夹层动脉瘤及覆膜支架模型的流固耦合分析

腹主动脉瘤腹主动脉瘤(Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm,AAA)是危及病人生命的严重疾病,若主动脉瘤不加以治疗,瘤腔将不断长大而有破裂的危险,尽管目前对主动脉瘤的研究较多,但对主动脉夹层动脉瘤(Aortic Dissecting Aneruysm,ADA)的研究较少,本文在周期性脉动速度和压力条件下,对DNA内部流场及植入覆膜支架进行了流固耦合的数值模拟.得到了夹层动脉瘤内部流场的速度矢量分布,瘤壁上的位移、应力分布.同时对夹层动脉瘤植入覆膜支架前后进行了对比分析,覆膜支架的植入使得瘤壁上的最大应力和最大位移均从瘤腔壁面转移到管状动脉壁上,且数值大大下降,说明植入覆膜支架能很好的防止夹层动脉瘤破裂.     

Modeling of drag reduction in turbulent channel flow with hydrophobic walls by FVM method and weakly-compressible flow equations

In this paper the effects of hydrophobic wall on skin-friction drag in the channel flow are investigated through large eddy simulation on the basis of weaklycompressible flow equations with the MacCormack's scheme on collocated mesh in the FVM framework. The slip length model is adopted to describe the behavior of the slip velocities in the streamwise and spanwise directions at the interface between the hydrophobic wall and turbulent channel flow. Simulation results are presented by analyzing flow behaviors over hydrophobic wall with the Smagorinky subgrid-scale model and a dynamic model on computational meshes of different resolutions. Comparison and analysis are made on the distributions of timeaveraged velocity, velocity fluctuations, Reynolds stress as well as the skin-friction drag. Excellent agreement between the present study and previous results demonstrates the accuracy of the simple classical second-order scheme in representing turbulent vertox near hydrophobic wall. In addition, the relation of drag reduction efficiency versus time-averaged slip velocity is established. It is also foundthat the decrease of velocity gradient in the close wall region is responsible for the drag reduction. Considering its advantages of high calculation precision and efficiency, the present method has good prospect in its application to practical projects.     

Pulsatile flows in a lateral aneurysm anchored on a stented and curved parent vessel

We present particle tracking velocimetry measurements and flow visualization of pulsatile flow fields in a stented cerebrovascular lateral aneurysm model with a wide ostium anchored on a curved parent vessel. Among the stent parameters, the blocking ratioC _α ranging from 0% to 75% was selected to study its effect on the changes of intra-aneurysmal hemodynamics for the reference of minimally invasive endovascular aneurysm treatment. The Womersley number was 3.9 and the mean, peak, and minimal Reynolds numbers based on the bulk average velocity and diameter of the parent vessel were 600, 850, and 300, respectively. The results are characterized in terms of velocity vector field, coded streak images, region averaged velocity, vorticity, and wall shear stress. A critical range ofC _α related to the inflow location as well as the shape and number of intra-aneurysmal vortices is identified. The intra-aneurysmal flow activity, vortex strength, and wall shear stress are found to decrease with increasingC _α. Among theC _α examined,C _α=75% is the most favorable in attenuating the risk of aneurysmal rupture and promoting intra-aneurysmal thrombus.     

动脉瘤内流场以及瘤体尺寸的影响的数值研究

采用计算流体动力学(CFD)数值模拟的方法,在周期性脉动速度入流条件下,建立刚性动脉瘤模型并研究了动脉瘤模型中流场的特征(速度、压力、壁面剪切应力)。得到了脉动入流一个周期内流场特征的变化规律,发现动脉瘤的后端有相当高的压力和壁面剪切应力,而且高压力和壁面剪切应力分布的位置几乎是固定的。探讨了不同动脉瘤尺寸对内部流场的影响,动脉瘤的直径与瘤体长度之比越大,瘤壁承受的剪切应力就越大,动脉瘤破裂的危险性就越高。     

Research of air-cushion isolation effects on high arch dam reservoir

A three-dimensional (3D) finite element model of air-cushion isolated arch dam is presented with the nonlinear gas-liquid-solid multi-field dynamic coupling effect taken into account.In this model,the displacement formulation in Lagrange method,pressure formulation in Euler method,nonlinear contact model based on Coulomb friction law are applied to the air-cushion,reservoir and contraction joint domain,respectively.The dynamic response of Jinping I arch dam with a height of 305 m is analyzed using the seismic records of the Wenchuan Earthquake in 2008.Numerical results show that the air-cushion isolation reduces significantly the hydrodynamic pressure as well as the opening width for the contraction joints of high arch dam.     

