，并对所得结果进行了讨论。     

稳态热晕非等晕效应的数值分析

运用高斯光束展开的方法,分析圆对称平顶光束在大气传输中的热晕及其非等晕效应。通过对热晕及非等晕效应引起的波前畸变作泽尼克多项式展开,得到了各阶泽尼克系数,进而求得热晕校正残差,数值计算得到的热晕拟合校正残差与现有理论公式得到的结果基本一致。对非等晕效应的数值模拟结果表明:在热畸变参数较小,且给定口径尺寸的情况下,热晕角度非等晕校正残差与非等晕角θ的平方成正比,热晕聚焦非等晕校正残差与信标高度的1.71次幂成反比。     

The Effect of Wind Directions on the Thermal Blooming of a Laser Beam Propagating in the Air

We investigate the effects of wind directions on the thermal blooming of a laser beam propagating in the air. We calculate the distributions and contours of the laser intensity for different wind directions and find that the thermal blooming for the laser propagating in the down-wind direction is weaker than that of the up-wind case.     

大功率光纤激光大气传输特性的研究

影响激光传输效果的主要因素包括大气分子和气溶胶粒子吸收以及由散射造成的衰减效应、大气湍流引起的湍流效应和强激光加热空气造成的热晕效应。针对光纤激光的大气传输进行了研究,研究了在1080nm特定波长的光纤激光大气传输过程中的大气湍流、热晕效应、湍流热晕相互作用对光纤激光远场功率密度的影响。     

Theoretical and experimental studies on high-power laser-induced thermal blooming effect in chamber with different gases

High-power laser induced thermal blooming effects in a closed chamber with three different gases are investigated theoretically and experimentally in this work. In the theoretical treatment, an incompressible gas turbulent model is adopted. In the numerical simulation the gas refractive index as a function of both the temperature and pressure is taken into consideration. In the experimental study the pump-probe technology is adopted. A high-power 1064-nm fiber laser with maximum output power of 12 kW is used to drive the gas thermal blooming, and a 50-mW high-beam-quality 637-nm laser diode (LD) is used as a probe beam. The influences of the gas thermal blooming in the chamber on the probe beam wavefront and beam quality are analyzed for three different gases of air, nitrogen, and helium, respectively. The results indicate that nitrogen is well suitable for restraining thermal blooming effect for high-power laser. The measured data are in good agreement with the simulated results.     

Blooming Processes in Flowers Studied By Dynamic Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (DESPI)

A dynamic electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) method was applied to study the blooming process in two kinds of flowers, the lily and the tulip. The complicated displacement fields of the flower petals were precisely monitored throughout the entire blooming process. The optical setup is a Fizeau type interferometer with relatively high robustness to air turbulence and vibrations. For quantitative evaluation of the displacement field, the subtraction-addition method (SAM), which utilizes only the digital signal processing of a sequence of images, was implemented. Measurements with accuracy in the range of λ/10 were achieved.     

The Effect of the Wind Speed on the Thermal Blooming of a Laser Beam Propagating in the Rain

In this paper, we investigate the effect of the wind speed on the thermal blooming of a laser beam propagating in the rain. In view of simulations, we obtain the contour distribution of the laser beam and calculate the change in air density by changing the wind speed for different rain rates. We find that with increase in the rain rate, the effect of the wind speed on the thermal blooming enhances.