高选择性和稳定性SnO_2纳米催化剂上CO_2电化学还原为甲酸（英文）

作为最重要的还原产品,甲酸是CO_2还原中非常有价值的液体燃料.已有研究报道,Sn类金属电极对甲酸生成有很好的催化活性,所用电解液均为KHCO_3溶液(0.5 mol/L),但多数研究没有对其电解液条件的影响给出清晰解释.一般而言,电解液pH值会影响H2O和CO_2还原的电极电势,酸性环境有利于氢析出,碱性环境则不利于甲酸形成.在中性偏碱性环境,CO_2电解可以提供维持氧化物稳定性的可能性.同时,电解质浓度也极大地影响甲酸形成.研究表明,当在固定床反应器中使用Sn颗粒电极,在KHCO_3溶液(0.5 mol/L)中甲酸的法拉第效率比K_2CO_3溶液(0.1 mol/L)的法拉第效率更大.我们研究组通过简单的水热自组装法成功制备了一种纳米结构SnO_2催化剂.其中SnO_2-50纳米催化剂由三维多级结构组成,为纳米颗粒和微米球的聚集体,其中含有直径为500 nm-1μm的高度多孔结构.该催化剂负载气体扩散电极用于CO_2电化学还原,表现出优异的CO_2还原催化活性和甲酸选择性.与其他文献报道相比,该电极具有明显的低过电位(-0.56 V vs.SHE).经研究发现,这与甲酸形成由传质和电荷传递过程控制有关,同时CO_2还原强烈依赖于电解液条件.此外,催化剂的电化学性能和甲酸选择性强烈依赖于电解液浓度.在0.5 mol/L KHCO_3电解液中,当电解液浓度为0.1-0.5mol/L时,催化性能随电解液浓度增加而提高,同时在电解液浓度为0.5 mol/L时催化性能达到最佳,获得56%的甲酸法拉第效率,这主要是由于HCO3-直接参与反应的结果.在电解液浓度较低时,甲酸的形成由传质控制,而在电解液浓度较高时,甲酸的形成则由电荷传递控制.同时我们发现在形成甲酸过程中,电解液pH值对CO_2电化学还原过程有很大影响.为了研究电解液pH值影响,重点考察了pH值分别为6,7,8.3和9时的电位值,其原因是酸性过高有利于氢气形成,碱度过高不利于甲酸形成.结果表明,pH=8.3的电解液为CO_2还原的最佳电解液条件.此外,在最负的电势下,电解液pH=8.3时,阴极电流密度比其他电解液都大,几乎是pH=6的电解液的2倍.此时在中性偏碱性环境下,CO_2还原可以提供维持氧化物稳定性的可能性.当电解液pH增加到9.0时,甲酸产量及法拉第效率略有下降,可能是碱性环境不利于甲酸形成.同时,对SnO_2-50纳米催化剂经28 h电解后的甲酸法拉第效率的衰减机制进行了深入研究.结果表明,随着电解时间延长,甲酸法拉第效率衰减.电解时间为1-28 h时,法拉第效率和甲酸产量均保持平稳下降趋势,28 h后法拉第效率由初始的56%降至24%.有文献报道,甲酸法拉第效率随电解时间的改变主要是由于阳极上甲酸的氧化或阴极上杂质的污染.为了证明阴极电解后的状态,我们对SnO_2-50/GDL阴极电解前后的XPS谱进行了分析.结果发现,法拉第效率的下降是由于痕量氟离子沉积到SnO_2-50/GDL电极表面,这些痕量氟离子可能来自反应槽,阻碍电极表面CO_2电化学还原为甲酸.     

