微间隙受限液体行为与昆虫爪垫在光滑壁面的粘着机理

自然界中许多昆虫通过分泌一层油性液体薄膜实现其爪垫表皮和光滑壁面之间粘附和解粘附,从而实现在光滑壁布的快速爬行.为了提示昆虫爪垫与光滑壁面间微量液体薄膜对生物粘着的意义,基于自行研制的粘着接触实验仪,采用微量的[emim[Tf2N]离子液体和聚α烯烃油,观测其受限在纳米级光滑钢球表面与玻璃表面之间的接触行为以及法向粘着力.实验发现,临界体积(10^-12—10^-9L)范围内的受限液滴达到临界厚度（小于2μm）后会出现自动铺展和瞬时收缩行为，并同时提供幅值稳定且数值 关键词： 受限液体 粘着力 昆虫爪垫 类固化     

液滴在不同润湿性表面上蒸发时的动力学特性

基于润滑理论,采用滑移边界条件建立了二维液滴厚度的演化模型和移动接触线动力学模型,利用数值计算方法模拟了均匀加热基底上固着液滴蒸发时的动力学特性,分析了液-气、固-气和液-固界面张力温度敏感性对壁面润湿性和液滴动态特性的影响.结果表明,液滴的运动过程受毛细力、重力、热毛细力和蒸发的影响,重力对液滴铺展起促进作用,而毛细力、热毛细力则起抑制作用;通过改变界面张力温度敏感性系数,可使液滴蒸发过程中的接触线呈现处于钉扎或部分钉扎模式,且接触线钉扎模式下的液滴存续时间低于部分钉扎模式;提高液-气与液-固界面张力温度敏感系数均可改善壁面润湿性能,加快液滴铺展速率;而增大固-气界面张力温度敏感系数则导致壁面润湿性能恶化、延缓液滴铺展过程;通过改变固-气界面张力温度敏感系数更有利于调控处于蒸发状态下的液滴运动.     

平衡接触角对受热液滴在水平壁面上铺展特性的影响

壁面温度是影响壁面润湿性的重要外部条件. 为解决液滴铺展中三相接触线处应力集中问题, 已有研究多采用预置液膜假设, 但无法探究壁面温度对润湿性的影响. 本文针对受热液滴在固体壁面上的铺展过程, 基于润滑理论建立了演化模型, 通过数值模拟, 从平衡接触角角度分析了温度影响壁面润湿性及铺展过程的内部机理. 研究表明: 随温度梯度增大, 液滴所受Marangoni效应增强, 致使液滴向低温区的铺展速率加快; 铺展过程中, 位于高温区的接触线与液滴主体部分间形成一层薄液膜, 重力与热毛细力先后主导该区域的铺展; 当液-固或气-液界面张力对温度的敏感度高于另两个界面时, 低温区方向的平衡接触角不断增大, 使壁面润湿性恶化, 导致液滴铺展减慢; 而当气-固界面张力对温度的敏感度高于其他两个界面时, 低温区方向上的平衡接触角将减小, 由此改善壁面润湿性, 加快液滴铺展; 在温度影响壁面润湿性和液滴铺展过程中, 平衡接触角起关键作用.     

液-液驱替动力学研究

Marangoni效应是一种液体在界面张力梯度作用下的自发流动行为.液体界面上液体的Marangoni效应在工程技术领域具有重要作用.本文使用硅油作为驱动液体,正十六烷作为被驱动液体,十二烷基硫酸钠溶液作为液体基底,通过高速相机捕捉正十六烷受驱动铺展的整个过程,研究了三相液体系统中液滴的Marangoni效应.实验发现,正十六烷在硅油的驱动下从内向外铺展,形成液体圆环.本文根据正十六烷圆环内、外边界铺展行为,分析了正十六烷内边界和外边界的铺展原理,并研究了滴入硅油体积对于铺展过程的影响.研究发现,正十六烷内边界铺展与单一液滴的铺展规律相同,正十六烷内边界前期铺展由重力主导,内边界铺展标度律在R～t^1/4到R～t^1/2范围.随后铺展由界面张力梯度主导,内边界铺展标度律为R～t^3/4.因内边界铺展受重力影响,内边界的铺展速度与硅油体积成正相关.而正十六烷外边界在硅油驱动下,因接触角改变而产生界面张力梯度,在界面张力梯度作用下外边界铺展标度律为R～t^3/4.     