Intra-aneurysmal blood flow based on patient-specific CT angiogram

To discuss the validity of the hemodynamic hypothesis of aneurysm rupture, we used a patient-specific, realistic aneurysm model to reveal the flow structure and wall shear stress distribution in two cases: one with an unruptured aneurysm and the other with a ruptured aneurysm. We used particle imaging velocimetry and laser Doppler velocimetry to measure velocity profiles of intra-aneurysmal flow. Both cases had a circulating flow along the aneurysm wall, although the second case had a recirculating zone only in the minimum phase. Differences in the wall shear stress profile may identify aneurysm rupture.     

Application of the lattice Boltzmann method to flow in aneurysm with ring‐shaped stent obstacles

To resolve the characteristics of a highly complex flow, a lattice Boltzmann method with an extrapolation boundary technique was used in aneurysms with and without transverse objects on the upper wall, and results were compared with the non‐stented aneurysm. The extrapolation boundary concept allows the use of Cartesian grids even when the boundaries do not conform to Cartesian coordinates. To ease the code development and facilitate the incorporation of new physics, a new scientific programming strategy based on object‐oriented concepts was developed. The reduced flow, smaller vorticity magnitude and wall shear stress, and smaller du/dy near the dome of the aneurysm were observed when the proposed stent obstacles were used. The height of the stent obstacles was more effective to reduce the vorticity near the dome of the aneurysm than the width of the stent. The rectangular stent with 20% height‐of‐vessel radius was observed to be optimal and decreased the magnitude of the vorticity by 21% near the dome of the aneurysm. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Transient vibration of thin viscoelastic orthotropic plates

This article deals with solutions of transient vibration of a rectangular viscoelastic orthotropic thin 2D plate for particular deformation models according to Flu¨gge and Timoshenko-Mindlin.The linear model,a general standard viscoelastic body,of the rheologic properties of a viscoelastic material was applied.The time and coordinate curves of the basic quantities displacement,rotation,velocity,stress and deformation are compared.The results obtained by an approximate analytic method are compared with numerical results for 3D plate generated by FEM application and with experimental investigation.     

Effects of cartilaginous rings on airflow and particle transport through simplified and realistic models of human upper respiratory tracts

In the present study, computational fluid dynamics （CFD） is used to investigate inspiratory and expiratory airflow characteristics in the human upper respiratory tract for the purpose of identifying the probable locations of particle deposition and the wall injury. Computed tomography （CT） scan data was used to reconstruct a three dimensional respiratory tract from trachea to first generation bronchi. To compare, a simplified model of respiratory tract based on Weibel was also used in the study. The steady state results are obtained for an airflow rate of 45 L/min, corresponding to the heavy breathing condition. The velocity distribution, wall shear stress, static pressure and particle deposition are compared for inspiratory flows in simplified and realistic models and expiratory flows in realistic model only. The results show that the location of cartilaginous rings is susceptible to wall injury and local particle deposition.     

Hemodynamic analysis of intracranial aneurysms using phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging and computational fluid dynamics

Additional hemodynamic parameters are highly desirable in the clinical management of intracranial aneurysm rupture as static medical images cannot demonstrate the blood flow within aneurysms. There are two ways of obtaining the hemodynamic information—by phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging(PCMRI) and computational fluid dynamics(CFD). In this paper, we compared PCMRI and CFD in the analysis of a stable patient's specific aneurysm.The results showed that PCMRI and CFD are in good agreement with each other. An additional CFD study of two stable and two ruptured aneurysms revealed that ruptured aneurysms have a higher statistical average blood velocity,wall shear stress, and oscillatory shear index(OSI) within the aneurysm sac compared to those of stable aneurysms.Furthermore, for ruptured aneurysms, the OSI divides the positive and negative wall shear stress divergence at the aneurysm sac.     

Blood flow dynamics and fluid–structure interaction in patient‐specific bifurcating cerebral aneurysms

Hemodynamics plays an important role in the progression and rupture of cerebral aneurysms. The current work describes the blood flow dynamics and fluid–structure interaction in seven patient‐specific models of bifurcating cerebral aneurysms located in the anterior and posterior circulation regions of the circle of Willis. The models were obtained from 3D rotational angiography image data, and blood flow dynamics and fluid–structure interaction were studied under physiologically representative waveform of inflow. The arterial wall was assumed to be elastic, isotropic and homogeneous. The flow was assumed to be laminar, non‐Newtonian and incompressible. In one case, the effects of different model suppositions and boundary conditions were reported in detail. The fully coupled fluid and structure models were solved with the finite elements package ADINA. The vortex structure, pressure, wall shear stress (WSS), effective stress and displacement of the aneurysm wall showed large variations, depending on the morphology of the artery, aneurysm size and position. The time‐averaged WSS, effective stress and displacement at the aneurysm fundus vary between 0.17 and 4.86 Pa, 4.35 and 170.2 kPa and 0.16 and 0.74 mm, respectively, for the seven patient‐specific models of bifurcating cerebral aneurysms. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