电解液中的乙二胺四甲叉膦酸对甲酸在炭载Pd催化剂上电氧化性能的影响

利用X射线能量色散(EDS)谱、X射线衍射(XRD)谱、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和电化学等技术研究了在电解液中添加乙二胺四甲叉膦酸(EDTMP)对甲酸在Pd/C催化剂上电氧化性能的影响. 结果表明, 当EDTMP添加的浓度为0.5 mmol/L时, Pd/C催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化活性和稳定性最好. 这主要归结于吸附在Pd/C催化剂表面的EDTMP不但能通过基团效应降低CO的吸附量, 还能抑制Pd/C催化剂催化甲酸分解的速率, 从而减少了CO的毒化作用. 但当EDTMP的浓度大于0.5 mmol/L时, 吸附过多的EDTMP反而会占据Pd的活性位点, 降低催化作用.     

SnO2/GDE阴极的制备及电催化还原CO2产甲酸性能

采用低温水热合成法制备了碳纸基底的SnO₂气体扩散电极(SnO₂/GDE), 并对其物化特性与催化还原CO₂产甲酸性能进行了研究. 扫描电子显微镜、 X射线衍射及X射线光电子能谱表征结果表明, 在60, 75, 100 ℃下制备的催化剂均为分散性良好的纳米SnO₂粉体, 其粒径分别为7.9, 11.8和12.9 nm. 循环伏安、 线性扫描伏安和电化学交流阻抗测试结果显示电极均具有优异的电催化活性, 其电化学活性表面积分别为150, 470, 240 cm ², 通过等效电路拟合后电阻分别为8.5, 3.9, 6.6 Ω·cm ². 在-1.8 V(vs. SCE)电位下电解, 通入电量500 C时, 电极都具有较高电催化还原CO₂产甲酸性能, 而75 ℃下制备的电极性能最佳, 产甲酸电流密度为22.8 mA/cm ² , 产甲酸法拉第效率高达93.5%; 该电极经过20 h长时间电解后, 产甲酸电流密度可维持在12.8 mA/cm ² , 产甲酸法拉第效率稳定在约65%.     

间接电氧化2-丁酮制备α-羟基缩酮的研究

在板框式循环电解槽中,以KOH为电解质,KI为催化剂,石墨电极分别为阳极和阴极,研究电化学间接氧化2-丁酮合成乙偶姻中间体α-羟基缩酮,讨论电流密度、极板间电解液流速、电解液中2-丁酮浓度、电解温度以及通电量等电解条件对中间体收率和电流效率的影响,经优选工艺条件为：电流密度40 mA·cm^-2,流速6.4 cm·s^-1,2-丁酮浓度1.75 mol·L^-1,电解温度30℃,通电量为1.5 F·moL^-1时,中间体收率可达78.9%,电流效率40.1%. 循环伏安测试结果表明,电解时碘离子在阳极氧化生成碘单质,甲醇在阴极还原生成甲氧基负离子,原料2-丁酮与电解产物反应,并最终生成乙偶姻中间体.     

磷钨酸对甲酸在碳载Pt催化剂上电氧化的促进作用

用X射线能谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)和电化学等测试技术研究了电解液中的磷钨酸(PWA)对甲酸在碳载Pt(Pt/C)催化剂电极上氧化的促进作用。 结果表明,PWA不但能提高甲酸在Pt/C催化剂电极上氧化的电催化活性,而且也能提高其电催化稳定性。 这种促进作用与电解液中PWA的浓度有关,当电解液中PWA的质量浓度为0.10 g/L时,这种促进作用最佳。 这主要是由于电解液中PWA质量浓度＞0.10 g/L时,吸附到电极表面的PWA的量太多,占据了Pt/C催化剂电极中Pt表面的部分活性位点,从而降低了催化剂的电催化性能。     

NH_4~+对甲酸在炭载Pd催化剂上氧化性能的影响

为了解HClO4、NH4ClO4和NaClO4电解液对炭载Pd(Pd/C)催化剂电极对甲酸氧化的电催化性能的影响,在用X射线衍射(XRD)谱、能量色散谱(EDS)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对Pd/C催化剂进行表征的基础上,采用电化学方法测量了Pd/C催化剂在不同电解液中对甲酸氧化的电催化性能.发现在不同电解液中,Pd/C催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化活性和稳定性按NH4ClO4NaClO4HClO4的次序降低.由于甲酸的存在,不同电解液的pH相差较小,因此,电解液的pH影响较小,而阳离子的影响较大.在NaClO4电解液中的性能优于在HClO4电解液中的性能是pH的影响.在NH4ClO4电解液中的性能优于在NaClO4电解液中是由于NH4+能降低CO在Pd/C催化剂电极上的吸附强度和吸附量,这一发现对提高直接甲酸燃料电池(DFAFC)的性能很有意义.     