微液滴在不同能量表面上润湿状态的分子动力学模拟

微小液滴在不同能量表面上的润湿状态对于准确预测非均相核化速率和揭示界面效应影响液滴增长微观机理具有重要意义. 通过分子动力学模拟, 研究了纳米级液滴在不同能量表面上的铺展过程和润湿形态. 结果表明, 固液界面自由能随固液作用强度增加而增加, 并呈现不同液滴铺展速率和润湿特性. 固液作用强度小于1.6的低能表面呈现疏水特征, 继续增强固液作用强度时表面变为亲水, 而固液作用强度大于3.5的高能表面上液体呈完全润湿特征. 受微尺度条件下非连续、非对称作用力影响, 微液滴气液界面存在明显波动, 呈现与宏观液滴不同的界面特征. 统计意义下, 微小液滴在不同能量表面上铺展后仍可以形成特定接触角, 该接触角随固液作用强度增加而线性减小, 模拟结果与经典润湿理论计算获得的结果呈现相似变化趋势. 模拟结果从分子尺度为核化理论中的毛细假设提供了理论支持, 揭示了液滴气液界面和接触角的波动现象, 为核化速率理论预测结果和实验测定结果之间的差异提供了定性解释.     

液滴在非互溶大黏度比液体表面的铺展特性

利用基于润滑理论的液滴在非互溶液体表面铺展的物理模型,探讨大黏度比情形下黏度比对液滴演化过程和平衡形状的影响,分析液滴厚度、铺展半径等特征参数的变化。结果表明：接触线附近液—液界面的变形受黏度比和表面张力比的影响;提高黏度比将导致铺展速率降低、时间常数减小,进而延长演化历程,但不影响液滴最终稳定形状;铺展半径与时间的关系满足x_max= 1 - 0.2 exp(- βt);大黏度比液滴铺展后期并未出现小黏度比时的惯性振荡现象。     

薄液滴在润湿性受限轨道上的热毛细迁移特性

通过固体表面改性可对液滴热毛细迁移过程进行调控.基于润滑理论和滑移模型建立了均匀温度梯度作用下液滴在润湿性受限轨道上运动的数学模型,通过将基底划分成亲水区域和疏水区域构建了润湿性受限轨道.结合接触线动力学提出了三维液滴在不同方向上接触线移动速度的计算方法,得到了液滴热毛细迁移的演化历程,分析了轨道宽度和润湿性对液滴迁移特性的影响.研究表明:液滴主体受温度梯度作用由高温区向低温区迁移,液滴后缘在移动过程中与主体部分间形成一层薄液膜,即薄液膜拖尾.液滴在垂直于轨道方向上的铺展受到抑制,收缩到轨道边缘后保持定扎状态.前进接触线移动速度开始时迅速减小,后缓慢降低趋于平稳;前进接触线移动速度与轨道宽度呈负相关.垂直于轨道方向上的壁面润湿性限制导致的排挤作用,在初始的短暂时刻对液滴在轨道上的热毛细迁移具有加速作用.液滴前进接触线移动速度与轨道润湿性呈正相关.增强轨道润湿性使得后退接触线移动速度的初始值增大,但对其稳定值影响不大.相比于改变轨道润湿性,改变轨道宽度更易于调控液滴热毛细迁移过程.     

含活性剂液滴在倾斜粗糙壁面上的铺展稳定性

针对含非溶性活性剂液滴在倾斜粗糙壁面上的铺展过程, 应用润滑理论推导出基态和扰动态下液膜厚度和活性剂浓度的演化方程组, 基于非模态理论研究了液滴铺展的稳定性特征, 探讨了相关参数的影响及其内在机理. 研究表明: 液膜厚度和活性剂浓度扰动量均呈现双驼峰型变化, 且峰值位于液滴底部凹陷处; 随扰动波数k增加, 最易失稳区域由液滴底部右侧凹陷处移至左侧凹陷, 壁面结构的影响逐渐减弱, 液滴铺展历程趋于稳定; 增加壁面倾角θ 将导致液滴铺展不稳定性加剧, 增大壁面高度D和壁面波数k₀均导致液滴铺展稳定性先增强后减弱; 随毛细数C减小, 液滴铺展稳定性下降, 重力的影响逐渐突显, 扰动量最大值呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势.     