受支架支撑的血管管壁变形及应力分析

摘要：为了计算动脉粥样硬化和局部斑块形成的堵塞对血管壁工作状态的影响,本文根据血液流动的连续性方程、运动方程及管壁运动方程,在给定了血压波形函数的基础上,求得了狭窄血管管壁的径向位移及环向应力。分析了不同狭窄程度对血管壁变形及应力的影响;给出了不同狭窄情况下及局部斑块硬化程度不同时,血管植入支架所需的作用力。从而计算出了植入支架后血管壁的径向位移及应力状态。本文的研究结果可供临床上对狭窄血管植入支架后的变形与受力分析,和支架的正确安放参考,可避免发生堵塞严重或血管过渡硬化时,由于安放支架不当而使发生血管破裂的医疗事故。     

Comparison between computational fluid dynamics,fluid–structure interaction and computational structural dynamics predictions of flow-induced wall mechanics in an anatomically realistic cerebral aneurysm model

Haemodynamically induced stress plays an important role in the progression and rupture of cerebral aneurysms. The current work describes computational fluid dynamics (CFD), fluid–structure interaction (FSI) and computational structural dynamics (CSD) simulations in an anatomically realistic model of a carotid artery with two saccular cerebral aneurysms in the ophthalmic region. The model was obtained from three-dimensional (3D) rotational angiographic imaging data. CFD and FSI were studied under a physiologically representative waveform of inflow. The arterial wall was assumed elastic or hyperelastic, as a 3D solid or as a shell depending on the type of modelling used. The flow was assumed to be laminar, non-Newtonian and incompressible. The CFD, FSI and CSD models were solved with the finite elements package ADINA. Predictions of velocity field and wall shear stress (WSS) on the aneurysms made using CFD and FSI were compared. The CSD model of the aneurysms using complete geometry was compared with isolated aneurysm models. Additionally, the effects of hypertensive pressure on CSD aneurysm models are also reported. The vortex structure, WSS, effective stress, strain and displacement of the aneurysm walls showed differences, depending on the type of modelling used.     

A hybrid-stress element based on Hamilton principle

A novel hybrid-stress finite element method is proposed for constructing simple 4-node quadrilateral plane elements, and the new element is denoted as HH4-3fl here. Firstly, the theoretical basis of the traditional hybrid-stress elements, i.e., the Hellinger-Reissner variational principle, is replaced by the Hamilton variational principle, in which the number of the stress variables is reduced from 3 to 2. Secondly, three stress parameters and corresponding trial functions are introduced into the system equations. Thirdly, the displacement fields of the conventional bilinear isoparametric element are employed in the new models. Finally, from the stationary condition, the stress parameters can be expressed in terms of the displacement parameters, and thus the new element stiffness matrices can be obtained. Since the required number of stress variables in the Hamilton variational principle is less than that in the Hellinger-Reissner variational principle, and no additional incompatible displacement modes are considered, the new hybrid-stress element is simpler than the traditional ones. Furthermore, in order to improve the accuracy of the stress solutions, two enhanced post-processing schemes are also proposed for element HH4-3β. Numerical examples show that the proposed model exhibits great improvements in both displacement and stress solutions, implying that the proposed technique is an effective way for developing simple finite element models with high performance.     

Adhesion behavior of endothelial progenitor cells to endothelial cells in simple shear flow

The adhesion of endothelial progenitor cells(EPCs) on endothelial cells(ECs) is one of the critical physiological processes for the regenesis of vascular vessels and the prevention of serious cardiovascular diseases.Here,the rolling and adhesion behavior of EPCs on ECs was studied numerically.A two-dimensional numerical model was developed based on the immersed boundary method for simulating the rolling and adhesion of cells in a channel flow.The binding force arising from the catch bond of a receptor and ligand pair was modeled with stochastic Monte Carlo method and Hookean spring model.The effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α) on the expression of the number of adhesion molecules in ECs was analyzed experimentally.A flow chamber system with CCD camera was set up to observe the top view of the rolling of EPCs on the substrate cultivated with ECs.Numerical results prove that the adhesion of EPC on ECs is closely related to membrane stiff-ness of the cell and shear rate of the flow.It also suggests that the adhesion force between EPC and EC by P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 only is not strong enough to bond the cell onto vessel walls unless contributions of other catch bond are considered.Experimental results demonstrate that TNF-α enhanced the expressions of VCAM,ICAM,P-selectin and E-selectin in ECs,which supports the numerical results that the rolling velocity of EPC on TNF-α treated EC substrate decreases obviously compared with its velocity on the untreated one.It is found that because the adhesion is affected by both the rolling velocity and the deformability of the cell,an optimal stiffness of EPC may exist at a given shear rate of flow for achieving maximum adhesion rates.     