H型电解池中CO2电化学还原的阳极电解液问题

采用自制的H型电解池开展了KHCO₃溶液中电化学还原CO₂制甲酸的研究. 研究发现,在电解池中长时间电解时阴阳两极间的电压（槽电压）会持续升高,导致电解过程不可持续. 经过恒电位电解、恒电流电解、pH测试以及电解前后阳极室KHCO₃浓度分析等实验研究,作者发现,这是由以下过程引起的：阳极上的析氧反应产生的H⁺与电解液中的HCO₃^-反应生成水和CO₂,导致阳极室的HCO₃^-的消耗,之后阳极室的K⁺被迫扩散进入阴极室而导致阳极室电解质浓度下降. 因此,阳极室电解液导电性下降,进而引起阳极电位的升高. 研究发现,阳极电解液具有碱性时,都可能发生此种现象,因此,为了保证电解过程可持续且保持高的能量转换效率,阳极液的电解质不能是任何具有碱性的物质.     

过渡金属修饰对铜箔电催化还原CO2的性能影响

CO2还原是一种解决温室效应以及能源短缺问题的有效方式.目前对于水溶液体系中的CO2还原,主要有光催化、电催化以及光电催化等方法,其中还原CO2法可在室温下进行,并较易实现大规模应用.由于金属电极在CO2电催化还原过程中表现较高电流密度和催化性能,使得目前研究的热点集中于金属电极的修饰改性.金属Cu与H2, CO结合能力适中,并且对生成碳氢化合物具有较好的催化性能,因此其在催化CO2还原中具有较大潜力.以往对于Cu的研究主要集中在表面修饰、调控表面结构以及制备合金等方向,其中对金属进行氧化后再还原的处理也是提高其催化活性的一种有效手段.氧化后还原得到的铜具有较大的粗糙度,且暴露的活性位点更多,对CO2还原具有较好的催化活性.我们对铜箔在空气氛围下、300oC焙烧5 h,然后恒电位还原,再进行过渡金属Ni、Zn、Au的修饰,研究所得样品电催化还原CO2性能.电极的表面形貌用扫描电镜表征, CO2还原的液相和气相产物分别用核磁和在线气相色谱进行检测.
　　修饰后电极的形貌没有发生太大变化,仍具有十分粗糙的表面结构.通过线性扫描伏安曲线可以看出,修饰Zn、Au后电流密度较未修饰前有明显增加,但是由于CO2还原过程中不可避免地伴随析氢副反应,因此,我们通过计算产物的法拉第效率来表征修饰后的电极对产物选择性的改变：未修饰时,在?1.2至?1.6 V均可检测到甲酸的生成,电位负于?1.4 V时可以检测到乙醇和正丙醇. Ni的修饰明显提高了甲酸的法拉第效率,也促进了正丙醇的生成.?1.3 V时甲酸的法拉第效率为26.0%,?1.5 V时液相产物的法拉第效率为34.3%.在线气相色谱结果发现, Ni的修饰也明显提高了CO的法拉第效率,在?1.4 V下, CO的法拉第效率为44.6%.这可能是由于Ni (r =0.1246 nm)的原子半径比Cu (r =0.1278 nm)更小,因此Ni的修饰会使Cu发生晶格收缩、导致d带中心下移而降低了CO的结合能,从而更易生成CO和HCOOH;而修饰Ni后对CO2还原产物正丙醇的提高可能是由于Ni的引入促进了C–C键的形成.修饰Zn后,甲酸的产率明显下降,在?1.6 V下甲酸的法拉第效率只有14.8%,但是乙醇与正丙醇的法拉第效率分别为1.6%与2.0%,相较于未修饰的电极略有提高.修饰Au后,液相产物甲酸及醇类的法拉第效率明显下降,在?1.5 V下,甲酸的法拉第效率只有7.9%,且只检测到少量的乙醇,未检测到正丙醇的生成,这可能与Au修饰后的电极对CO2还原中间体CO的吸附较弱有关,生成的CO中间体更易从表面脱附,而难以被进一步还原.     