固体表面液滴铺展与润湿接触线的移动分析

液滴在固体表面上的铺展行为与润湿特性对许多工业生产过程的研究具有重要意义.根据液滴在光滑表面上的受力情况,建立了液滴平壁铺展的动力学模型.应用润滑近似方法和二维Navier-Stokes方程,建立了液滴沿理想表面铺展的动量和连续性方程.根据建立的方程,应用数值解法求解并详细分析了液滴在铺展过程中膜厚、接触线铺展半径以及铺展速度随时间的变化关系.研究结果表明:液滴的铺展过程可分为扩展和收缩两个阶段,铺展过程伴随着表面能、动能以及各种势能的相互转化,液滴最终的铺展半径大小由固体基面固有的润湿特性所决定;液滴在铺展过程中出现的"坍塌效应"与弯曲液面处的Laplace压力差有关;铺展半径随时间变化的标定律近似满足"1/7"次方标度律.     

基于MPS方法的水平圆柱表面液滴流动现象研究

本文改进MPS方法的壁面边界条件,模拟了不同液滴-圆柱尺寸比α和Do数下的水平圆柱表面液滴流动现象。结果表明,该现象可以分为四个阶段,即初始接触铺展,周向铺展而轴向收缩,顶部收缩而底部汇合以及底部液滴落下。在α和Re数-定的情况下,随Do的增大,液滴会依次出现四种运动形态,即稳定停留在圆柱顶部,稳定停留在圆柱底部,在圆柱底部汇合后落下以及在圆柱底部汇合前落下。随α减小,形态转变的Do数区间会减小,在α足够小时,底部停留的形态会消失。     

Contact mechanics analysis of oscillatory sliding of a rigid fractal surface against an elastic–plastic half-space

Oscillatory sliding contact between a rigid rough surface and an elastic–plastic half-space is examined in the context of numerical simulations. Stick-slip at asperity contacts is included in the analysis in the form of a modified Mindlin theory. Two friction force components are considered – adhesion (depending on the real area of contact, shear strength and interfacial adhesive strength) and plowing (accounting for the deformation resistance of the plastically deformed half-space). Multi-scale surface roughness is described by fractal geometry, whereas the interfacial adhesive strength is represented by a floating parameter that varies between zero (adhesionless surfaces) and one (perfectly adhered surfaces). The effects of surface roughness, apparent contact pressure, oscillation amplitude, elastic–plastic properties of the half-space and interfacial adhesion on contact deformation are interpreted in the light of numerical results of the energy dissipation, maximum tangential (friction) force and slip index. A non-monotonic trend of the energy dissipation and maximum tangential force is observed with increasing surface roughness, which is explained in terms of the evolution of the elastic and plastic fractions of truncated asperity contact areas. The decrease of energy dissipation with increasing apparent contact pressure is attributed to the increase of the elastic contact area fraction and the decrease of the slip index. For a half-space with fixed yield strength, a lower elastic modulus produces a higher tangential force, whereas a higher elastic modulus yields a higher slip index. These two competing effects lead to a non-monotonic dependence of the energy dissipation on the elastic modulus-to-yield strength ratio of the half-space. The effect of interfacial adhesion on the oscillatory contact behaviour is more pronounced for smoother surfaces because the majority of asperity contacts deform elastically and adhesion is the dominant friction mechanism. For rough surfaces, higher interfacial adhesion yields less energy dissipation because more asperity contacts exhibit partial slip.     

Effect of solid surface on the formation of thin confined lubricating film of water with micro-content of oil

The formation of confined film between two contacting surfaces is significant for evaluating the lubricating ability of liquid. A micro-content of oil in water was experimentally demonstrated to be significantly effective to the film formation of water, which was much thicker than predicted by elastohydrodynamic lubrication theory. The effect of solid surface characteristics on the liquid film confined in a nanogap has been investigated. The film forming performances of such films were presented. The work of adhesion between two different phases was calculated, and the competitive wetting behaviours of water and oil on different solid surfaces were employed to understand the film formation mechanism.     