Modeling on monitoring the growth and rupture assessment of saccular aneurysms

The unpredictable rupture of saccular aneurysms especially of the intracerebral aneurysm is a knotty problem that always results in high mortality.Traditional diagnosis of medical images,which gives the aneurysm size and compares with a speculated critical size from clinical statistics,was demonstrated inadequate to forecasting rupture.Here,we propose a new detecting strategy that uses a dielectric elastomer(DE)capacitance sensor to monitor the growth of saccular aneurysms and deliver both the wall stress and geometric parameters.Based on the elastic growth theory together with the finite deformation analyses,the correlation between the real-time output capacitance of the DE sensor and the wall stress and/or geometry of an aneurysm is derived.Compared to clinic statistics and biomechanics simulations,the wall stress and geometric size may be used as combined indicators to assess the rupture risk of a saccular aneurysm.Numerical results show that an output relative capacitance of 30 indicates a high risk of rupture.Finally,the sensitivity and resolution of the DE sensor are proved adequately high for monitoring the growth state and evaluating the rupture risk of a saccular aneurysm.     

Impact of juxta-anastomotic stent implantation on the haemodynamics within a single representative patient AVF

An arteriovenous fistula (AVF), a vascular structure surgically created to enable haemodialysis, is commonly affected by stenosis in the juxta-anastomotic region. A new treatment involving the implantation of a flexible stent has shown good potential for retaining healthy AVFs. Since vascular disease in the AVF is known to be related to the haemodynamic environment within the vasculature, this study aims to understand the impact of the stent implantation on the flow dynamics within a single patient-specific AVF. A virtual stented geometry of the AVF was obtained with micro-CT images of a benchtop AVF model implanted with a Supera stent. Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes simulations were conducted with physiological boundary conditions (Reynolds numbers varying from 345 to 730) applied on the AVF model with and without the presence of the stent. Velocity contour slices within the vein showed the concentration of high velocity in the stent encapsulated region. Moreover, the ratios of flow rate across the stent-lumen cross-sections over the flow rate across the vessel-lumen cross-sections suggested that the flow was being funnelled through the stent encapsulated regions of a malapposed section, despite the porous structure of the stent. A larger low velocity recirculation region translated to a larger vessel wall area of high Oscillatory Shear Index (OSI) and low Time-Averaged Wall Shear Stress (TAWSS) in the AVF model with the stent absent, compared to the stented model. This suggested that the adverse haemodynamic behaviour was being funnelled away from the vessel wall, possibly leading to a protective environment in the malapposed region of the vein.     

Natural convection flow of a couple stress fluid between two vertical parallel plates with Hall and ion-slip effects

The Hall and ion-slip effects on fully developed electrically conducting couple stress fluid flow between vertical parallel plates in the presence of a temperature dependent heat source are investigated. The governing non-linear partial differential equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. The resulting equations are then solved using the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The effects of the magnetic parameter, Hall parameter, ion-slip parameter and couple stress fluid parameter on velocity and temperature are discussed and shown graphically.     

Perturbed magnetic field of an infinite plate with a centered crack

Deforming a cracked magnetoelastic body in a magnetic field induces a perturbed magnetic field around the crack. The quantitative relationship between this perturbed field and the stress around the crack is crucial in developing a new generation of magnetism-based nondestructive testing technologies. In this paper, an analytical expression of the perturbed magnetic field induced by structural deforma- tion of an infinite ferromagnetic elastic plate containing a centered crack in a weak external magnetic field is obtained by using the linearized magnetoelastic theory and Fourier transform methods. The main finding is that the perturbed magnetic field intensity is proportional to the applied tensile stress, and is dominated by the displacement gradient on the boundary of the magnetoelastic solid. The tangential component of the perturbed magnetic-field intensity near the crack exhibits an antisymmetric distribution along the crack that reverses its direction sharply across its two faces, while the normal component shows a symmetric distribution along the crack with singular points at the crack tips.     

Unsteady flow of viscoelastic fluid between two cylinders using fractional Maxwell model

The unsteady flow of an incompressible fractional Maxwell fluid between two infinite coaxial cylinders is studied by means of integral transforms.The motion of the fluid is due to the inner cylinder that applies a time dependent torsional shear to the fluid.The exact solutions for velocity and shear stress are presented in series form in terms of some generalized functions.They can easily be particularized to give similar solutions for Maxwell and Newtonian fluids.Finally,the influence of pertinent parameters on the fluid motion,as well as a comparison between models,is highlighted by graphical illustrations.