泡沫铜负载硫化亚铜电极高效电催化还原二氧化碳制备甲酸（英文）

电催化还原二氧化碳制备甲酸是备受关注的热点问题。而电极材料是决定还原效率的重要因素。本文通过电沉积方法在泡沫铜上直接制备纳米结构硫化亚铜薄膜,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)对其结构性能进行了系统研究。以硫化亚铜作为阴极电催化材料、0.5 mol·L~(–1) 1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐的乙腈溶液为电解液,在该体系中可高效催化转化二氧化碳为甲酸。结果表明,这一电解体系可有效实现电化学反应,甲酸的法拉第效率(FEHCOOH)可以达到85%,同时甲酸还原电流密度可达到5.3 mA·cm~(–2)。     

Cu/Cu2+沉积型电极在流动酸性电解液中的电化学性能

在流动的高浓度硫酸铜酸性溶液中, 研究了H2SO4浓度、 温度和CuSO4浓度对Cu/Cu2+沉积型电极在石墨基体上电化学性能的影响. 结果表明, 沉积型铜电极反应受控于阴极沉积过程, 室温下动力学过程较慢, 但铜沉积致密, 不易形成枝晶和海绵状铜. 适当提高H2SO4和CuSO4浓度及反应温度可降低铜沉积的极化, 改善其动力学特征; 但Cu离子的溶解度受限于H2SO4浓度, CuSO4浓度提升空间有限. 优化电解液组成为2.5 mol/L H2SO4＋0.7 mol/L CuSO4, 反应温度45 ℃. 在此条件下, 铜在石墨基体上沉积/溶解的交换电流密度提高1个数量级, 具有良好的动力学特征, 单电极充放电电压差降低近50%, 能量效率超过80%.     

Densely Packed,Ultra Small SnO Nanoparticles for Enhanced Activity and Selectivity in Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Controlling the selectivity in electrochemical CO₂ reduction is an unsolved challenge. While tin (Sn) has emerged as a promising non‐precious catalyst for CO₂ electroreduction, most Sn‐based catalysts produce formate as the major product, which is less desirable than CO in terms of separation and further use. Tin monoxide (SnO) nanoparticles supported on carbon black were synthesized and assembled and their application in CO₂ reduction was studied. Remarkably high selectivity and partial current densities for CO formation were obtained using these SnO nanoparticles compared to other Sn catalysts. The high activity is attributed to the ultra‐small size of the nanoparticles (2.6 nm), while the high selectivity is attributed to a local pH effect arising from the dense packing of nanoparticles in the conductive carbon black matrix.     

Densely Packed,Ultra Small SnO Nanoparticles for Enhanced Activity and Selectivity in Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Controlling the selectivity in electrochemical CO₂ reduction is an unsolved challenge. While tin (Sn) has emerged as a promising non‐precious catalyst for CO₂ electroreduction, most Sn‐based catalysts produce formate as the major product, which is less desirable than CO in terms of separation and further use. Tin monoxide (SnO) nanoparticles supported on carbon black were synthesized and assembled and their application in CO₂ reduction was studied. Remarkably high selectivity and partial current densities for CO formation were obtained using these SnO nanoparticles compared to other Sn catalysts. The high activity is attributed to the ultra‐small size of the nanoparticles (2.6 nm), while the high selectivity is attributed to a local pH effect arising from the dense packing of nanoparticles in the conductive carbon black matrix.     