Effect of surface physicochemical properties on the lubricating properties of water film

Effect of surface physicochemical properties on the water film confined within a nanogap was investigated. The film thickness and friction force were measured by the Relative Optical Interference Intensity (ROII) method and a UMT-2MT tribotester. It was found that the confined water film formed the thicker lubricate film than the prediction of elastic-isoviscous lubrication theory. Experimental results indicate that the higher the solid/water interfacial energy is, the thicker lubricate film the highly viscous “interphase” water layer forms and the lower the friction force is.     

Adhesion control by inflation: implications from biology to artificial attachment device

There is an increasing demand for materials that incorporate advanced adhesion properties, such as an ability to adhere in a reversible and controllable manner. In biological systems, these features are known from adhesive pads of the tree frog, Litoria caerulea, and the bush-cricket, Tettigonia viridissima. These species have convergently developed soft, hemispherically shaped pads that might be able to control their adhesion through active changing the curvature of the pad. Inspired by these biological systems, an artificial model system is developed here. It consists of an inflatable membrane clamped to the metallic cylinder and filled with air. Pull-off force measurements of the membrane surface were conducted in contact with the membrane at five different radii of curvature r _c with (1) a smooth polyvinylsiloxane membrane and (2) mushroom-shaped adhesive microstructured membrane made of the same polymer. The hypothesis that an increased internal pressure, acting on the membrane, reduces the radius of the membrane curvature, resulting in turn in a lower pull-off force, is verified. Such an active control of adhesion, inspired by biological models, will lead to the development of industrial pick-and-drop devices with controllable adhesive properties.     

纳米接触过程中黏着规律的变化

本文应用大规模分子动力学方法, 模拟了两种具有不同粗糙形貌的、刚性球形探头与弹性平面基体之间的纳米尺度接触, 计算了探头与基体之间的拉离力和黏着功, 研究了接触过程中界面黏着力随载荷的变化规律, 分析了接触界面原子的法向应力分布. 研究发现, 原子级光滑接触的黏着力随着载荷的增大而线性增大, 而原子级粗糙接触的黏着力-载荷曲线分为以不同斜率增长的两个阶段. 相比于原子级光滑探头, 原子级粗糙探头与基体之间具有较小的拉离力和黏着功, 却在接触过程中形成了较大的黏着力. 因此, 拉离力和黏着功不能表征出纳米接触过程中原子吸引作用对界面法向力的贡献大小.     

SiC过渡层对氟化类金刚石薄膜附着特性的影响

采用射频反应磁控溅射法在316L不锈钢基片上分别沉积了两种薄膜:一种是氟化类金刚石薄膜(F-DLC),另一种是先镀上一定厚度的SiC过渡层再沉积F-DLC.着重研究了薄膜的附着力随过渡层制备条件的变化规律.结果显示,增加SiC过渡层后薄膜的附着力明显增加,且附着力随SiC过渡层的制备条件有所变化,在射频输入功率为200 W,沉积时间5min制备出的SiC过渡层上再沉积F-DLC时,附着力可达8.7 N,远高于未加过渡层时F-DLC膜的附着力(4 N).通过研究SiC的沉积速率曲线、表面形貌和红外光谱,探讨了SiC过渡层及其制备条件影响薄膜附着力的相关机制.     

The Surface Wettability and Adhesion of Poly(Ester Urethane)s and Poly(Ether Urethane)s

In this study the wetting characteristics of untreated and plasma-treated polyurethane thin films were investigated. The degree of wettability was investigated by measuring the contact angle formed between a liquid drop and the solid surface. The work of adhesion, interfacial free energy, spreading coefficient, and Girifalco–Good's interaction parameter changed significantly for plasma-treated polyurethane films. Both complete and partial wetting were analyzed from the spreading coefficient of liquid drops on the solid substrate.     

The formation of liquid bridge in different operating modes of AFM

The liquid bridge is one of the principal factors that cause artifacts in ambient-pressure atomic force microscope (AFM) images. Additionally, it is the main component of the adhesion force in ambient conditions. To understand the AFM imaging mechanism and the sample characteristics, it is essential to study the liquid bridge. This study interprets the physical mechanism involved in liquid bridge formation, which is composed of three different physical processes: the squeezing process, capillary condensation, and liquid film flow. We discuss the contributions of these three mechanisms to the volume and the capillary force of the liquid bridge in different AFM operation modes.