Selective and Efficient Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Carbon Monoxide on Oxide‐Derived Nanostructured Silver Electrocatalysts

In this work, the selective electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide on oxide‐derived silver electrocatalysts is presented. By a simple synthesis technique, the overall high faradaic efficiency for CO production on the oxide‐derived Ag was shifted by more than 400 mV towards a lower overpotential compared to that of untreated Ag. Notably, the Ag resulting from Ag oxide is capable of electrochemically reducing CO₂ to CO with approximately 80 % catalytic selectivity at a moderate overpotential of 0.49 V, which is much higher than that (ca. 4 %) of untreated Ag under identical conditions. Electrokinetic studies show that the improved catalytic activity is ascribed to the enhanced stabilization of COOH^. intermediate. Furthermore, highly nanostructured Ag is likely able to create a high local pH near the catalyst surface, which may also facilitate the catalytic activity for the reduction of CO₂ with suppressed H₂ evolution.     

Tailoring Copper Nanocrystals towards C2 Products in Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Favoring the CO₂ reduction reaction (CO2RR) over the hydrogen evolution reaction and controlling the selectivity towards multicarbon products are currently major scientific challenges in sustainable energy research. It is known that the morphology of the catalyst can modulate catalytic activity and selectivity, yet this remains a relatively underexplored area in electrochemical CO₂ reduction. Here, we exploit the material tunability afforded by colloidal chemistry to establish unambiguous structure/property relations between Cu nanocrystals and their behavior as electrocatalysts for CO₂ reduction. Our study reveals a non‐monotonic size‐dependence of the selectivity in cube‐shaped copper nanocrystals. Among 24 nm, 44 nm and 63 nm cubes tested, the cubes with 44 nm edge length exhibited the highest selectivity towards CO2RR (80 %) and faradaic efficiency for ethylene (41 %). Statistical analysis of the surface atom density suggests the key role played by edge sites in CO2RR.     

Tin oxide dependence of the CO2 reduction efficiency on tin electrodes and enhanced activity for tin/tin oxide thin-film catalysts

The importance of tin oxide (SnO(x)) to the efficiency of CO(2) reduction on Sn was evaluated by comparing the activity of Sn electrodes that had been subjected to different pre-electrolysis treatments. In aqueous NaHCO(3) solution saturated with CO(2), a Sn electrode with a native SnO(x) layer exhibited potential-dependent CO(2) reduction activity consistent with previously reported activity. In contrast, an electrode etched to expose fresh Sn(0) surface exhibited higher overall current densities but almost exclusive H(2) evolution over the entire 0.5 V range of potentials examined. Subsequently, a thin-film catalyst was prepared by simultaneous electrodeposition of Sn(0) and SnO(x) on a Ti electrode. This catalyst exhibited up to 8-fold higher partial current density and 4-fold higher faradaic efficiency for CO(2) reduction than a Sn electrode with a native SnO(x) layer. Our results implicate the participation of SnO(x) in the CO(2) reduction pathway on Sn electrodes and suggest that metal/metal oxide composite materials are promising catalysts for sustainable fuel synthesis.     

Perfluorinated Covalent Triazine Framework Derived Hybrids for the Highly Selective Electroconversion of Carbon Dioxide into Methane

Developing cost‐effective electrocatalysts for high‐selectivity CO₂ electroreduction remains challenging. We herein report a perfluorinated covalent triazine framework (CTF) electrocatalyst that displays very high selectivity in the electroreduction of CO₂ to CH₄ with a faradaic efficiency of 99.3 % in aqueous electrolyte. Systematic characterization and electrochemical studies, in combination with density functional theory calculations, demonstrate that the presence of both nitrogen and fluorine in the CTF provides a unique pathway that is inaccessible with the individual components for CO₂ electroreduction.     

反应条件对铜催化CO2电还原的影响

工业规模的化石能源消耗导致大气中二氧化碳含量不断增加,CO₂转化利用成为人们日益关注的热点问题. 金属铜因其成本低廉、储量丰富,并且具有独特的CO₂亲和力能够生成多碳化合物,是目前CO₂电还原中研究最为广泛深入的电极材料. 由于阴、阳离子的特征吸附对Cu电极性能有显著影响,并且不同反应体系中对Cu电极上CO₂吸附、活化影响也有所不同,因此导致金属Cu电极上报道的电催化活性、产物种类与选择性等都非常宽泛. 基于此,有必要系统地研究各种反应条件对金属Cu电极电催化CO₂还原性能的影响. 作者选择了平均粒径为600 nm的商品化金属Cu颗粒作为电还原CO₂的催化剂,研究了不同反应条件包括各种常用电解质溶液、KHCO₃的浓度以及H型电解池和流动池. 实验结果表明,浓度为0.5 mol·L ^-1的KHCO₃作为电解质溶液具有较好催化活性和较高的产物分电流密度,流动池可以进一步提高主要产物甲酸盐和CO的分电流密度. 本研究工作从反应条件的角度对CO₂还原的电催化转化进行了系统研究,有助于理解电解液和反应器等因素对CO₂电还原反应过程的影响规律.     

Metal‐Free Nitrogen‐Doped Mesoporous Carbon for Electroreduction of CO2 to Ethanol

CO₂ electroreduction is a promising technique for satisfying both renewable energy storage and a negative carbon cycle. However, it remains a challenge to convert CO₂ into C2 products with high efficiency and selectivity. Herein, we report a nitrogen‐doped ordered cylindrical mesoporous carbon as a robust metal‐free catalyst for CO₂ electroreduction, enabling the efficient production of ethanol with nearly 100 % selectivity and high faradaic efficiency of 77 % at −0.56 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode. Experiments and density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the synergetic effect of the nitrogen heteroatoms and the cylindrical channel configurations facilitate the dimerization of key CO* intermediates and the subsequent proton–electron transfers, resulting in superior electrocatalytic performance for synthesizing ethanol from CO₂.     

Quasi-square-shaped cadmium hydroxide nanocatalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction with high efficiency

Powered by a renewable electricity source, electrochemical CO₂ reduction reaction is a promising solution to facilitate the carbon balance. However, it is still a challenge to achieve a desired product with commercial current density and high efficiency. Herein we designed quasi-square-shaped cadmium hydroxide nanocatalysts for CO₂ electroreduction to CO. It was discovered that the catalyst is very active and selective for the reaction. The current density could be as high as 200 mA cm⁻² with a nearly 100% selectivity in a commonly used H-type cell using the ionic liquid-based electrolyte. In addition, the faradaic efficiency of CO could reach 90% at a very low overpotential of 100 mV. Density functional theory studies and control experiments reveal that the outstanding performance of the catalyst was attributed to its unique structure. It not only provides low Cd–O coordination, but also exposes high activity (002) facet, which requires lower energy for the formation of CO. Besides, the high concentration of CO can be achieved from the low concentration CO₂via an adsorption-electrolysis device.

Quasi-square cadmium hydroxide nanocrystals (Cdhy-QS) showed outstanding performance for electroreduction CO₂ to CO.     

Au/SnO2的制备及其低温CO氧化催化性能

用沉积-沉淀法制备了不同金含量的Au/SnO2催化剂.采用XRD和UV-Vis等手段对催化剂样品进行了表征并考察了沉积溶液的pH值、金的负载量、焙烧温度和气氛等对Au/SnO2催化CO氧化活性的影响.结果表明：当沉积溶液的pH=9～10时,所制得的金属金的平均粒径最小；随着金的负载量的增大,金属金的粒径增大, Au/SnO2的催化活性降低；在所研究的条件下, Au/SnO2前驱体在空气中473 K下焙烧4 h,得到的催化剂活性最高；在氢气中373 K下处理2 h的Au/SnO2的催化活性在所有样品中是最高的.